Health and Economic Impacts of Air Pollution in China: A Comparison of the General Equilibrium Approach and Human Capital Approach

In China, combustion of fossil fuels and biomass has produced serious air pollution that does harm to human health. Based on dose-response relationships derived from epidemiological studies, the authors calculated the number of deaths and people with health problems which were thought to be attributable to China＇s air pollution in the year of 2000. In order to estimate the corresponding economic impacts from the national point of view, the general equilibrium approach was selected as an analysis tool for this study. A computable general equilibrium （CGE） model was constructed involving 39 sectors and 32 commodities. The human capital approach （HCA） was also used for comparison. The economic burden of disease for people estimated by HCA was equivalent to 1.26‰ （ranging from 0.44‰ to 1.84‰） of China＇s gross domestic product （GDP）. China＇s GDP loss estimated by the general equilibrium approach reached 0.38‰ （ranging from 0.16‰ to 0.51‰）. The difference between the two approaches and the implications of the results were discussed.

Discussion on compact mechanism of air-stream and synchro-formed clamp plate impact molding

Applying the air impact molding method to mold the complicated pattern with wider opening surface and deeper concave, there always exist vaulted phenomenon and lower compactibility of sand mold over the entrance and the concave regions. Using the air-stream and synchro-formed clamp plate impact molding, however, this problem will be preferably solved. In this paper, the compact mechanism of the new molding method and the effect of some configuration factors, such as the area flowed by compressed air and the highness of the protruding block displacement around the diffluent clamp plate, on the compactibility of sand mold were discussed.

Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Public Health under Various Traffic Policies in Shanghai,China

Objective To investigate the potential impact of ambient air pollution on public health under various traffic policies in Shanghai. Methods The exposure level of Shanghai residents to air pollution under various planned traffic scenarios was estimated, and the public health impact was assessed using concentration-response functions derived from available epidemiological studies. Results Our results showed that ambient air pollution in relation to traffic scenarios had a significant impact on the future health status of Shanghai residents. Compared with the base case scenario, implementation of various traffic scenarios could prevent 759-1574, 1885-2420, and 2277-2650 PM10-related avoidable deaths （mean-value） in 2010, 2015, and 2020, respectively. It could also decrease the incidence of several relevant diseases. Conclusion Our findings emphasize the need to consider air pollution-related health effects as an important impact of traffic policy in Shanghai.

Atmospheric Pollutants in a Commercial Region of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil: Integration of Health, Environment and Economy in Urban Planning to Improve Air Quality

The accelerated growth of the vehicular fleet, the modernization of large urban centers, and the few adjustments to the road network in Fortaleza have intensified the problems of traffic and emissions of atmospheric pollutants, highlighting the necessity for strategic urban planning initiatives to address the escalating issues of traffic and pollution. With the objective of analyzing the indices of concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and estimating how these levels can affect human health, this work consists of a study of the analysis of air quality in the intense trade region of Fortaleza. For this, the analysis zone was divided into three perimeters (Major - Medium - Minor), where each perimeter was analyzed at 7 am, 12 noon and 5 pm. Concentrations of the type of O3, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), CO2 and HCHO were collected. Our results demonstrate that most of the analyses are within the limits of current legislation;however, at certain times and perimeters, the analyses of CO2 and HCHO exceeded the established limits. In view of the above, we conclude that public policies to control air quality are necessary to reduce the damage to human health and the environment caused by pollutants.

Numerical Study on the Impacts of Heterogeneous Reactions on Ozone Formation in the Beijing Urban Area

The air quality model CMAQ-MADRID （Community Multiscale Air Quality-Model of Aerosol Dynamics, Reaction, Ionization and Dissolution） was employed to simulate summer O3 formation in Beijing China, in order to explore the impacts of four heterogeneous reactions on O3 formation in an urban area. The results showed that the impacts were obvious and exhibited the characteristics of a typical response of a VOC-limited regime in the urban area. For the four heterogeneous reactions considered, the NO2 and HO2 heterogeneous reactions have the most severe impacts on O3 formation. During the O3 formation period, the NO2 heterogeneous reaction increased new radical creation by 30%, raising the atmospheric activity as more NO→NO2 conversion occurred, thus causing the O3 to rise. The increase of O3 peak concentration reached a maximum value of 67 ppb in the urban area. In the morning hours, high NO titration reduced the effect of the photolysis of HONO, which was produced heterogeneously at night in the surface layer. The NO2 heterogeneous reaction in the daytime is likely one of the major reasons causing the O3 increase in the Beijing urban area. The HO2 heterogeneous reaction accelerated radical termination, resulting in a decrease of the radical concentration by 44% at the most. O3 peak concentration decreased by a maximum amount of 24 ppb in the urban area. The simulation results were improved when the heterogeneous reactions were included, with the O3 and HONO model results close to the observations.

Impact of Sand Mining and Sea Reclamation on the Environment and Socioeconomic Activities of Ikate and Ilubirin Coastal Low Income Communities in Lagos Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria

Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. Results of water revealed concentrations lower than WHO (2017) and SON (2007) standards. Soil/sediment with average crustal value revealed Pb and Cd above standard values, which is attributed to anthropogenic influence on soils. Quality of air in the study was mainly particulate matter arising from the sea and reclaimed land in the surroundings of the environment with the highest Total Suspended Particulate of 0.8 mg/m3 in sulfur dioxide. This explains corrosion found on the roofs of the communities. Therefore, in the development planning adequate precautions should be put in place to avert environmental degradation.

INTERANNUAL OSCILLATION OF MERIDIONAL SEA LEVEL WIND AND ITS IMPACT ON SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Analysis of COADS data(1958- 1987) showed that there is obviously interannual SST oscillation including QBO (Quasi-biennial oscillation ) and quasi-3.5 year oscilation , etc ., of the SCS (South China Sea), which is the response of the the upper mixed layer of the sea to the impact of the East Asian Monsoon anomaly . Most SST anomalies appear in the central basin of the SCS.The phase-locked phenomena linking the SST annual cycle and interannual oscillation in an important characteristic of the SCS climate . There is not only SST response to atmospheric impact , but also feedback to the air . The authors put forward a scheme of regional air-sea interaction in winter time in the SCS.

深孔轴向多段间隔装药孔壁冲击压力分布

为确定地下垂直长深孔爆破时合理的空气间隔长度,基于爆轰波理论,分析了多段间隔装药爆破条件下孔壁冲击压力随间隔长度变化的内在分布规律函数;依据Mises准则,得出了不同岩性时合理的间隔长度参考值,并通过数值模拟和现场爆破试验进行了验证。结果表明,空气间隔段孔壁冲击压力沿炮孔轴线从两端向中间骤降,但在中点周围略微增大,压力曲线呈两端大、中间小、中点周围略微凸起的“W”形对称分布。

A Possible Mechanism of the Impact of Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction on the Activity of Tropical Cyclones Affecting China

In this study, tropical cyclone data from China Meteorological Administration （CMA） and the ECMWF reanalysis data for the period 1958-2001 was used to propose a possible mechanism for the impacts of air- sea interaction on the activity of tropical cyclones （TCs） affecting China. The frequency of TCs affecting China over past 40 years has trended downward, while during the same period, the air sea interaction in the two key areas of the Pacific region has significantly weakened. Our diagnoses and simulations suggest that air sea interactions in the central North Pacific tropics and subtropics （Area 1） have an important role in adjusting typhoon activities in the Northwest Pacific in general, and especially in TC activity affecting China. On the contrary, impacts of the air-sea interaction in the eastern part of the South Pacific tropics （Area 2） were found to be rather limited. As both observational analysis and modeling studies show that, in the past four decades and beyond, the weakening trend of the latent heat released from Area 1 matched well with the decreasing Northwest Pacific TC frequency derived from CMA datasets. Results also showed that the weakening trend of latent heat flux in the area was most likely due to the decreasing TC frequency over the Northwest Pacific, including those affecting China. Although our preliminary analysis revealed a possible mechanism through which the air sea interaction may adjust the genesis conditions for TCs, which eventually affect China, other relevant questions, such as how TC tracks and impacts are affected by these trends, remain unanswered. Further in-depth investigations are required.

Assessment of the Radiological Impact on the Environment near a Storage Site of Coal Ashes in a Thermal Power Plant

The radiological impact of coal ashes, with enhanced natural radioactivity in the storage site, is due to the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides. Some of these radionuclides have a radioactive period of several million years and will, therefore, have time to migrate to the soil, atmospheric air, surface water, and groundwater. This impact depends mainly on the activity of these coal ashes, the duration of exposure to such waste, transfers to the air, and the leaching phenomenon by rainwater. In this study, and so as to assess the radiological impact of coal ashes of the storage site of the JLEC-Morocco thermal power plant on environment, some analyses are performed by alpha dosimetry and a digital dosimeter on samples of coal ashes, soil, atmospheric air, surface water and groundwater belonging to a perimeter of 10 km around that site. The obtained results show that, within the studied area, the radiological impact on the soil of the coal ashes of the storage site is insignificant even though the concentrations of radon in the near vicinity (1 to 2 km) are moderately important, and remain below 200 Bq/m3. In the atmospheric air, this impact remains medium for the neighborhoods of the storage site (2 to 3 km) with radon activities superior to 10 Bq/m3. These results also show that there may be a water contamination of wells located at the storage site without any transfer of radioactivity into the groundwater of the area studied where the concentrations of radon are less than 11.1 Bq/l.

基于空耦冲击回波法的饰面瓷砖层间脱空识别研究

针对饰面瓷砖脱空掉落的现象,建立了空气-饰面瓷砖层间脱空有限元模型,分析了钢球半径、激励速度以及信号采集位置等因素对饰面瓷砖层间脱空检测效果的影响,确定了最优值,然后利用特征识别参数对饰面瓷砖粘结层的脱空程度进行评估,并开展足尺试验对有限元模型的有效性进行验证。结果表明:钢球半径建议取9 mm,激励速度建议取1 m·s^(-1),信号采集点与激励点的横向距离不宜小于60 mm,垂向距离取5 mm;黏结层脱空会使冲击回波信号加强。因此,时域图中的信号波动性增强、衰减速度减缓,频域图中的声压级增大,主频段前移并分化为代表结构整体振动和局部振动的两个频段;并且随着脱空程度的增加,频域面积增大,通过计算频域面积可有效评估饰面瓷砖黏结层的脱空状况。研究结果为饰面瓷砖的无损检测提供了参考。

波浪对水平板冲击作用水气二相流数值模拟研究

冲击波压力是水工结构物的主要致灾动力之一.针对波浪裹挟气体作用于结构物的波浪冲击问题,考虑气体的可压缩性对准确计算结构物所承受的冲击波压力具有重要影响.基于简化的水-气二相流通用控制方程,结合动量源项造波法,采用加权本质无振荡(WENO)格式求解对流项,同时使用以加权线性界面计算法改进的多维双曲线切线法的界面捕捉法(THINC/WLIC)追踪水气界面,建立了不可压缩-可压缩水-气二相流的数值波浪模型.首先,通过将数值模型生成的行进波和驻波结果与其解析解进行比较,验证了本数值波浪模型在波浪生成和传播模拟方面具有较高的精度.据此,本研究将模型应用于模拟规则波对水平板的冲击过程,将冲击压强的模拟结果与实测数据以及未考虑空气压缩性的模型结果进行了对比,本数值模型能有效再现空气可压缩性对波浪冲击过程中冲击压强的影响,能够给出较高精度的冲击压强定性和定量结果.同时对水平板底部的流场结构进行了分析,结果显示,波浪冲击过程中不同的空腔形态会影响流速分布,从而对冲击压强产生影响.

LRS FRP加固既有人防剪力墙的抗冲击试验研究

大应变FRP(large rupture strain FRP)材料较传统FRP具有更大的断裂应变,为探究大应变FRP加固既有人防工程剪力墙的抗冲击性能,分别采用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯FRP(polyethylene terephthalate FRP,PET FRP)和聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯FRP(polyethylene naphthalene FRP,PEN FRP)加固人防工程剪力墙并开展冲击试验,与未加固的人防工程剪力墙试验与数值结果进行对比分析。结果表明:基于数值模拟所得到的破坏形态与试验现象吻合良好,均为典型的受弯破坏;相较于未加固墙,FRP能大幅提升人防工程剪力墙的极限承载力和抗弯刚度,显著降低跨中挠度;PEN FRP加固较PET FRP加固能提供更好的抗变形能力,进而减轻墙体冲击损伤,但PET FRP较PEN FRP应变范围更广,可提供更好的延性;此外,FRP加固均能显著提升剪力墙的耗能能力,其中PET FRP加固墙的耗能能力要优于PEN FRP加固墙。

试论建筑施工扬尘对环境空气质量的影响

建筑施工的过程中,需要搬运大量的材料和对土地进行挖掘,在这一过程中会产生大量的扬尘,并污染环境空气质量,对周边居民带来极大困扰的同时,还会造成周边生态环境的破坏,被破坏的环境也将威胁人类的健康。本文从建筑施工扬尘的消极影响、污染产生的原因等方面进行探究,并结合自己的工作实际,提出建筑施工扬尘治理的建议。

外物冲击损伤对航空发动机风扇叶片影响研究

为研究外来物对航空发动机风扇叶片造成的损伤特征差异,以6 mm、10 mm、14 mm尺寸的304钢球作为冲击物,某型号退役航空发动机叶片作为靶板,通过轻气炮系统开展不同冲击位置处的外物损伤试验,并基于率相关本构模型构建了有限元模型,将基于仿真模型冲击响应后的FOD (Foreign Object Damage)损伤区域与试验损伤区域进行对比,两者在尺寸以及形状等方面取得了较高的一致性.之后利用构建的模型研究了冲击位置、角度以及小球尺寸对冲击响应过程中速度变化趋势的影响.结果表明,叶片不同位置处的抗冲击能力有很大区别,且小球尺寸对损伤区域具有决定性影响;此外还发现损伤模式不同时,小球剩余速度的变化趋势也不相同.

梅蓄电站二期上引水洞爆破开挖诱发空气超压对上库事故闸门的影响分析

爆破开挖过程中产生的空气超压可能会影响周边建构筑物的安全。梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水平洞的爆破作业区,距离在一期工程中已建好并投入运行的二期工程引水上平洞上库钢质事故闸门仅81 m,爆破作业可能会影响事故闸门的稳定运行。为此,以梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水上平洞的爆破开挖为对象,开展了爆破空气超压现场监测工作,分析了爆破空气超压的分布规律及其对梅州抽水蓄能电站上库事故闸门的安全影响,为分析爆破空气超压对上库事故闸门的安全影响提供了支撑。现场的爆破空气超压监测数据表明:距离爆破掌子面约80 m的事故闸门前的空气超压水平分布在0.63~3.46 kPa,远小于建议的相应的爆破安全控制标准100 kPa;闸门前使用胶帘等防护设施可以有效减小闸门位置的空气超压,实测的第4次和第5次爆破空气超压减小了55%以上;单段装药量及总装药量得到有效控制时,实测的空气超压值远低于建议的控制标准;现场宏观调查及其他检测数据也未见异常,爆破施工未影响上库事故闸门的安全运行。

湛江市新增大型工业项目对空气质量的影响

为定量评估湛江市新增大型工业项目对其空气质量的影响,文章估算了湛江市2015年以来新增大型工业项目的主要大气污染物排放量,并采用WRF-CMAx定量评估其排放对湛江市PM_(2.5)和臭氧浓度的影响,结果显示:(1)新增项目SO_(2)、NO_(x)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和VOCs排放总量分别为1415.8、7436.1、1417.3、629.5和2469.6 t,主要来自炼铁和原油加工及石油制品制造行业,且分布在经开区(东海岛);(2)在2021年气象条件下,新增项目对湛江市各国控点年均PM_(2.5)浓度的贡献在0.136~0.283μg/m^(3),全市平均值为0.210μg/m^(3),影响最大的为7月;对臭氧最大8 h滑动平均值的贡献在0.042~4.557μg/m^(3),全市平均值为0.912μg/m^(3),4月贡献最大;对臭氧最大小时浓度的贡献在1.274~13.484μg/m^(3),全市平均值为5.463μg/m^(3),7月贡献最大;(3)在2022年9月气象条件下,新增项目对湛江市各国控点年均PM_(2.5)的贡献浓度在0.384~0.693μg/m^(3),全市平均值为0.538μg/m^(3);对臭氧最大8 h滑动平均的贡献在-0.008~1.113μg/m^(3),全市平均值为0.389μg/m^(3);对臭氧最大小时浓度的贡献在0.003~8.354μg/m^(3),全市平均值为1.573μg/m^(3)。该研究可为湛江市大气污染防治提供科学依据。

考虑环境因素的货运航线网络优化设计

针对传统货运航线网络设计中仅考虑经济目标而忽视环境影响的问题,在绿色民航的背景下,提出一种综合考虑经济目标和环境影响的货运航线网络优化方法。基于多分配严格枢纽航线网络,以经济成本、CO_(2)、CO和NO_(x)排放量最小为目标,构建相应的数学模型。采用线性加权和法与分支定界法结合案例求解。结果显示,不同优化目标下的航线网络结构存在一定差异,难以同时达到最优。与仅考虑经济成本的求解方案相比,采用本文的综合求解方案,能够实现经济效益和环境效益间的较好均衡。

装药弹体高空跌落冲击动态响应研究

弹药意外跌落的冲击作用,可能引发事故甚至导致弹药出现早爆而造成灾难性后果。采用LSDYNA研究了分体式装药弹体从10~35 m范围内6个不同高度垂直撞击混凝土介质的冲击响应,获得了装药弹体从不同高度冲击混凝土介质时冲击过载峰值和脉宽的变化规律、装药内部应力波的传播规律,以及混凝土地面的开坑状况。冲击过载脉宽大约为5 ms,过载峰值最大约为1000 g,装药头部主要受到压缩作用,轴向应力呈近似半正弦规律变化,其最大值为43.9 MPa。开坑数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,证明了数值模拟的合理性。

舰船空调设备抗冲击性能仿真技术

为验证某舰船空调设备的抗冲击性能,根据摆锤式中量级冲击试验台装置的结构和基本原理,应用Ansys软件创建实验台的有限元模型。基于显式动力学和接触碰撞分析基本理论,采用有限元软件LS-DYNA对模型的冲击载荷产生过程进行仿真分析,并与试验测试数据进行对比,验证模型的有效性。采用该冲击试验台有限元模型开展舰船空调换热器设备的抗冲击性能分析,获得设备在中量级冲击载荷作用下的完整响应过程,结果表明舰船空调换热器的整体抗冲击性能有待提高。