The Effects of the Geometry of a Current Collector with an Equal Open Ratio on Output Power of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

The open ratio of a current collector has a great impact on direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)performance.Although a number of studies have investigated the influence of the open ratio of DMFC current collectors,far too little attention has been given to how geometry(including the shape and feature size of the flow field)affects a current collector with an equal open ratio.In this paper,perforated and parallel current collectors with an equal open ratio of 50%and different feature sizes are designed,and the corresponding experimental results are shown to explain the geometry effects on the output power of the DMFC.The results indicate that the optimal feature sizes are between 2 and 2.5 mm for both perforated and parallel flow field in the current collectors with an equal open ratio of 50%.This means that for passive methanol fuel cells,to achieve the highest output power,the optimal feature size of the flow field in both anode and cathode current collectors is between 2 and 2.5 mm under the operating mode of this experiment.The effects of rib and channel position are also investigated,and the results indicate that the optimum pattern depends on the feature sizes of the flow field.

Simulation Study of Diesel Spray Tilt Angle and Ammonia Energy Ratio Effect on Ammonia-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine Performance

Ammonia-diesel dual fuel(ADDF)engines for transportation applications are an important way to reduce carbon emissions.In order to achieve better combustion of ammonia in diesel engines.A small-bore single-cylinder engine was converted into an ADDF engine with the help of mature computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation software to investigate the performance of an engine with a high ammonia energy ratio(AER),and to study the effect of spray tilt angle on ADDF engine.The results showed that the increase in AER reduced nitric oxide(NO)and nitrogen dioxide(NO2)emissions but increased nitrous oxide(N2O)and unburned ammonia emissions.AER in the range of 50%-70%achieved lower greenhouse gases(GHG)emissions than the pure diesel mode.Relative to the pure diesel mode,when the AER was 60%,the indicated thermal efficiency(ITE)was increased by 0.2%and the GHG emissions were decreased by 22.3%,but carbon monoxide(CO)and Hydrocarbon(HC)emissions were increased.Increasing the in-cylinder combustion temperature or high-temperature region range of the ADDF engine could reduce GHG emissions.At an AER of 60%,an increase in the spray tilt angle helped the ammonia combustion in the residual gap to reduce the unburned ammonia emissions.Compared to the pure diesel mode with a spray tilt angle of 75°,an AER of 60%with a spray tilt angle of 77.5°improved the ITE by 1.5%,and reduced theGHGemissions by 25.7%.Adjusting the spray tilt angle of theADDFengine also reducedCOandHCemissions.This is an effective way to improve ADDF engine performance by adjusting the spray tilt angle.

Adaptive Air-Fuel Ratio Control with MLP Network

This paper presents an application of adaptive neural network model-based predictive control (MPC) to the air-fuel ratio of an engine simulation. A multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network is trained using two on-line training algorithms: a back propagation algorithm and a recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm. It is used to model parameter uncertainties in the nonlinear dynamics of internal combustion (IC) engines. Based on the adaptive model, an MPC strategy for controlling air-fuel ratio is realized, and its control performance compared with that of a traditional PI controller. A reduced Hessian method, a newly developed sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method for solving nonlinear programming (NLP) problems, is implemented to speed up nonlinear optimization in the MPC. Keywords Air-fuel ratio control - IC engine - adaptive neural networks - nonlinear programming - model predictive control Shi-Wei Wang PhD student, Liverpool John Moores University; MSc in Control Systems, University of Sheffield, 2003; BEng in Automatic Technology, Jilin University, 2000; Current research interests automotive engine control, model predictive control, sliding mode control, neural networks.Ding-Li Yu obtained B.Eng from Harbin Civil Engineering College, Harbin, China in 1981, M.Sc from Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, China in 1986 and PhD from Coventry University, U.K. in 1995, all in control engineering. He is currently a Reader in Process Control at Liverpool John Moores University, U.K. His current research interests are in process control, engine control, fault detection and adaptive neural nets. He is a member of SAFEPROCESS TC in IFAC and an associate editor of the IJMIC and the IJISS.

Transient Air-Fuel Ratio Control in a CNG Engine Using Fuzzy Neural Networks

The fuzzy neural networks has been used as means of precisely controlling the air-fuel ratio of a lean-burn compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. A control algorithm, without based on engine model, has been (utilized) to construct a feedforward/feedback control scheme to regulate the air-fuel ratio. Using fuzzy neural networks, a fuzzy neural hybrid controller is obtained based on PI controller. The new controller, which can adjust parameters online, has been tested in transient air-fuel ratio control of a CNG engine.

Air flow control based on optimal oxygen excess ratio in fuel cells for vehicles

Air flow control is one of the most important control methods for maintaining the stability and reliability of a fuel cell system, which can avoid oxygen starvation or oxygen saturation. The oxygen excess ratio （OER） is often used to indicate the air flow condition. Based on a fuel cell system model for vehicles, OER performance was analyzed for different stack currents and temperatures in this paper, and the results show that the optimal OER was affected weakly by the stack temperature. In order to ensure the system working in optimal OER, a control scheme that includes an optimal OER regulator and a fuzzy control was proposed. According to the stack current, a reference value of air flow rate was obtained with the optimal OER regulator and then the air compressor motor voltage was controlled with the fuzzy controller to adjust the air flow rate provided by the air compressor. Simulation results show that the control method has good dynamic and static characteristics.

Study on a Closed-Loop Air-Fuel Control System of Gasoline Engines by Simulation

In order to study the factors that influence the air fuel ratio(A/F), the amplitude and frequency of A/F fluctuation, to reform the control strategy, and to improve the efficiency of three way catalyst(TWC), a model of closed loop control system including the engine, air fuel mixing and transportation, oxygen sensor and controller, etc., is developed. Various factors that influence the A/F control are studied by simulation. The simulation results show that the reference voltage of oxygen sensor will influence the mean value of A/F ratio, the controller parameters will influence the amplitude of A/F fluctuation, and the operating conditions of the engine determine the frequency of A/F fluctuations, the amplitude of A/F fluctuation can be reduced to within demanded values by logical selection of the signal acquisition method and controller parameters. Higher A/F fluctuation frequency under high speed and load can be reduced through software delay in the controller. The A/F closed loop control system based on the simulation results, accompanied with a rare earth element TWC, gives a better efficiency of conversion against harmful emissions.

柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机燃烧特性试验研究

在不改变Z6170发动机结构和参数的基础上,搭建一套基于尾气余热在线重整制氢的甲醇和重整气进气歧管喷射系统,并开展了柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机的燃烧特性研究。试验结果表明,柴油/甲醇双燃料模式下,随着替代率增加,燃烧持续期(CA10-90)逐渐减少,着火延迟期逐渐增长,燃烧重心(CA50)表现出先提前后滞后的特性。柴油/醇氢双燃料模式下,在同替代率时相比于甲醇模式,着火延迟期缩短,燃烧持续期反而延长。研究结果为柴油/醇氢双燃料发动机的性能进一步优化提供了试验支持。

燃料电池系统建模与供气系统控制方法

为了研究燃料电池系统的特性以及空气系统对燃料电池特性的影响,利用Simulink仿真软件对燃料电池系统进行建模,模型包括电压模型、空压机模型、阴极模型、阳极模型.分别通过前馈比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential, PID)和模糊PID对燃料电池空气系统进行控制.结果表明:在负载电流变化时,前馈PID和模糊PID都能够使过氧比达到设定的常数值2.0附近,但模糊PID比前馈PID响应更快,且模糊PID控制下的燃料电池输出功率波动较小,燃料电池系统更加稳定.

黄铁矿基MFC-CW耦合系统反硝化动力学研究

研究比较了黄铁矿基双阳极MFC-CW在不同碳氮比(0和2.5)及初始硝酸盐浓度(7、14和28 mg/L)条件下上阳极和下阳极的反硝化速率,以及对不同阶段硝酸盐还原反应动力学的模拟,从动力学角度揭示系统自养-异养协同反硝化机理。结果显示:不同碳氮比下系统两阳极硝酸盐还原效果差异不大,而亚硝酸盐累积、硫酸盐生成的差别较大,两阳极处微生物群落组成相似,优势菌属的相对丰度受C/N、阳极位置影响较大;两阳极处的硝酸盐还原动力学均属于一级反应,且C/N=0时反硝化速率常数(0.0087、0.0045和0.0188/h)均小于C/N=2.5(0.0151、0.0071和0.0798/h;以上阳极为例);MFC-CW系统的反硝化动力学更符合Monod-CSTR模型,且在停留时间较长时取得更好的拟合效果,随着停留时间的增加,C/N=0时系统的反硝速率增加,C/N=2.5时系统的反硝化速率在一定范围内波动[0.6662—0.7744 g/(m^(2)·d)]。实验结果可为黄铁矿基MFC-CW的实际工程应用提供理论指导。

超音速火焰喷涂氧燃比对铁基非晶涂层性能的影响

非晶涂层具有优良的物理和化学性能,在工业中有广泛的应用。以FeCrMoCBSi非晶粉末为喷涂粉末,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术在不同喷涂参数下在Q235钢基板上沉积了铁基非晶涂层。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、维氏显微硬度计等测试方法,探讨氧燃比对涂层显微组织、微观结构及耐磨性的影响。研究表明,随着喷涂氧燃比的减小,涂层的非晶相含量呈增加趋势。这是因为过量的氧气会降低喷涂过程中颗粒的熔化程度,并使颗粒氧化。涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性随氧燃比的减小而增加。这是因为在较小氧燃比下,颗粒熔化程度增加,与基板间润湿性增加,孔隙率减小。三种铁基非晶涂层相比于Q235钢基板均具有更加优良的耐磨性,有望成为碳钢表面保护和耐磨涂层的候选材料。

燃料配比和点火提前角对氨氢发动机的性能影响研究

针对氨氢发动机在燃料匹配比和点火提前角参数不准确时会造成发动机输出效率较低、排放增加等问题,以某款直列六缸四冲程氨氢发动机为研究对象,给出不同研究参数,在GT-POWER中建立发动机仿真模型,并使用Simulink联合仿真验证了氨氢发动机仿真模型的可行性。研究燃料配比和点火提前角对发动机的性能影响规律,结果表明:发动机在9∶1的氨氢比下有最佳的综合使用效率;26°CA点火提前角时可以提高发动机效率,降低排气温度,但不利于减少污染物排放;14°CA点火提前角时可降低污染物排放,但会影响发动机工作效率;20°CA为最佳点火提前角。研究结果可为针对氨氢发动机的标定及进一步的性能规律研究提供参考。

考虑富氧燃烧碳捕集技术和源荷双侧响应的综合能源系统优化调度

为降低燃气轮机的碳排放水平和提高灵活性,提出了计及富氧燃烧碳捕集技术和源荷双侧响应的综合能源系统低碳经济优化策略。首先,研究了富氧燃烧技术的运行原理及其能流特性,并构建空分制氧设备和碳捕集设备的耦合模型;其次,引入可调的热电比作为供给侧响应策略,需求侧对于电力、热能以及气负荷的特性进行综合权衡,借助能源价格的引导,并考虑其相互之间的可替代属性形成需求侧响应机制;最后,通过计及气负荷碳排放的阶梯式碳交易约束碳排放,以系统运行成本为目标优化各时段机组出力。设置多场景进行仿真分析,结果表明富氧燃烧碳捕集技术能够有效减少系统的碳排放量,源荷双侧响应能够灵活调节供给侧与需求侧的供能关系,并有效减少系统运行成本。

水平挡板流场对燃料电池性能与传质的影响

在质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)流道内设置微结构,可增强反应气体从流道到催化层的传质能力,并提高电池性能。建立并对比交错安装挡板与对置安装挡板的模型,得出交错安装的布置方式,更有利于电池性能的提升。建立4种不同堵塞率的模型,发现随着堵塞率的升高,电池的最大净功率密度和极限电流密度增大,95%堵塞率模型的净功率密度最高,为1.053 W/cm^(2),较无挡板模型提升了14.58%,直至电流密度2.8 A/cm^(2)时,仍未出现明显的浓差极化。调整挡板夹角,综合考虑传质能力和泵送损失情况下,夹角为15°时,电池净功率密度最高。

超临界660 MW机组直流锅炉动态特性仿真研究

为提升煤电机组灵活性,锅炉需具备良好的可控性和适应负荷快速变化的能力。锅炉灵活性与控制系统性能密切相关,而后者是基于动态特性设计的。为研究锅炉的动态特性,在Dymola平台中建立了某超临界660 MW机组直流锅炉的动态模型。结果表明:当锅炉入口参数发生扰动时,蒸汽温度的响应时间比蒸汽流量更长;当给水温度、给水量与燃料量分别阶跃增加5%时,主蒸汽温度分别变化10.2℃、-28.5℃和35.7℃;在锅炉的水煤配比调节过程中,给水量和燃料量变化时间不同会对主蒸汽温度产生不同的影响;当给水量比燃料量延迟约100 s作用时,主蒸汽温度在瞬态过程中的最大偏差相对于二者同时变化的情况减少了27.4℃;当变负荷幅度相同时,变负荷速率越大,主蒸汽参数的波动越剧烈,趋于稳定所需的时间越长。

不同燃料外配比例烧结杯试验及烧结矿冶金性能试验

本文针对酒钢烧结生产中存在的问题,系统研究了不同燃料外配比例对烧结垂直烧结速度、成品率、利用系数、烧结时间、转鼓强度及烧结矿冶金性能等指标的影响。试验结果表明:随着燃料外配比例的增加,烧结利用系数呈先提高后降低的趋势,综合考虑最佳的燃料外配比例为60%;随着燃料外配比例的增加,烧结矿低温还原粉化率RDI_(+3.15mm)、烧结矿900℃还原度、烧结矿软化熔滴性能均变化不大,基本持平。

烘炉燃烧器空燃比精细化控制研究与现场应用

为提高燃烧器的燃烧效率,并研究精细化控制空燃比在燃烧器中的应用效果。采用燃气和空气量分别精细化控制的方法和装置,在燃烧器运行过程中,获取多个最佳空燃比数据,根据空燃比数据生成控制曲线。燃烧器控制系统可根据控制曲线,自主控制空气阀门和燃气阀门开度。通过测量尾烟的CO含量进行节能评价。结果表明,精细化控制空燃比,可精准控制空气阀门和燃气阀门开度,不同阀门开度情况下空燃比可调,尾烟的的CO含量低。说明精细化控制空燃比可有效提高燃烧器的燃烧效率、节约燃气耗量、降低碳排放。

二冲程柴油发动机冷起动控制策略研究

二冲程航空柴油发动机中,由于柴油粘性大,导致雾化质量较差。改善燃油的雾化质量,能够有效提高冷起动性能。利用GT-Power软件建立了二冲程柴油发动机一维冷起动模型,并校核了模型的准确性;将此模型计算出的压力和温度作为三维仿真模型的边界条件,研究了冷起动不同阶段采用多大的点火提前角、空燃比有利于起动,以及喷油结束时刻、喷油量和燃油温度对起动性能的影响。结果表明:拖动阶段,推迟点火,增加喷油量,有利于形成良好的混合气;起动阶段,较大的点火提前角能够改善起动性能,喷油量较多则会造成燃烧速率减小,不利于起动;稳定阶段和暖机阶段的点火提前角小于起动阶段,能够稳定转速。推迟喷油结束时刻,有利于形成良好的分层混合气;喷油量增大和燃油温度提高,在一定范围内能够改善混合气质量。

串联型滑模结构的燃料电池供气系统控制研究

针对燃料电池空气供给系统动态性能易受负载变化和外界环境因素影响的问题,设计了一种由超螺旋滑模控制与终端滑模控制相结合的串联型控制策略。建立了面向控制的五阶动态模型,提出了在负载变化时供气系统跟踪最佳过氧比、最大净输出功率和阴极压力测量的控制问题;提取最佳期望值并设计控制器,利用Lyapunov方法进行闭环稳定性验证。仿真分析可知,所搭建的观测器扰动估计值与理论实际值误差在0.01%以内,且本文方法与PID控制相比过氧比跟踪最佳期望值响应时间提高了6.9%,最大净功率输出值提高0.2%,阴极压力响应时间相比提高了60%。由结果可得,本文策略在负载变化时可以有效的控制供气系统过氧比跟踪最佳期望值并输出最大净功率,能够准确、迅速的估计阴极压力,能够较好的估计扰动,具有较强的抗干扰能力。

高涡流比对低速双燃料船舶发动机天然气/空气混合及燃烧性能的影响

以X92DF超大缸径低速二冲程双燃料船用发动机为研究对象,基于三维数值计算分析了天然气和空气混合过程及燃烧特性,并研究了扫气和燃烧过程中缸内涡流强度对混合质量和火焰传播的影响。结果表明:由于上止点前缸内天然气和空气的混合气浓度分布不均,造成局部高浓度区域出现燃烧异常现象,导致缸内压力振荡幅度增大。通过分析不同涡流强度对缸内天然气/空气的混合质量的影响可以得出,随着扫气过程中涡流强度的增大,上止点前缸内天然气高浓度区域面积明显减小,表明天然气和空气的混合质量得到明显提高。同时,随着缸内涡流比的增加,加快了预燃室射流火焰在主燃烧室内的传播速度和缸内天然气的燃烧速度。进一步研究得出缸内混合质量的提高可以有效地避免局部异常燃烧现象和降低压力振荡。最后,提出一种改善缸内混合质量和减小压力振荡的策略,为液态天然气在船机上的普及提供了一定了理论基础。

甲烷-烟气流量比对全氧燃烧玻璃窑炉热化学重整过程的影响

甲烷-烟气流量比显著影响着全氧燃烧玻璃窑炉热化学重整反应的进行。采用常压管式炉对不同甲烷-烟气流量比条件下的甲烷-烟气热化学重整反应进行了实验研究,分析了不同甲烷-烟气流量比对热化学重整反应性能的影响。结果表明:甲烷-烟气流量比显著影响着热化学重整反应有效气产量和重整过程各伴随反应占比;在相同反应时间和气体总流量条件下,当甲烷-烟气流量比为2∶1、测试温度为1 000~1 400℃时,热化学重整反应有效气产量和主反应占比最大;过高的甲烷-烟气流量比容易导致甲烷-烟气重整反应过程中甲烷干重整和甲烷蒸气重整反应占比降低,甲烷裂解反应占比增加;甲烷反应速率随甲烷-烟气流量比值的增大而增大,随烟气流量的增加而减小。