Numerical and experimental studies of flow field in hydrocyclone with air core

For the flow field in a d50 mm hydrocyclone, numerical studies based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental studies based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement were carried out respectively. The results of two methods show that air core generally forms after 0.7 s, the similar characteristics of air core can be observed. Vortexes and axial velocity distributions obtained by numerical and experimental methods are also in good agreement. Studies of different parameters based on CFD simulation show that tangential velocity distribution inside the hydrocyclone can be regarded as a combined vortex. Axial and tangential velocities increase as the feed rate increases. The enlargement of cone angle and overflow outlet diameter can speed up the overflow discharge rate. The change of underflow outlet diameter has no significant effect on axial and tangential velocities.

Modeling of the whole process of shock wave overpressure of freefield air explosion

The waveform of the explosion shock wave under free-field air explosion is an extremely complex problem.It is generally considered that the waveform consists of overpressure peak,positive pressure zone and negative pressure zone.Most of current practice usually considers only the positive pressure.Many empirical relations are available to predict overpressure peak,the positive pressure action time and pressure decay law.However,there are few models that can predict the whole waveform.The whole process of explosion shock wave overpressure,which was expressed as the product of the three factor functions of peak,attenuation and oscillation,was proposed in the present work.According to the principle of explosion similarity,the scaled parameters were introduced and the empirical formula was absorbed to form a mathematical model of shock wave overpressure.Parametric numerical simulations of free-field air explosions were conducted.By experimental verification of the AUTODYN numerical method and comparing the analytical and simulated curves,the model is proved to be accurate to calculate the shock wave overpressure under free-field air explosion.In addition,through the model the shock wave overpressure at different time and distance can be displayed in three dimensions.The model makes the time needed for theoretical calculation much less than that for numerical simulation.

Flow Field Characteristics of the Rotor Cage in Turbo Air Classifiers

The turbo air classifier is widely used powder classification equipment in a variety of fields. The flow field characteristics of the turbo air classifier are important basis for the improvement of the turbo air classifier＇s structural design. The flow field characteristics of the rotor cage in turbo air classifiers were investigated trader different operating conditions by laser Doppler velocimeter（LDV）, and a measure diminishing the axial velocity is proposed. The investigation results show that the tangential velocity of the air flow inside the rotor cage is different from the rotary speed of the rotor cage on the same measurement point due to the influences of both the negative pressure at the exit and the rotation of the rotor cage. The tangential velocity of the air flow likewise decreases as the radius decreases in the case of the rotor cage＇s low rotary speed. In contrast, the tangential velocity of the air flow increases as the radius decreases in the case of the rotor cage＇s high rotary speed. Meanwhile, the vortex inside the rotor cage is found to occur near the pressure side of the blade when the rotor cage＇s rotary speed is less than the tangential velocity of air flow. On the contrary, the vortex is found to occur near the blade suction side once the rotor cage＇s rotary speed is higher than the tangential velocity of air flow. Inside the rotor cage, the axial velocity could not be disregarded and is largely determined by the distances between the measurement point and the exit.

Numerical simulation study of gob air leakage field and gas migration regularity in downlink ventilation

Aiming at the issue that mass of gas emission from mining gob and the gas exceeded in working face, gob air leakage field and gas migration regularity in downlink ventilation was studied. In consideration of the influence of natural wind pressure to analyze the stope face differential pressure, gob air leakage field distribution and gas migration regularity theoretically. Established a two-dimensional physical model with one source and one doab, and applied computational fluid dynamics analysis software Fluent to do numerical simulation, analyzed and contrasted to the areas of gob air leakage on size and gas emission from gob to working face on strength when using the downlink ventilation and uplink ventilation. When applied downward ventilation in stope face, the air leakage field of gob nearly working face, and the air leakage intensity were smaller than uplink, this can effectively reduce the gas emission from gob to working face; when used downlink ventilation, the air leakage airflow carry the lower amount of gas to doab than uplink ventilation, and more easily to mix the gas, reduced the possibility of gas accumulation in upper comer and the stratified flows, it can provide protection to mine with safe and effective production.

Calculation of flow distribution in air reverse circulation bit interior fluid field by simplifying air flow model

By simplifying the characters in the air reverse circulation bit interior fluid field, the authors used air dynamics and fluid mechanics to calculate the air distribution in the bit and obtained an equation of flow distribution with a unique resolution. This study will provide help for making certain the bit parameters of the bit structure effectively and study the air reverse circulation bit interior fluid field character deeply.

Corona with Streamers in Atmospheric Pressure Air in a Highly Inhomogeneous Electric Field

The paper presents research data on positive and negative coronas inatmospheric pressure air in a highly inhomogeneous electric field. Thedata show that irrespective of the polarity of pointed electrodes placed ina high electric field (200 kV/cm), this type of discharge develops via ballstreamers even if the gap voltage rises slowly (0.2 kV/ms). The start voltageof first positive streamers, compared to negative ones, is higher andthe amplitude and the frequency of their current pulses are much lower:about two times and more than two orders of magnitude, respectively.The higher frequency of current pulses from negative streamers provideshigher average currents and larger luminous areas of negative coronascompared to positive ones. Positive and negative cylindrical streamersfrom a pointed to a plane electrode are detected and successive dischargetransitions at both polarities are identified.

Rapid air film continuous casting of aluminum alloy using static magnetic field

The influences of the cooling style and static magnetic field on the air film casting process were investigated. Ingots of 6063 aluminum alloy were produced by AIRSOL VEIL casting with double-layer cooling water and static magnetic field. Surface segregation, hot crack and variation of solute content along the radius direction of ingot were examined. The results showed that double-layer cooling water can improve the surface quality and avoid of hot crack, which created conditions to increase the casting speed. The electromagnetic casting process can effectively improve the surface quality in high speed casting process, and static magnetic field has a great influence on solute distribution along the radius direction of ingot.

Flame behavior, shock wave, and instantaneous thermal field generated by unconfined vapor-liquid propylene oxide/air cloud detonation

Energy output and heating effects are essential for vapor-liquid fuel/air cloud detonation in the fuel-air explosive(FAE) applications or explosion accidents. The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamic large-size flame behavior, shock wave propagation law, and instantaneous thermal field generated by unconfined vapor-liquid propylene oxide(PO)/air cloud detonation. Based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and combustion theory, a numerical simulation is used to study the detonation process of a PO/air cloud produced by a double-event fuel-air explosive(DEFAE) of 2.16 kg. The large-scale flame behavior is characterized. The flame initially spreads radially and laterally in a wing shape. Subsequently,the developed flame increases with a larger aspect ratio. Moreover, the propagation laws of shock waves at different heights are discussed. The peak pressure of 1.3 m height level with a stepwise decline is obviously different from that of the ground with an amplitude of reversed ’N’ shape. In the vast majority of the first 6.9 m, the destructive effect of the shock wave near the ground is greater than that of the shock wave at 1.3 m height. Furthermore, the dynamic instantaneous isothermal field is demonstrated.The scaling relationship of various isotherms in the instantaneous thermal field with the flame and initial cloud is summarized. The comprehensive numerical model used in this study can be applied to determine the overpressure and temperature distribution in the entire fuel/air cloud detonation field,providing guidance for assessing the extent of damage caused by DEFAE detonation.

Air breakdown induced by the microwave with two mutually orthogonal and heterophase electric field components

The air breakdown is easily caused by the high-power microwave, which can have two mutually orthogonal and heterophase electric field components. For this case, the electron momentum conservation equation is employed to deduce the electric field power and effective electric field for heating electrons. Then the formula of the electric field power is introduced into the global model to simulate the air breakdown. The breakdown prediction from the global model agrees well with the experimental data. Simulation results show that the electron temperature is sensitive to the phase difference between the two electron field components, while the latter can affect obviously the growth of the electron density at low electron temperature amplitudes. The ionization of nitrogen and oxygen induces the growth of electron density, and the density loss due to the dissociative attachment and dissociative recombination is obvious only at low electron temperatures.

Influence of the 60 Hz Magnetic Field on the Airborne Microbial Distribution of Indoor Environments

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the magnetic field generated by the household appliances on the airborne microbial surrounding these equipment located on indoor environments with particular interest in the environmental fungi.A simultaneous environmental study was carried out in locals of three different geographical places of Havana,Cuba,which have televisions,computers and an electric generator.The air samples were made by a sedimentation method using Malt Extract Agar.The concentration of total aerobic mesophilic as well as fungi and yeasts were determined in rainy and little rainy seasons by applying as factors:exposure time of dishes(5 to 60 min)and distance to the wall(0 and 1 m)at a height of 1 m above the floor.The predominant fungal genera were Cladosporium,Penicillium and Aspergillus.In the dishes that were placed at 0 and 0.5 m from the emitting sources were observed that some bacteria colonies formed inhibition halos,a great diversity of filamentous fungi and an increase in the mycelium pigmentation as well as the pigments excretion.In the rainy season,the highest amounts of fungi were obtained in all samples.In the little rain season the count of the Gram-negative bacilli increased three times the Gram-positive cocci.

Flow field in air-sparged hydrocyclone

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C_(4)F_(7)N-air混合气体在稍不均匀和极不均匀电场中的工频绝缘特性分析

近年来,作为SF_(6)有效替代气体之一,七氟异丁腈(C_(4)F_(7)N)因其优异的电气性能和物化特性而受到关注与讨论,然而由于C_(4)F_(7)N的液化温度较高,需要与低液化温度的缓冲气体并用。选择空气作为缓冲气体,在稍不均匀电场与极不均匀电场下,通过工频击穿实验研究气压、混合占比和电极间隙对C_(4)F_(7)N-air混合气体工频击穿电压的影响。结果发现:C_(4)F_(7)N-air混合气体在两个电场下的工频击穿电压随着电极间隙的增大而近似线性增加,在极不均匀电场下,出现明显“驼峰”效应,混合比为8%~16%的C_(4)F_(7)N-air混合气体工频击穿电压可达到同条件下SF_(6)的67%~86%。在稍不均匀电场下,8%C_(4)F_(7)N/92%air混合气体的绝缘强度约为同条件下SF_(6)的0.8倍。混合比为12%~16%的C_(4)F_(7)N-air混合气体具备与SF_(6)相等的工频绝缘强度。总结:与SF_(6)对比,C_(4)F_(7)N占比为8%~16%的C_(4)F_(7)N-air混合气体具备替代SF_(6)气体的潜力。

气吸式圆盘白萝卜播种机设计与试验

针对目前白萝卜种子尺寸小、流动性差、形状不规则导致播种机吸种效果差、漏播率和重播率高等情况,设计了一款气吸式圆盘白萝卜播种机。通过对播种机结构组成和工作原理的分析,计算吸附单粒种子的受力情况,建立了力学模型,并得到单粒最小吸附负压值;通过各级链数转动比,确定了播种机地轮与排种器链数关系。通过对吸种过程DEM-CFD耦合仿真单因素试验,计算确定播种机中排种器关键结构参数最优范围,即排种盘转速为1~2 rad/s、风机负压为4~5 kPa、吸孔直径为2.4~2.8 mm;并在此基础上进行田间试验,以排种盘转速、风机负压、吸孔直径为试验因素,以播种间距合格率指标、漏播率指标、重播率指标为评价标准,进行三因素三水平正交试验。利用Design-Expert软件构造数学回归方程和响应曲面模型,分析了各个参数对播种合格率指标的影响变化,并利用软件最优化模块,确定了结构参数最优组合,即排种盘转速为1.3 rad/s、风机负压为4.6 kPa、吸孔直径为2.5 mm。田间试验结果表明:播种行距合格率指标为92.35%,漏播率指标为3.97%,重播率指标为3.68%,满足白萝卜精量播种的农艺要求。

基于Adobe AIR的土地督察外业核查系统研究

依托Adobe AIR平台,设计并开发了一套跨平台的土地督察外业核查系统,提升了土地督察外业核查的工作效能。与传统Android/IOS原生开发技术相比,该技术大幅降低了开发门槛和成本,为今后移动App开发提供了一种新的参考和借鉴。

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices （APCDs） are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction （SCR） and wet flue gas desulftLrization （FGD） systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation affect mercury removal efficiently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method （OHM） recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor affecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury （Hg^2＋） and more elemental mercury （Hg^0） at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation efficiency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal efficiency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%-96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%-68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal efficiency was 95.9%-98.0%, and there was a big difference in the total mercury removal efficiencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.

Air lasing: Phenomena and mechanisms

Air lasing is a concept that refers to remote no-cavity(mirrorless) optical amplification in ambient air with the air constituents as the gain media. Due to the high potential of air lasing in view of applications in atmospheric sensing, a variety of pumping schemes have been proposed so far for building up population-inverted gain media in air and producing forward and/or backward directional lasing emissions. This review paper presents an overview of recent advances in the experimental observations and physical understanding of air lasing in various pumping schemes of air molecules by intense laser fields. Special emphasis is given to the strong-field-induced N^+2 air lasing, the mechanism of which is currently still in a hot debate.

Airflow characteristics by air curtain jets in full-scale room

A new air distribution pattern,air curtain jet ventilation was presented.The ventilation or airflow patterns and the air velocity produced by air curtain jet were investigated in detail.To identify the airflow characteristics of this novel air curtain jet ventilation system,a full-scale room was used to measure the jet velocity with a slot-ventilated supply device,with regards to the airflow fields along the vertical wall as well as on the horizontal floor zones.The airflow fields under three supply air velocities,1.0,1.5 and 2.0 m/s,were carried out in the full-scale room.The experimental results show the velocity profiles of air distribution,the airflow fields along the attached vertical wall and the air lake zones on the floor,respectively.The current experimental research is helpful for heating,ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) engineers to design better air distribution in rooms.

Study of generation characteristics of glow-type atmospheric-pressure plasma jet based on DC discharge in air

In order to form an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet without airflow, a needle–ring electrode structure is proposed in this paper. When heteropolar potentials are applied to a needle and a ring, a marked electric field strength enhancement around the needle’s pointed end has been found. When the same potential is applied to both the needle and the ring, the lateral electric field strength for the needle can be weakened. By using the above two methods, an increase of the difference between the pointed end electric field strength and the lateral one is achieved and stable plasma jets are formed. A symmetrical space electric field distribution is established at the pointed end of the needles when several sets of heteropolar needle–ring electrodes are uniformly arranged, which is conducive to forming a uniform array plasma jet. Under DC discharge conditions, a safe and stable plasma jet of high density and an array plasma jet are successfully achieved.

PIV MEASUREMENTS FOR GAS FLOW UNDER GRADIENT MAGNETIC FIELDS

Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)techniques were developed to measure the convec- tive N_2-air flow under gradient magnetic fields.The velocity fields were calculated by the Minimum Quadratic Difference(MQD)algorithm and spurious vectors were eliminated by Delaunay Tessellation. The N_2-air flow was measured as the magnetic flux density varying from 0～1.5 T.A strengthened vortex flow of air was observed under the condition that the magnetic field was applied,and the ve- locity of N_2 jet rose with the increase of the magnetic density.The experimental results show that the magnetic force will induce a vortex flow and cause a convection flow of the air mixture when both gradients of the O_2 concentration and the magnetic field intensity exist.

Observation of the optical X2Σg+–A2Πu coupling in N2+ lasing induced by intense laser field

We propose a simple pump-coupling-seed scheme to examine the optical X^2Σg^+–A^2Πu coupling in N2^+ lasing. We produce the N2^+ lasing at 391 nm, corresponding to the B^2Σu^+(v = 0)–X^2Σg+(v = 0) transition, by externally seeding the N^2+ gain medium prepared by irradiation of N2 with an intense pump pulse. We then adopt a weak coupling pulse in between the pump and seed pulses, and show that the intensity of the 391-nm lasing can be efficiently modulated by varying the polarization direction of the coupling pulse with respect to that of the pump pulse. It is found that when the polarization directions of the pump and coupling pulses are perpendicular, the 391-nm lasing intensity is more sensitive to the coupling laser energy, which reflects the inherent nature of the perpendicular X^2+Σg^–A^2Πu transition.