Distribution Properties of Internal Air Voids in Ultrathin Asphalt Friction Course

The distribution characteristics of air voids in ultrathin asphalt friction course(UAFC) samples with different gradations and compaction methods were statistically analyzed using X-ray computed tomography(CT) and image analysis techniques. Based on the results, compared with the AC-5 sample, the OGFC-5mixture has a higher air void ratio, a larger air void size and a greater number of air voids, with the distribution of internal air voids being more uniform and their shapes being more rounded. The two-parameter Weibull function was applied to fit the gradation of air voids. The fitting results is good, and the function parameters are sensitive to changes in both mineral gradation and compaction method. Moreover, two homogeneity indices were proposed to evaluate the compaction uniformity of UAFC samples. Compared with the Marshall method,the SGC method is more conducive to improve the compaction uniformity of UAFC samples. The compaction method significantly influences the air void distribution characteristics and compaction uniformity of AC-5sample, but has a less significant impact on OGFC-5 sample. The experimental results in the study provides a solid foundation for further explorations on the internal structure and mixture design of UAFC.

Effect of the Entrained Air Void on Strength and Interfacial Transition Zone of Air-Entrained Mortar

In order to facilitate the development and application of air entraining agents (AEA) in the high performance concrete, entrained air void structure parameters (air void size range from 10 to 1 600 mu m) of 28 d sifted mortar were measured by image analysis method. The relationship between the air void size distribution and strength of mortar was studied by methods of grey connection analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The multiple linear regression equation was established with a correlation coefficient of 0.966. The weight of the affection of hierarchical porosity on the compressive strength ratio was also obtained. In addition, the effect of air voids on the paste-aggregate interfacial transition zone (ITZ) was analyzed by microhardness. The results show that the correlation between different pore size range and the compressive strength is negative. The effect of air void size distribution on 28 days compressive strength is different: under the condition of similar total porosity, with the increase of the porosity of the air void size, ranging from 10 to 200 mu m, and the decrease of the porosity, ranging from 200 to 1 600 mu m, the average air void diameter and mean free spacing are decreased; as well as the width of ITZ. On the contrary, the microhardness of the ITZ is increased while the compressive strength loss is decreased.

Analysis of Air Voids Evolution in Cement Pastes Admixed with Non-ionic Cellulose Ethers

Four cellulose ethers（CEs） were compared for their effects on the pore structure of cement paste using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The experimental results show that the total pore volume and porosity of cement pastes containing the four cellulose ethers are significantly higher than that of the pure cement pastes and the total pore volume and porosity of cement pastes containing HEC（hydroxyethyl cellulose ether） or low viscosity cellulose ethers are low in four CEs. By changing the surface tension and viscosity of liquid phase and the strengthening of liquid film between air voids in cement pastes, CEs affect the formation, diameter evolution and upward movement of air voids and the pore structure of hardening cement paste. For the four CEs, the pore volume of cement pastes containing HEC or low viscosity cellulose ethers is higher with the diameter of 30-70 nm while lower with the diameter larger than 70 nm. CEs affect the pore structure of cement paste mainly through their effects on the evolvement of the small air voids into bigger ones when the pore diameter is below 70 nm and their effects on the entrainment and stabilization of air voids when the pore diameter is above 70 nm.

Research on segregation evaluation methods of asphalt pavement based on air voids distribution

Eye observation was used to evaluate the segregation degree of asphalt pavement, which was not much creditable. To the asphalt pavement, road surface texture measuring method which has appeared recently can identify gradational segregation; but it can’t reflect the influence of the temperature segregation. However, using infrared temperature detector to evaluate the segregation must be taken during paving, which brings much inconvenience. In this paper, measuring the air voids distribution using non-nuclear density gauge to evaluate asphalt pavement segregation was introduced. Result shows that this method can directly reflect the comprehensive results of the two types of segregation in a high efficient and accurate way. Moreover, using the sketch map of segregation area can help to analyze the segregation reason visually.

Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Air Voids on the Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixtures

The aim of this study is to investigate the asphalt mixture anisotropy of both the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio due to air voids using a discrete element modeling simulation method. Three three-dimensional cubic digital samples of asphalt mixture with different shapes of single air void were built using discrete element software PFC^（3D）. The aggregate gradation, air voids and mastic included in the digital samples were modeled using different contact models, with due consideration of the volumetric fractions of the different phases. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. Simulation of the uniaxial cyclic compressive tests was performed on the three cubic samples loaded in three different directions. Dynamic modulus in three directions and Poisson＇s ratio in six directions were calculated from the compression stress-strain responses. Results show that both the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio are dependent on the preferential orientation of air voids. The anisotropy of the modulus and Poisson＇s ratio increases as the pressure loading on the asphalt mixture increases. Compared to the modulus, Poisson＇s ratio due to air voids has been shown to be more anisotropic. The maximum of Poisson＇s ratio and modulus is shown to be up to 80% and 11% higher than the minimum, respectively.

Enhancement of optical characteristic of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum-well structures by self-growing air voids

InGaN/GaN multiple quantum-well(MQW) structures with a wavelength range of green were successfully grown on a c-plane GaN template with SiO_2 stripe patterns along the [11-20] and [1-100] directions as a mask. The surface morphologies of both samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and demonstrated anisotropic growth characteristics of GaN. The optical characteristics were investigated using Raman spectra and photoluminescence(PL). The InGaN/GaN MQW structure grown on the GaN template with SiO_2 stripes along the [1-100] orientation exhibited less stress and higher PL intensity.Transmission electron microscopy results indicated that portions of MQWs were grown on an inclined semipolar plane, and air voids occurred only when the direction of the mask stripe was along the [1-100] orientation. The enhancement of the optical characteristic was due to the air-void structure and inclined semipolar quantum-well sidewalls.

应用3D雷达最小化钻芯数量评价沥青路面压实质量的可行性研究

本研究通过介电常数-空隙率关系模型比选、室内外试验和试验路验证,探讨了应用3D雷达最小化钻芯取样数量或替代钻芯取样进行沥青路面压实质量评价的可行性。研究结果显示,Pearce模型具有模型形式简单、与室内外数据拟合效果较好、物理意义明确、介电常数适应范围宽等特点,适用于预测沥青混合料的空隙率;与钻芯样品的检测结果比较,由3D雷达检测结果得出的空隙率和压实度误差很小,没有改变钻芯取样抽样检测对检测路段压实质量的整体判断结论;应用3D雷达替代钻芯取样或最小化钻芯取样数量进行沥青路面压实质量评价是可行的。

负载不同引气剂的SiO_(2)复合材料的制备及其在水泥基材料中的应用

本文以4种不同结构的阴离子引气剂为模板剂来制备负载引气剂的SiO_(2)纳米颗粒,在硅源水解过程中引入(3-氨基丙基)三乙氧基硅烷,并通过静电相互作用吸引更多的阴离子引气剂,验证该制备方法对负载各类阴离子引气剂的可行性,同时探究引气剂的结构对复合产物及其应用性能的影响。结果表明:4种负载引气剂的SiO_(2)复合材料均能在溶液中表现出缓释效果,在砂浆中提高气泡的稳定性,抑制2 h内含气量的损失,优化硬化试块的气孔参数。表面活性剂分子和胶束的空间体积显著影响着产物的粒径和表面活性剂的负载率,进而影响SiO_(2)复合材料在溶液中的释放量以及在砂浆中的稳泡效果。

基于X-ray CT图像的沥青混合料车辙过程空隙分布评估

X射线计算机断层扫描(X-ray computed tomography,X-ray CT)技术作为一种无损测试方法,已被广泛用于评估沥青混合料中的空隙结构和与空隙有关的病害。基于X-ray CT和图像处理技术,从细观结构层面探讨了车辙变形过程中沥青混合料的空隙结构特征。提出了体积等效球棍模型来表征空隙连通性的变化,用改进的环扇分割变异系数、位置偏心率和球度分别描述了空隙的分布和形状特征。结果表明,车辙对沥青混合料空隙结构的影响机制因混合料类型而异。与密级配沥青混凝土(AC-13)相比,沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料(SMA-13)中的空隙更加不均匀和离散,尤其是那些体积小于0.01 mm^(3)的空隙。此外,SMA-13中的空隙连通性和分布更容易受到外部荷载的影响,其粗集料在变形过程中往往会产生定向移动进而改变初始位置。尽管车辙变形同时增加了2种混合料中空隙的水平不均匀性,但AC-13的竖向不均匀性减少,而SMA-13的竖向不均匀性增加。加载使AC-13混合料的空隙几何形状变得复杂和分散,而SMA-13则相反,预示着与AC混合料相比,SMA混合料在加载1 h后仍保持抵抗车辙破坏的潜力。总体而言,沥青混合料中空隙的拓扑特征及其在车辙变形过程中的动态响应主要取决于混合料的级配形式。

采用RapidAir图像分析仪测试硬化混凝土气孔结构时的影响因素

气孔结构是混凝土抗冻性能的重要指标之一,然而采用图像分析仪法测试硬化混凝土气孔结构的结果与传统的人工显微镜法有一定的偏差,以Rapid Air图像分析仪为例,系统地讨论了采用RapidAir测试硬化混凝土气孔结构时的影响因素:导线分布差异、导线长度、阈值、制样和焦距。指出采用自动图像分析仪测试硬化混凝土气孔结构参数时,应延长导线长度以减小导线分布差异造成的误差,当导线长度从ASTM C457等相关规范要求的2 600 mm增加到3 100 mm时,含气量和气泡间距系数的最大相对误差分别从6.5%和9.6%减小2.9%和4.9%;按照目测设定的阈值和焦距造成的误差很小,可以忽略;制样时,采用自动研磨机比手工方式研磨平面对水泥浆体损伤小,采用硫酸钡干粉填充试样表面的气孔可获得更好的黑白对比度,比氧化锌浆体的效果好。

封装修复剂作用下沥青混合料反射裂缝的自愈合

封装修复剂可以延缓沥青混合料中反射裂缝的发展,并且有助于延长沥青表面的养护周期。当沥青出现裂缝破坏时,胶囊膜会发生破裂,其中的修复剂会释放到裂缝附近。本试验研究揭示了当沥青受到循环荷载作用时,油相从胶囊中释放出来的量及其对沥青自然裂缝自愈合能力的提高作用。通过力学和化学测试相结合的方法发现,大多数胶囊都能抵抗沥青的拌和和压实,研究还发现,在多孔沥青中,油相会在沥青的服役寿命内逐渐释放出来,而在密级配沥青混合料中,油相则会在裂缝开始出现时就释放。结果表明,沥青的级配是设计沥青基自修复胶囊强度的关键参数,此外,多孔沥青和沥青玛蹄脂碎石的自愈合效率要高于密级配沥青混合料。最后,发现在沥青路面的服役寿命中存在一个胶囊能够最有效地修复现有裂缝损伤的时刻。

高性能湿喷混凝土的抗冻性能及气泡结构特征研究

通过借鉴混凝土快冻法,对比研究高性能湿喷混凝土(HPS)、掺速凝剂的模筑混凝土(HPS-Cast)及普通喷射混凝土(NSC)的抗冻性能,并对其内部气泡结构特征进行分析。结果表明:冻融循环作用下,NSC相对动弹性模量和抗压强度显著下降。冻融循环125次后,NSC相对动弹性模量仅为51.34%,冻融循环200次后,抗压强度损失率已达到53.30%,相比之下,HPS、HPS-Cast抗冻性能明显优于NSC,其中HPS抗冻性能最好。HPS-Cast由于采用模筑成型,成型方式与HPS不同,造成HPS-Cast气泡分布特征与HPS明显不同。冻融循环过程中,HPS-Cast平均气泡直径、平均气泡面积、气泡间隔系数均明显高于HPS,同时在0~200μm范围内孔体积率下降速率明显高于HPS,而200~500、500~1200μm及大于1200μm孔体积增长速率明显高于HPS。因此在冻融循环过程中,HPS-Cast抗冻性能较HPS下降更为明显。

冻融损伤高延性水泥基复合材料抗压本构模型

通过对高延性水泥基复合材料(ECC)试样进行冻融循环试验、微观孔结构试验和单轴压缩试验,研究了冻融损伤ECC试样的抗压应力-应变关系及影响机制。在此基础上,将ECC受压构件等效为由无数根平行的单元杆件组成的受力模型,建立了考虑损伤层厚度的冻融损伤ECC抗压本构模型。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数增加,试样抗压峰值强度降低,峰值应变无明显变化,极限破坏时延性特征显著;试样二维切片中含气量、平均弦长、间距系数均随冻融循环次数的增加逐渐增大,气孔比表面积减小。建立的模型能够较好的描述冻融损伤ECC的抗压应力-应变关系,为寒冷地区服役的ECC提供了理论参考。

振捣作用下新拌混凝土流变性和气泡结构研究

振捣是混凝土密实成型的重要手段,振捣效果直接决定了混凝土成型后的力学性能和耐久性能。本文提出了基于斯托克斯定律、适用于振捣作用下新拌混凝土流变性的测试和评价方法——拉球法,分析了静态下该方法与流变仪所测流变参数的相关性,论证了其评价新拌混凝土流变性的可靠性。结果表明,拉球法与流变仪所测塑性黏度和屈服应力具有良好的线性相关性。振捣可使近振源处浆体的黏性阻力降低90%以上,并且可以有效排出新拌砂浆中的较大气泡(孔径大于500μm)而保留微小气泡(孔径小于200μm)。高引气剂掺量下振捣排出较大气泡的作用效果更强,当引气剂掺量由0.015%增大至0.030%(质量分数)时,孔径在[500,1000)μm的气泡含量降幅由31.0%增大至84.8%,孔径在[1000,2000)μm的气泡含量降幅由10.3%增大至36.4%。

整平胶结层沥青混凝土配合比设计与质量控制

抽水蓄能水库整平胶结层沥青混凝土存在配合比设计实用性较差和现场施工质量合格率低的问题,为此开展了整平胶结层沥青混凝土矿料合成级配特性分析,探讨了马歇尔击实次数对孔隙率的影响,并提出试件密度与孔隙率试验优化方法以及现场孔隙率控制措施。

聚丙烯纤维预拌混凝土抗盐冻耐久性研究

寒冷地区道路、桥梁混凝土结构常常遭受盐冻破坏,为改善混凝土的盐冻抵抗能力,该文研究添加引气剂和聚丙烯纤维的预拌混凝土抗盐冻耐久性能及混凝土浇筑全过程空隙分布特征。研究表明,混凝土中添加聚丙烯纤维,可改善冻融作用(盐冻侵蚀)引起的混凝土表面抗剥落性能。此外,随着振捣密实时间的增加,硬化混凝土中的微细气泡减少,粗大气泡增加。然而,这一变化对气泡间隔因子和混凝土表面抗剥落性能的影响较小。

环氧沥青混合料路用性能及机理研究

对环氧沥青混合料的空隙率测定方法、马歇尔稳定度增长规律、抗裂、抗滑等关键性能及机制进行了试验研究。结果表明:环氧沥青混合料的沥青吸收系数大于1,用饱水率计算空隙率更为合理;较粗的级配会降低初期马歇尔稳定度,较小的气温日较差和一定时长的日照有利于稳定度增长;已固化颗粒的物理填充不能提高稳定度,混合料的高强度源于环氧树脂与沥青混溶后的共同固化。应依据不同的固化特性制定有针对性的水稳定性检验方案,固化度不足时残留稳定度会大于100%。环氧沥青混合料低温劈裂强度和韧性较高,劈裂应变较小,劈裂强度是表征抗裂性能的最佳指标,空隙率和容留时间的增加会降低抗裂性能;粗集料断裂增加环氧沥青混合料的脆性,砂浆含量的增加有益于韧性,两者协同影响抗裂能力。不同配合比的构造深度差异很小,级配越细、沥青砂浆越粗糙、固化度越低时摆值越大。路面磨损会使构造深度进一步减小,但摆值增加。

胶粉复合改性沥青-钢渣沥青混合料室内压实性能分析

通过室内马歇尔击实试验分析胶粉复合改性沥青-钢渣沥青混合料压实性能的影响因素,重点分析不同合成级配、击实温度、细料用量、填料用量、油石比以及添加温拌剂等对其体积性能和力学性能的影响。试验结果表明钢渣沥青混合料室内可压实性对矿料合成级配敏感,压实温度不宜低于165℃以避免压实度不足。冬季低温施工可掺入温拌剂补偿近20℃温度损失的影响。配合比在正常波动范围内可显著影响其压实性能,提出影响空隙率变化的多因素关系式可用于指导现场施工配合比控制。空隙率和劈裂强度呈负线性相关性,现场空隙率宜按低值控制以保证长期使用耐久性。

防渗面板水工沥青混凝土试拌试铺方案 设计与试验分析

通过施工条带和碾压区优化设计,提出防渗面板水工沥青混凝土试拌试铺试验方案,分析沥青混合料摊铺后降温特性以及不同碾压工艺对现场压实度的影响,同时探讨现场芯样孔隙率与无核密度检测结果的相关性。试验结果表明现场温度降温速度为0.8~1.0℃/min,摊铺后可保证至少有1 h的施工碾压时间,振动复压2遍可达到现场孔隙率要求,低温施工和接缝处应适当增加碾压遍数,无核密度仪检测对于孔隙率超标的芯样辨别度高,可用于现场质量快速无损检测。

多孔沥青混合料排水性能研究与空隙率确定

多孔沥青路面在降雨等条件下的内部排水情况复杂,采用单一的横向或纵向的渗透系数,并不能说明多孔混合料的排水能力。通过模拟降雨试验,研究了多孔沥青路面的极限排水强度及其与目标空隙率和连通空隙率之间的关系。通过测量排水表层的最大瞬时降雨强度,可以更好地理解多孔沥青混合料的性能。结果表明,当空隙率从18%增大至25%时,试件排水能力提高了近3倍,目标空隙率与极限排水强度呈线性相关关系。对混合料进行路用性能检测发现,在冬冷区(年极端最低气温-21.5~-9.0℃)或冬温区(年极端最低气温>-9.0℃),空隙率在20%~22%时符合规范要求;在冬寒区(年极端最低气温-37.0~-21.5℃),空隙率为20%~21%时,性能符合相关规范要求。