Rapid air film continuous casting of aluminum alloy using static magnetic field

The influences of the cooling style and static magnetic field on the air film casting process were investigated. Ingots of 6063 aluminum alloy were produced by AIRSOL VEIL casting with double-layer cooling water and static magnetic field. Surface segregation, hot crack and variation of solute content along the radius direction of ingot were examined. The results showed that double-layer cooling water can improve the surface quality and avoid of hot crack, which created conditions to increase the casting speed. The electromagnetic casting process can effectively improve the surface quality in high speed casting process, and static magnetic field has a great influence on solute distribution along the radius direction of ingot.

Influence of the 60 Hz Magnetic Field on the Airborne Microbial Distribution of Indoor Environments

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the magnetic field generated by the household appliances on the airborne microbial surrounding these equipment located on indoor environments with particular interest in the environmental fungi.A simultaneous environmental study was carried out in locals of three different geographical places of Havana,Cuba,which have televisions,computers and an electric generator.The air samples were made by a sedimentation method using Malt Extract Agar.The concentration of total aerobic mesophilic as well as fungi and yeasts were determined in rainy and little rainy seasons by applying as factors:exposure time of dishes(5 to 60 min)and distance to the wall(0 and 1 m)at a height of 1 m above the floor.The predominant fungal genera were Cladosporium,Penicillium and Aspergillus.In the dishes that were placed at 0 and 0.5 m from the emitting sources were observed that some bacteria colonies formed inhibition halos,a great diversity of filamentous fungi and an increase in the mycelium pigmentation as well as the pigments excretion.In the rainy season,the highest amounts of fungi were obtained in all samples.In the little rain season the count of the Gram-negative bacilli increased three times the Gram-positive cocci.

PIV MEASUREMENTS FOR GAS FLOW UNDER GRADIENT MAGNETIC FIELDS

Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)techniques were developed to measure the convec- tive N_2-air flow under gradient magnetic fields.The velocity fields were calculated by the Minimum Quadratic Difference(MQD)algorithm and spurious vectors were eliminated by Delaunay Tessellation. The N_2-air flow was measured as the magnetic flux density varying from 0～1.5 T.A strengthened vortex flow of air was observed under the condition that the magnetic field was applied,and the ve- locity of N_2 jet rose with the increase of the magnetic density.The experimental results show that the magnetic force will induce a vortex flow and cause a convection flow of the air mixture when both gradients of the O_2 concentration and the magnetic field intensity exist.

An Exact Analytical Method for Magnetic Field Computation and Electromagnetic Torque in a Concentric Magnetic Gear

准确计算磁力齿轮电磁转矩是设计、分析磁力齿轮的关键,采用二维全局解析法计算同心式磁力齿轮气隙磁场。求解场域划分为内外转子永磁体、内外两层气隙和调磁定子的槽形区域,3类子区域的拉普拉斯方程和泊松方程通过边界连续条件建立联系。得到内外两层气隙区域的矢量磁位磁通密度解析表达式,有利于方便、快速、精确地计算任意转子位置的电磁转矩。计算了内外两层气隙磁场和内外转子电磁转矩,将气隙磁场波形和内外转子电磁转矩波形分别与二维有限元法计算波形作比较,结果吻合,证明了方法的正确性和有效性。

Combined effects of ambient gas pressures and magnetic field on laser plasma expansion dynamics

In this work,we investigated the influence of air gas pressures on the expansion features of nanosecond laser ablated aluminum plasma in the absence and presence of a nonuniform magnetic field using fast photography.A particular emphasis was given to the plume dynamics（shape,size） with the combined effects of ambient gas pressures and an external magnetic field.Free expansion,sharpening effect,and hemi-spherical structures of the aluminum plasma were observed without a magnetic field under different gas pressures.Analysis of the resulting plume images with the combined effects of air gas pressures and a magnetic field show significant changes,such as plume splitting,elliptical geometry changes,radial expansion,and plume confinement.Furthermore,the total size of the plasma plume with a magnetic field was measured to be smaller than the plasma plume without a magnetic field at several background pressures.

Analytical calculation of electromagnetic, torque for surface mounted permanent magnet brushless motors

With the air gap magnetic field distribution of surface mounted permanent magnet （PM） motors obtained using an analytical technique, the instantaneous electromagnetic torque and its corresponding components are investigated with the Maxwell stress tensor method. Accurate results can easily be achieved using the proposed method without using the tedious finite element analysis （FEA）. In this paper, the electromagnetic torque of a surface mounted PM motor with two phases energized is decomposed into four torque components. This technique is useful not only for the design and optimization of the permanent magnet motor, but also for the choice of control strategy.

大型永磁同步电机内外双循环强化散热性能模拟

针对高铁大型永磁同步牵引电机转子区域散热困难、内部温升分布不均匀的问题,在机壳水冷电机结构基础上的定子铁芯外表面处增设轴向矩形风道,并结合气隙、转子减重孔形成内外双循环散热结构,探究降低定子、绕组部位温升和提升电机内部散热均匀性的影响规律.首先通过Ansoft Maxwell平台仿真得到双循环散热结构在额定工况下各部件损耗值,同时为了更好模拟转子旋转带动气隙中的空气流动,对气隙进行分层处理,采用流-固耦合的有限元分析法模拟研究单、双循环散热结构下电机内部空气流动特性以及温升规律.结果表明,内循环风冷结构使电机内部空气流速显著提高,表面平均换热系数也显著提升,转子区域的热量会随着空气的流动更多地传给温度相对较低的定子区域及机壳,同时减少热量向转子部位传递,从而使转子和永磁体的温升降低.在此基础上,采用正交分析法对矩形通风孔的截面积、数量、高宽比进行结构参数优化,并采用温升分布均匀性系数对电机进行温升评价,得到最优方案下电机最高温升相比单循环散热结构降低12.1K,电机整体温升分布均匀性提升16.54%.

轴向磁力轴承结构综述

按照悬浮力的产生方式将轴向磁力轴承分为主动型、被动型和混合型,主动型的优点是能够产生可控电磁力,被动型的优点是结构简单,混合型兼顾了主动型和被动型的特点。在研究同心单环结构的基础上,分析了具备冗余性的同心多环冗余结构及叠片式冗余结构,从电磁力角度看,整体式同心双环结构优于同心三环结构,叠片式六环结构优于叠片式四环结构和叠片式八环结构。最后,对轴向磁力轴承在结构、控制及工业应用方面的发展前景进行了展望,轴向磁力轴承的结构应当朝着更具备冗余性和重构能力的方向优化。

V型交替极永磁同步电机气隙磁场调制效应研究

与传统V型永磁(V-shaped permanent magnet,VPM)结构相邻N和S极永磁体形成一对极磁场不同,V型交替极永磁(V-shaped consequent-pole permanent magnet,VCPM)结构永磁体与相邻铁心形成一对极磁场。为进一步探究VPM和VCPM电机磁场分布的不同带来的转矩性能差异,首先通过麦克斯韦应力张量法确认,并量化分析VPM和VCPM电机气隙磁密各次谐波转矩贡献,揭示两种电机主谐波与调制谐波转矩贡献的差异性,进而阐明VCPM电机转矩提升的根本原因在于其显著增加的调制谐波贡献的转矩分量。然后,研究关键结构参数对VCPM电机气隙磁场调制效应的影响规律。最后,加工一台VCPM样机并开展试验研究,验证理论分析和有限元仿真结果的可靠性。

射频联合热风加热对玉米籽粒中黄曲霉毒素B1降解及玉米品质的影响

为研究射频-热风联合处理玉米中的黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFB1)降解效果,分析不同初始水分质量分数(19.05%、22.25%、25.55%)、射频加热温度(55、65、75、85℃)和加热持续时间(10、15、20、25 min)对玉米籽粒中AFB1降解效果及玉米品质的影响。结果表明:射频-热风联合处理可有效降解AFB1,在高水分含量下,加热温度和时间一定,初始水分含量越高,AFB1残留量越高;初始水分含量一定,随温度增加和时间延长,AFB1残留量随之减少,且加热持续时间对降解效果的影响大于加热温度;射频-热风联合处理玉米籽粒过程中,对其品质有一定影响,随温度升高和时间延长,与对照组相比,蛋白质、脂肪含量无显著差异(P>0.05),黏度系数显著降低(P<0.05);低场核磁共振分析表明,射频加热过程中水分迁移效果明显,且水分迁移特性与玉米的糊化特性、蛋白质、脂肪含量显著相关(P<0.05)。

盘式实心磁力耦合器气隙磁场分布及转矩分析

针对一台9对极盘式实心磁力耦合器,为研究其气隙磁场分布及转矩,引入层理论模型,将磁力耦合器划分为非导电区域和导电区域两部分,推导二维标量磁位法,求解非导电区域的标量磁位和导电区域的磁场强度,同时引入卡特系数进行校正,推导出盘式实心磁力耦合器的气隙磁密和输出转矩公式;然后,通过有限元软件模拟得到磁力耦合器的三维气隙磁场分布、涡流分布和输出转矩,并分析了不同工作参数对输出转矩的影响;最后,搭建三维气隙磁场测量试验平台和传动试验平台进行三维气隙磁场和转矩的试验,所得试验结果与理论计算结果、仿真结果基本吻合。结果表明,推导的气隙磁密和输出转矩公式具有较高的准确性,为进一步研究盘式实心磁力耦合器的传动特性提供参考。

直流空气断路器高海拔环境下电弧重燃现象及其抑制措施

高海拔环境下直流空气断路器(DC ACB)在电弧开断过程中易发生重燃,导致开断失败的概率增加。为了抑制DC ACB高海拔开断时的电弧重燃,以轨道交通用车载DC ACB为研究对象,建立了二维磁流体动力学(MHD)仿真模型,分析了不同海拔下DC ACB中的电弧演变过程,通过增大横向磁场及设置“C”形栅片对其高海拔开断性能进行优化。结果表明增大横向磁场,2 km、3 km海拔下DC ACB不发生电弧重燃,但4 km、5 km海拔下发生电弧重燃。4 km、5 km海拔下,在增大横向磁场的基础上采用含“C”形栅片的改进灭弧室结构,能够使DC ACB在高海拔环境下成功开断。

基于磁场检测的干式空心电抗器匝间短路故障诊断方法

匝间短路故障是干式空心电抗器最常见的故障,严重时会引起电抗器绝缘损坏、起火,甚至烧毁。及早诊断电抗器匝间短路故障,发出有效预警对电力系统安全运行具有重要意义。该文提出一种基于磁场检测的干式空心电抗器匝间短路故障诊断方法:独立于电抗器本体,上下安装与电抗器绕组同轴的检测线圈,通过检测线圈感应电压的变化,采用基于数理统计的准确识别匝间短路过程的3σ判据模型和算法,判断电抗器匝间短路故障并进行预警和报警。基于有限元数值计算软件,以一台型号为BKGKL-20000-35干式空心电抗器为研究对象,仿真分析了电抗器在不同位置发生匝间短路故障时检测线圈的感应电压变化规律,验证所提出方法的有效性。最后通过对试制样机的现场试验,验证了该方法实用可靠,可推广应用于实际电力系统中。

三轴环板式永磁齿轮气隙磁场及转矩计算

利用标量磁位法获得了三轴环板式永磁齿轮(Triple-shaft Ring-plate Magnet Gear,TRMG)的气隙磁场数理模型,根据磁场叠加原理建立了内、外永磁圈间气隙磁场及其相应的电磁转矩模型;由于所有计算均基于TRMG的平面磁场建立,因此,所建模型与二维有限元结果间具有较高的准确度(误差≤5%);其计算速度远快于三维有限元法,且与二维及三维有限元分析具有较好的吻合度与趋势性,验证了所建模型的准确性,可适用于三轴以上的多轴环板式永磁齿轮的磁场分析与结构动力学计算。

一种应用于精密隔振平台的双曲线磁通磁轴承设计

针对精密隔振系统磁轴承存在悬浮力密度小、波动大以及耦合力大问题,设计了一种双曲线磁通结构的磁轴承(MBHFM)。首先利用等效电流法和永磁体镜像法推导了带有磁轭的双曲线磁通的磁轴承的气隙磁场和悬浮力的表达式,并分析了磁轴承悬浮力波动对隔振性能的影响。其次根据双曲线磁通的磁轴承悬浮力线性分布特点,采用电流前馈补偿方法使磁轴承获取更低悬浮力波动的恒定悬浮力。最后,对双曲线磁通的磁轴承与常见的双边Halbach结构磁轴承(MBBH)进行了仿真分析与测试。仿真结果表明所设计双曲线磁通的磁轴承样机静态悬浮力平均值为153.75 N,静态耦合力系数为0.42%,电流前馈补偿后合成悬浮力波动系数为0.15%,较双边Halbach结构磁轴承静态悬浮力密度提高了20%,静态耦合力系数减小了72.2%,合成悬浮力波动系数减小了89.3%。测试结果进一步验证了所设计样机的高性能。

新型三定子直流无刷电机的设计与特性分析

传统直流无刷电机齿槽分布受限导致气隙磁场波动,会造成转矩输出波动较大,故需要同步匹配设计复杂的驱动控制系统与控制算法。为此,提出一种新型的三定子直流无刷电机拓扑结构。通过等效磁路法计算出三定子直流无刷电机的主要结构尺寸。设计了三定子直流无刷电机的绕线方式和换向逻辑,驱动控制简单。基于Ansoft maxwell仿真软件,建立了电机有限元模型,仿真分析了电机静态磁场分布、气隙面域磁密分布和空载反电动势等。得到了三定子直流无刷电机的转矩特性:其转矩峰值可达8.5 N·m;电感特性:其三相绕组间磁场相互解耦,互感为0,自感平均值为4.5 mH;效率与损耗特性:不计机械损耗的情况下电机理想效率可达92%。研制了试验样机并进行试验验证,有限元分析和试验结果表明:三定子结构电机磁通密度高,输出转矩大,转矩峰值较单定子电机提升了42%;输出转矩波动小,较单定子电机波动降低了30%。在额定转矩为7.5 N·m的情况下,电机转速从启动到500 r/min的响应时间仅为0.8 s;从500~1000 r/min的响应时间仅为1.5 s;从1000~1500 r/min的响应时间仅为2.1 s。

两段式Halbach阵列永磁电机气隙磁场对比分析

针对目前每极2段式Halbach阵列分类不明确、缺少磁场性能对比分析、设计困难等问题,本文将常用的每极2段式Halbach阵列分为标准型、径向型和简化型,并对三种Halbach阵列的气隙磁场性能进行研究。以Halbach阵列内转子永磁电机为研究对象,建立三种Halbach阵列的气隙磁场解析计算模型。在解析计算的基础上,对比分析了设计参数对三种Halbach阵列永磁电机气隙磁密的影响。研究结果表明,对于确定尺寸的三种Halbach阵列,都存在最优的主磁极占比和极对数;从基波幅值和正弦畸变率的角度来评价,标准型Halbach的性能要优于其他两种类型的Halbach阵列;三种Halbach阵列的最优基波幅值都随着永磁体厚度比的增大而持续减小。

电磁式线-角振动激振器气隙磁场特性分析

针对传统单轴激振器无法复现线-角空间耦合运动的问题,提出了一种可实现复合振动的电磁式线-角振动激振器磁路结构,并对其气隙磁场特性进行分析。首先构建了激振器的磁路和线圈结构,基于等效电流法,建立了气隙磁场的解析模型,与有限元分析结果的最大相对误差为1.25%,验证了解析模型的正确性;接着研究了各磁路参数对气隙磁场分布特性的影响规律,以及线圈电流产生的磁场与原磁场的耦合效应,并分析了线圈在运动过程中的受力情况;最后研制了激振器磁路拓扑结构样机,分别对线、角振动气隙磁场进行了实验测量,测得结果与有限元计算结果的最大相对误差小于5%,进一步验证了所提出磁路结构的有效性。

Analytical Analysis and Performance Characterization of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Machines Based on General Air-gap Field Modulation Theory

Air-gap magnetic field modulation has been widely observed in electric machines.In this study,we present an analytical analysis and performance characterization of brushless doubly fed induction machines(BDFIMs)fed by two independent converters from the perspective of air-gap field modulation.The spiral-loop winding is studied in detail as an example to show the generalized workflow that can also be used to analyze other short-circuited rotor winding types,such as nested-loop and multiphase double-layer windings.Magnetic field conversion factors are introduced to characterize the modulation behavior of special rotor windings and facilitate their comparison in terms of cross-coupling capability,average torque,and harmonic content of the air-gap flux density waveforms.The stator magnetomotive force(MMF),rotor MMF,and resultant air-gap MMF are considered,based on which the closed-form inductance formulas are derived,and the torque equation is obtained along with the optimal current angle for maximum torque operation by using the virtual work principle.The design equations are then developed for the initial sizing and geometry scaling of the BDFIMs.Transient finite element analysis and experimental measurements are performed to validate the analysis.

变频驱动下电机高频径向电磁力波研究

采用场路耦合法对永磁同步电机高频径向电磁力特征频率产生原因和主要组成成分进行研究。通过解析法分析谐波电流的产生机理及谐波特性,并利用数值仿真对其进行验证;结合磁动势−磁导法和麦克斯韦张量法分析出高频径向电磁力特征频率的分布;对有限元计算得到的气隙磁场进行时空分解,采用麦克斯韦张量法计算磁场相互作用产生的高频径向电磁力。结果表明,变频驱动下永磁同步电机的高频径向电磁力主要是由变频器谐波电流引入的谐波磁场和定子基波磁场的相互作用产生,这对永磁同步电机的研究提供了一定的指导意义。