Influence of Air Flow Rate on Functional Evaluation of Semicircular Canals

Objective To study the influence of unilateral air flow rate change on the result of caloric test.Materials and Methods The unilateral weakness(UW) index was calculated when the air flow rate was set at 6 L /min in both ears(called symmetric stimulation) and again when it was set at 6 L /min in left ear and 3 L /min in the right ear(called asymmetric stimulation).Each individual subject was tested with both symmetrical and asymmetrical stimulations.Paired t test was used to examine the differences between results from symmetrical and asymmetrical stimulations.Result UW index decreased in response to asymmetrical stimulation.Conclusion Unilaterally decreased air flow rate can produce indices suggesting ipsilateral UW,which can be misleading.

Investigation of oil-air two-phase mass flow rate measurement using Venturi and void fraction sensor

Oil-air two-phase flow measurement was investigated with a Venturi and void fraction meters in this work. This paper proposes a new flow rate measurement correlation in which the effect of the velocity ratio between gas and liquid was considered. With the pressure drop across the Venturi and the void fraction that was measured by electrical capacitance tomography apparatus, both mixture flow rate and oil flow rate could be obtained by the correlation. Experiments included bubble-, slug-, wave and annular flow with the void fraction ranging from 15% to 83%, the oil flow rate ranging from 0.97 kg/s to 1.78 kg/s, the gas flow rate ranging up to 0.018 kg/s and quality ranging nearly up to 2.0%. The root-mean-square errors of mixture mass flow rate and that of oil mass flow rate were less than 5%. Furthermore, coefficients of the correlation were modified based on flow regimes, with the results showing reduced root-mean-square errors.

Study on the Relationship between the Oceanic Nino Index and Surface Air Temperature and Precipitation Rate over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abnormal weather conditions and extreme weather existed over the Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA) through the last decades. The present paper investigates the relationship between the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) and variability of surface air temperature and precipitation rate over KSA through the period from 1950 to 2015 year. The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis of monthly data sets of the mean surface air temperature and precipitation rate for the domain of the KSA is used. In addition, El Nino3.4 monthly data through the period (1950-2015) are used. For that period, the data set of the three months moving average of Nino3.4 anomaly, Oceanic Nino index (ONI), is used and analyzed. The time series, anomaly and correlation coefficient techniques are used to analyze the data sets through the present study. The results revealed that the KSA climate parameters, temperature and precipitation rates are controlled by ONI mainly in the autumn and winter seasons.

Measurement of air kerma rate and ambient dose equivalent rate using the G(E) function with hemispherical CdZnTe detector

Since the room-temperature detector CdZnTe(CZT) has advantages in terms of detection efficiency,energy resolution, and size, it has been extensively used to detect X-rays and gamma-rays. So far, nuclear radiation detectors such as cerium chloride doped with lanthanum bromide(LaBr_3(Ce)), thallium doped with cesium iodide(sI(Tl)), thallium doped with sodium iodide(NaI(Tl)),and high-purity germanium(HPGe) primarily use the spectroscopy-dose rate function(G(E)) to achieve the accurate measurement of air kerma rate(K_a) and ambient dose equivalent rate(H*(10)). However, the spectroscopy-dose rate function has been rarely measured for a CZT detector. In this study, we performed spectrum measurement using a hemispherical CZT detector in a radiation protection standards laboratory. The spectroscopy-dose rate function G(E) of the CZT detector was calculated using the least-squares method combined with the standard dose rate at the measurement position. The results showed that the hemispherical CZT detector could complete the measurement of air kerma rate(K_a) and ambient dose equivalent rate(H*(10)) by using the G(E) function at energies between 48 keV and 1.25 MeV, and the relative intrinsic errors were, respectively, controlled within ± 2. 3 and ± 2. 1%.

The Comparison of Measurement Methods for Air-Kerma Rate in Narrow-Spectrum Series

The air-kerma is one of the most important physical quantities in ionizing radiation dosimetry. The measurement of airkerma rate in narrow-spectrum series is the basis to determine the radiation dose at protection level. In this article, the absolute measurement method is used to derive the standard air-kerma rate of the ISO 4037 narrow-spectrum series that ranges from 60 kV to 150 kV by a primary standard ionization chamber,it is used in direct comparison for air kerma. The indirect method is used to obtain the air-kerma rate by a secondary standard transfer ionization chamber named A5 chamber with calibration factors of the corresponding reference qualities. The results are very similar comparing between absolute and indirect methods for air-kerma rate, all the differences are within ±3.3%.

基于多维空间的航路利用率

航路利用率表征了空域中航路的利用情况,通过计算航路利用率可以实现对空域资源进行更合理、高效的利用。为了更加准确地计算给定时间段内固定航路的利用率,通过构建抽象的三维空间,提出了一种基于多维空间的航路利用率计算方法。在考虑时间和空间两个角度之间的相互联系有了突破,从时间、航路、高度层三个维度建立航路时空利用率计算模型计算航路时空利用率,结合航路容量利用率,从时间、空间、容量三个角度出发,建立了航路利用率计算模型。最后通过算例分析计算得到某一空域四条航路的利用率。

Relationship between Formation Water Rate,Equivalent Penetration Rate and Volume Flow Rate of Air in Air Drilling

Formation water invasion is the most troublesome problem associated with air drilling. However, it is not economical to apply mist drilling when only a small amount of water flows into wellbore from formation during air drilling. Formation water could be circulated out of the wellbore through increasing the gas injection rate. In this paper, the Angel model was modified by introducing Nikurade friction factor for the flow in coarse open holes and translating formation water rate into equivalent penetration rate. Thus the distribution of annular pressure and the relationship between minimum air injection rate and formation water rate were obtained. Real data verification indicated that the modified model is more accurate than the Angel model and can provide useful information for air drilling.

Improvement of uniformity in cultivation environment and crop growth rate by hybrid control of air flow devices

A complete control type plant factory has high efficiency in terms of cultivation area by constructing vertical multiple layered cultivation beds.However,it has a problem of irregular crop growth due to temperature deviation at upper and lower beds and increases in energy consumption by a prolonged cultivation period.In this work,air flow rate inside a facility was improved by a hybrid control of air flow devices like air conditioning and air circulation fan with an established wireless sensor network to minimize temperature deviations between upper and lower beds and to promote crop growth.The performance of proposed system was verified with an experimental environment or Case A wherein air conditioning device was operated without a control algorithm and Case B wherein air conditioning and circulation fans were alternatively operated based on the hybrid control algorithm.After planting leafy vegetables under each experimental condition,crops were cultivated for 21 days.As a result,Case B wherein AC(air conditioning) and ACF(air-circulation fan) were alternatively operated based on the hybrid control algorithm showed that fresh mass,number of leaves,and leaf length for the crops grown were increased by 40.6%,41.1%,and 11.1%,respectively,compared to Case A.

减小喉罩型号改善通气效果的临床观察

目的探讨减小喉罩型号改善通气效果的临床观察。方法选取喉罩固定翼距门齿距离>3 cm的男性患者60例为研究对象,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组30例。比较试验组(3号喉罩)与对照组(4号喉罩)的通气优良率、FOB理想位置比例、气道峰压差及2组喉罩置入后的密封压、套囊内压、漏气率,比较2组喉罩远端与食道入口距离,观察2组喉罩拔出时带血丝情况,术后24 h咽部并发症发生情况(包括术后咽痛、声嘶)及咽痛持续时间。2组患者设置的呼吸参数相同。结果试验组喉罩置入后通气成功率、FOB理想位置置入比例及通气效果优良率提高,漏气率值降低,密封压值提高,喉罩远端距食道入口距离较对照组减小,术后咽部并发症发生率较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于喉罩固定翼距门齿距离>3 cm的患者,通过减小喉罩型号,使喉罩放置理想位置比例增加,通气优良率升高,漏气率降低,密封压值提高,咽部并发症降低,可改善喉罩通气效果,安全有效。

等离子体发生器导流板结构优化研究

高效滤芯是空气净化器的关键部件,当空气净化器中流向高效滤芯部分的送风不均匀时,会导致滤芯利用率较低,从而影响滤芯的过滤性能.为提高滤芯的使用效率进而改善装置的净化性能,可以在风机和高效滤芯之间放置导流型等离子体发生器,利用发生器的导流板使送风气流更均匀的吹向滤芯.为探究适宜的导流板结构参数,采用数值模拟的方法对不同结构参数导流板下的流动过程进行分析,通过对比滤芯使用率和送风均匀性等指标,给出适宜的导流板长度和张开角度设计方案.研究结果表明,对于本文研究的净化器尺寸,导流板设计长度为100 mm、张开角度为10°时的送风更均匀.优化后的尾部导流板结构简单、设计合理、使用方便,分散了送风气流的方向,更有利于提高后端高效滤芯的利用率和使用寿命.

交流高压静电防护服装标准的解读

为推动标准的有效推广和实施,以及交流高压静电防护服装的科学制备和合理适用,对GB/T18136—2008《交流高压静电防护服装及试验方法》和DL/T 1238—2013《1000 kV交流系统用静电防护服装》中的关键技术指标进行了探讨。对比分析了两个标准的异同点,并提出了合理化建议,为标准的修订提供参考。认为:应进一步增加衣料撕破强力、透湿量、色牢度、甲醛含量、pH值、接缝强力等考核指标,并明确相关考核指标的测试参数。

新风量对地铁客室咳嗽飞沫传播影响的数值模拟研究

优化通风系统参数以降低乘客呼吸道传染病的感染风险是创造安全、舒适的地铁客室出行环境的重要途径。利用欧拉−拉格朗日数值模拟方法对地铁客室中呼吸道飞沫传播进行模拟,研究不同送风量下乘客咳嗽释放的飞沫扩散规律和时空分布特性。研究结果表明:随着新风量增加,车厢通风系统对飞沫粒子的清除速度和效率也相应提高;当新风量为2000 m3/h时,仅有3.9%的飞沫在30 s内进入废排口;而当新风量为8000 m3/h时,在10 s内38.9%的粒子进入废排口;车厢内悬浮的粒子数量并非呈线性下降,而是随新风量的增加呈现复杂的变化;随着新风量提高,车厢内主导飞沫运动的气流逐渐由回风产生的气流转变为废排口产生的气流,同时,废排口气流在车厢内形成的涡流区域逐渐增大,导致部分未能快速进入废排口的部分飞沫在车厢内的悬浮时间延长;废排口附近乘客摄入粒子的比例随着新风量的增加表现出显著的差异;随着新风量的增加,在感染乘客同侧区域的乘客被感染风险逐渐减小,而在感染乘客面对区域的乘客被感染风险随着新风量的增加先增加后减小。研究结果可为制定预防地铁客室内呼吸道传染病毒空气传播的控制策略提供参考。

环境自动监测站固定式辐射监测仪性能测试与评价

参考计量技术规范《固定式环境γ辐射空气比释动能(率)仪现场校准规范》(JJF 1733—2018),对辐射环境空气自动监测站78台高气压电离室开展辐射特性测试。现场校准方面,仅88%的电离室满足1±0.2的响应范围要求;78台电离室的重复性均不超过1%,响应的非线性均不超过6.5%,符合规范要求。针对电离室开展辐射性能测试,发现电离室在9.0×10^(-2)~1.0×10^(9)μGy/h范围内的响应均不超过1±0.2;电离室对164 keV以上的光子的能量响应趋于1.0,对60 keV以下的光子无响应能力,而当光子能量在60~164 keV范围内时,响应曲线会因γ光子与电离室内部惰性气体的光电效应出现“鼓包”;电离室不具备对核临界事故脉冲辐射的监测与警示能力;电离室能够在2 s内给出测量范围内的准确示值,但在分段电压的交界处,响应时间会延长至180~360 s;电离室的响应受环境温度、湿度变化的影响大小不足±0.01,表明电离室的环境适应性优良。

跨临界CO_(2)汽车空调中润滑油影响特性研究进展

应对新能源汽车复杂应用环境和应用需求,润滑油是影响跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调性能、可靠性的关键因素。油品及油充注量对于充分发挥系统性能,保障系统安全稳定运行具有重要作用。讨论了跨临界CO_(2)汽车热泵空调中润滑油的作用与影响。总结了应用于CO_(2)汽车热泵空调的几种常用润滑油,并对各种润滑油的各项应用性能进行了对比。分析了加入润滑油对跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调系统中各部件性能产生的作用与影响,以及对空调系统整体性能的影响。润滑油在压缩机中起到减小运动件磨损和工作噪声,防止制冷剂泄漏和排温过高等作用,但过量的油积聚于压缩腔中会导致容积效率降低和功耗升高;在换热器及管路中,油在流动壁面上形成的油膜增大了流动流阻及换热热阻,同时油在蒸发器中起到抑制核态沸腾和气泡扰动的效果,对换热起到恶化作用。总结了相关领域现有研究成果与结论,并对领域内关键研究方向进行了展望。

廊道形式对于中小学建筑平面空间的自然通风性能影响研究

针对多层中小学教育建筑的廊道空间设计、改善建筑自然通风性能的定量分析支撑等问题,通过控制构建不同的廊道宽度、廊道开窗面积、开窗位置以及不同的廊道与平面空间组合方式,以“标准层房间换气次数”为评价指标,进行室内风环境模拟,分析廊道空间变化与建筑自然通风性能的影响。得出结论:(1)走廊开窗面积比率越大越有利于通风,但增加度不呈线性相关;(2)廊道位于平面空间南面比位于平面空间北面更有利于建筑自然通风;(3)控制廊道相邻的教室墙壁开窗面积不要过小,否则达不到改善通风效果;(4)走廊宽度变化对建筑自然通风影响呈非线性关系。

注浆压力对顺层抽采钻孔封孔质量影响研究

为研究不同注浆压力下各顺层钻孔的封孔质量,以轩岗煤电有限责任公司刘家梁煤矿2214工作面为试验对象,根据矿井煤层实际赋存情况,采用COMSOL数值模拟软件,模拟不同注浆压力下浆液在煤层中的扩散范围,数值模拟结果表明,在1~4 MPa注浆压力范围内,浆液在煤层中的扩散半径与其注浆压力的大小成正相关关系,而浆液扩散半径的增加幅度随注浆压力的增加呈现逐渐减小的变化趋势。同时在钻孔始封深度、封孔长度等封孔参数一定的情况下,按照1、2、3和4 MPa四个等级进行现场顺层钻孔封孔试验,并利用漏气率对各抽采钻孔的封孔质量进行评价和对比,现场试验表明,采用1 MPa和2 MPa注浆压力的顺层钻孔分别有4个和2个钻孔出现漏气,其平均漏气率分别为32.76%和28.65%,而采用3 MPa和4 MPa注浆压力的钻孔均未出现漏气现象。综合数值模拟及现场试验结果表明,该工作面顺层钻孔封孔时其注浆压力应不小于3 MPa。

滤筒除尘器喷吹孔孔径的优化

【目的】为控制各个喷吹管气流量的均匀性,对喷吹管上的喷吹孔径进行优化,提高滤筒除尘器清灰效果。【方法】自制高压脉冲喷吹气流量测量装置对现有喷吹管气流量进行测定,采用光纤传感分析仪测试除尘器滤筒各部分的侧壁压力峰值,分析各滤筒清灰效果不均匀的原因;以滤筒各部位侧壁压力峰值作为清灰均匀性效果评估指标,优化喷吹孔径。【结果】优化前4个喷吹孔径均为19 mm,喷吹孔的气流量依次为13.69、 14.78、 16.03、 16.93 L,对应4个滤筒上、中、下部侧壁压力峰值的最小值分别为最大值的37%、 26%、 20%,气流量均匀度标准差为1.41;优化后4个喷吹孔径分别为23、 20、 18、 17 mm,喷吹气流量依次为14.05、 15.08、 15.87、 16.13 L,对应4个滤筒上、中、下部测壁压力峰值的最小值为最大值的56%、 56%、 53%,气流量均匀度标准差降为0.93。【结论】优化后的喷吹管气流量均匀化程度提高,可实现滤筒除尘器的均匀清灰。

陕西省环境气象条件评估指数时空变化特征研究

基于陕西省10地市2015—2020年PM_(2.5)浓度实况监测数据和气象条件评估指数EMI,统计分析EMI和PM_(2.5)相关性及近年EMI的时空分布特征,定量评估气象条件变化及综合治理措施对陕西环境空气质量的影响。结果表明:陕西省2015—2020年EMI可较好地表征和评估气象条件变化导致的PM_(2.5)浓度变化。2015—2020年EMI呈线性降低趋势,气象条件持续向好。月EMI均呈明显的单谷分布特征,EMI冬半年大,夏半年小。各区域EMI总体上呈关中高、陕南次之、陕北最低的分布特点,关中中部、东部EMI最大。EMI正距平百分比高值区主要分布在关中地区,各年关中均有60%以上面积正距平,其中2016年冬季关中83.0%面积正距平,37.5%面积正距平超过100%。2020年陕西省各区域环境空气质量较2015—2019年均有明显改善,全省PM_(2.5)浓度较前5 a平均降低24.8%,全省气象条件改善使PM2.5浓度较近5 a降低16.4%,排放变化使得PM_(2.5)浓度较前5 a平均下降9.4%,可见,近年陕西省大气污染综合治理措施成果显著,环境质量明显改善。

羊肚菌室内栽培关键技术研究

目前我国羊肚菌栽培基本都在室外进行,对环境和气候依赖性强,种植风险大。开展可控条件下的羊肚菌室内栽培研究,对羊肚菌产业发展具有裨益。本研究对比不同栽培土壤、不同外源营养袋配方、不同土壤含水量及不同空气流速的栽培效果,得到羊肚菌室内筐式栽培的部分关键技术:采用稻田土12.5 kg+腐殖木屑200 g栽培效果明显优于常规田间土壤;发菌期土壤含水量在24%~27%,其菌丝培养、污染控制及产量表现较好;外源营养袋配方采用小麦63%、麸皮15%、木屑10%、谷壳6%、玉米粉4%、碳酸钙1%、石灰1%,在羊肚菌菌丝培养、营养利用和产量上表现较优;出菇期室内空气流速对子实体发育影响明显,不宜超过0.8 m/s。

气冷冷凝相变脱白法系统计算研究

根据气冷冷凝相变脱白系统设计的需要,开发了排放气体温度、湿度的计算程序,在此基础上研究了冷空气温度、湿度和风量对脱白效果的影响,结果显示:气冷冷凝相变脱白法除雾存在临界风量线,这条线由冷空气温度、湿度和风量共同决定;冷凝相变脱白法比混风脱白法和混合冷凝脱白法效果好。