Flight control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle based on quasi-continuous high-order sliding mode

The focus of this paper is on control design and simulation for the longitudinal model of a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle（FAHV）.The model of interest includes flexibility effects and intricate couplings between the engine dynamics and flight dynamics.To overcome the analytical intractability of this model,a nominal control-oriented model is constructed for the purpose of feedback control design in the first place.Secondly,the multi-input multi-output（MIMO） quasi-continuous high-order sliding mode（HOSM） controller is proposed to track step changes in velocity and altitude,which is based on full state feedback.The simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Reference tracking control for flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle with actuator delay and uncertainty

This paper considers the problem of reference tracking control for the flexible air-breathing hypersonic flight vehicle with actuator delay and uncertainty.By constructing the Lyapunov functional including the lower and upper bounds of the time-varying delay,the non-fragile controller is designed such that the resulting closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and satisfies a prescribed performance cost index.The simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method,which is validated by excellent output reference altitude and velocity tracking performance.

Back-Stepping Control for Flexible Air-Breathing Hypersonic Vehicles Based on Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator

A theoretical framework of nonlinear flight control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle(FAHV)is proposed in this paper.In order to suppress the system uncertainty and external disturbance,an uncertainty and disturbance estimator(UDE)based back-stepping control strategy is designed for a dynamic state-feedback controller to provide stable velocity and altitude tracking.Firstly,the longitudinal dynamics of FAHV is simplified into a closure loop form with lumped uncertainty and disturbance.Then the UDE is applied to estimate the lumped uncertainty and disturbance for the purpose of control input compensation.While a nonlinear tracking differentiator is introduced to solve the problem of“explosion of term”in the back-stepping control.The stability of the UDE-based control strategy is proved by using Lyapunov stability theorem.Finally,simulation results are presented to demonstrate the capacity of the proposed control strategy.

HOSVD-based LPV modeling and mixed robust H_2/H_∞ control design for air-breathing hypersonic vehicle

This paper focuses on synthesizing a mixed robust H_2/H_∞ linear parameter varying（LPV） controller for the longitudinal motion of an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle via a high order singular value decomposition（HOSVD） approach.The design of hypersonic flight control systems is highly challenging due to the enormous complexity of the vehicle dynamics and the presence of significant uncertainties.Motivated by recent results on both LPV control and tensor-product（TP） model transformation approach,the velocity and altitude tracking control problems for the air-breathing hypersonic vehicle is reduced to that of a state feedback stabilizing controller design for a polytopic LPV system with guaranteed performances.The controller implementation is converted into a convex optimization problem with parameterdependent linear matrix inequalities（LMIs） constraints,which is intuitively tractable using LMI control toolbox.Finally,numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅱ.Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Gill

Alterations in the respiratory epithelium of gills of a catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis by the sublethal and lethal concentrations of HgCl2 have been observcd using scanning electron microscope. Fish exposed to 0.1 ppm shows a thin coat ot mucus, but the continuous layer of mucus is not retained in 0.3 ppm after 24 h of exposure. Epithelial cells of the gill filament are hyperplastic. Other changcs in the respiratory epithelium are contraction of epithelium, formation of interlamellar bridge and diminishing number of microridges. Massive destruction of the respiratory epithelium by deep lesions and sloughing of epithelial layer in 0.5 and 1.0 ppm solutions after 6-12 h of exposure apparently causes death to the fish. SEM observations are well in conformity with the findings made at light microscopic level

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Simulation of Air-Breathing Mode for Laser Propulsion

Laser propulsion is a new concept technique of propulsion and will have important application in future space technology. There are two main driving types: the air-breathing mode and the rocket ablation mode. Vertical flight experiments have been carried out with a simple paraboloid type lightcraft in the air-breathing mode by TEA-CO_2 laser. In simulation a new model is used for LSD/LSC wave, the result shows that the momentum coupling coefficient increases with the increase of the pulse energy.

Diagnostics of Air-Breathing Electric Thrusters

Air-Breathing Electric Thrusters (ABET) diagnostics is addressed, with on-ground prototypes in mind. It is based on detailed volume averaged Global Models and focuses on emission spectroscopy. Notably, the obtained optical emission spectroscopy diagnostics tools give important information about the thruster propellant constitution and also the ionization degree of each constituent. This allows for trade-off between various prototypes on the basis of their characterization and optimization.

Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Mercuric Chloride on the Air-Breathing Catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis──Ⅰ.Light Microscopic Study of the Gill

Histopathological effects of sublethal (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ppm) and lethal (0.5, 1.0 ppm)solutions of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) have been studied on the gills of the air breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis at the intervals ranging from 6h to 15 days. Thickening of the epithelium, swelling and hyperplasia of the mucous cells, fusion of secondary lamellae, formation of interlamellar bridge and deposition of mucous over the entire surface are some noteworthy features of mercury poisoning in sublethal concentrations. Acute pathological manifestations are formation of subepithelial space, sloughing of the epithelial layer, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of the mucous cells. Causes and impact of these cellular alterations affecting survival of the fish have been discussed

Transcriptomic analysis of regenerated skins reveals key genes involved in skin immune response and air-breathing of loach(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)

Fish skin acts as the first immune barrier against pathogens from external environments.Recently,fish skin immunity research has gradually become a hot topic in aquaculture disease control.Interestingly,the skin can do air-breathing in some bimodal respiration fish.However,there is no comprehensive understanding of these two functions.In this study,the skin regeneration of loach(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)was investigated through morphological and histological observations.Then,original skins(OS)and the regenerated skins(RS)when their capillaries were the most abundant during healing,were collected for transcriptomic analysis.285,899,386 clean reads with a total length of 42.34 Gb were obtained.A total of 1282 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were detected,including 1030 DEGs up-regulated and 252 DEGs down-regulated in the comparison of RS vs.OS.Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis(containing gelsolin(Gsn)),chemokine signaling pathway(containing C-C motif chemokine ligand 28(Ccl28)),and B cell receptor signaling pathway(containing CD80 molecule(Cd81))were closely related to skin immune response of the loach.PI3K-Akt signaling pathway[containing fibronectin 1(Fn1)and lysyl oxidase-like 2b(Loxl2b)],TGF-beta signaling pathway[containing thrombospondin 1(Thbs1)],ECM-receptor interaction[containing integrin alpha 7(Itga7),Itgb8,Itgb10 and Itgb5],and dilated cardiomyopathy[containing laminin subunit alpha1(Lama1)]were closely associated with skin air-breathing of the loach.This study is conducive to explore the molecular mechanisms of skin immune response during its regeneration and air-breathing of bimodal respiration fish.This study will benefit for the aquaculture of P.dabryanus and its related species.

Cathodic biofouling control by microbial separators in air-breathing microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)incorporating air-breathing cathodes have emerged as a promising ecofriendly wastewater treatment technology capable of operating on an energy-free basis.However,the inevitable biofouling of these devices rapidly decreases cathodic catalytic activity and also reduces the stability of MFCs during long-term operation.The present work developed a novel microbial separator for use in air-breathing MFCs that protects cathodic catalytic activity.In these modified devices,microbes preferentially grow on the microbial separator rather than the cathodic surface such that biofouling is prevented.Trials showed that this concept provided low charge transfer and mass diffusion resistance values during the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction of 4.6±1.3 and 17.3±6.8 U,respectively,after prolonged operation.The maximum power density was found to be stable at 1.06±0.07 W m
2 throughout a long-term test and the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency was increased to 92%compared with a value of 83%for MFCs exhibiting serious biofouling.In addition,a cathode combined with a microbial separator demonstrated less cross-cathode diffusion of oxygen to the anolyte.This effect indirectly induced the growth of electroactive bacteria and produced higher currents in air-breathing MFCs.Most importantly,the present microbial separator concept enhances both the lifespan and economics of air-breathing MFCs by removing the need to replace or regenerate the cathode during longterm operation.These results indicate that the installation of a microbial separator is an effective means of stabilizing power generation and ensuring the cost-effective performance of air-breathing MFCs intended for future industrial applications.

Performance improvement of air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) with a condensing-tower-like curved flow field

Air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs) are very promising portable energy with many advantages. However, its power density is low and many additional supporting parts affect its specific power. In this paper, we aim to improve the air diffusion and fuel cell performance by employing a novel condensing-tower-like curved flow field rather than an additional fan, making the fuel cell more compact and has less internal power consumption. Polarization curve test and galvanostatic discharge test are carried out and proved that curved flow field can strengthen the air diffusion into the PEMFC and improve its performance. With appropriate curved flow field, the fuel cell peak power can be 55.2%higher than that of planar flow field in our study. A four-layer stack with curved cathode flow field is fabricated and has a peak power of 2.35 W(120 W/kg).

Novel adaptive neural control of flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles based on sliding mode differentiator

A novel adaptive neural control strategy is exploited for the longitudinal dynamics of a generic flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle（FAHV）.By utilizing functional decomposition method, the dynamics of FAHV is decomposed into the velocity subsystem and the altitude subsystem.For each subsystem, only one neural network is employed for the unknown function approximation.To further reduce the computational burden, minimal-learning parameter（MLP）technology is used to estimate the norm of ideal weight vectors rather than their elements.By introducing sliding mode differentiator（SMD） to estimate the newly defined variables, there is no need for the strict-feedback form and virtual controller.Hence the developed control law is considerably simpler than the ones derived from back-stepping scheme.Finally, simulation studies are made to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach in spite of the flexible effects, system uncertainties and varying disturbances.

吸气式高超声速机动飞行样式及其关键技术分析

机动飞行性能是确保吸气式高超声速飞行器实现多种应用的关键能力之一,本文重点对吸气式高超声速飞行器机动能力特点进行研究。首先分析了国外吸气式高超声速飞行器的发展趋势,就其典型机动能力水平和机动样式进行了初步分析,以美国当前典型高超声速导弹项目为例,梳理了吸气式高超声速飞行器的典型机动应用样式。在此基础上,从总体设计、气动外形、飞发一体、制导控制、多场耦合等方面,梳理分析了确保和提升吸气式高超声速飞行器机动能力的关键支撑性技术。

膜片式微通道预冷器换热微细管束振动分析与可靠性评价方法

针对预冷吸气式组合发动机的膜片式微通道预冷器换热微细管束振动可靠性问题,建立换热微细管固有振动特性计算方法与数学模型,研究预冷器换热微细管在高速气流冲击下的振动模式,给出综合考虑旋涡脱落激振、紊流抖振和弹性激振等多种共振模式的预冷器换热微细管束振动可靠性评价模型,揭示预冷器换热微细管振动可靠度的变化规律。研究结果表明,预冷器换热微细管的固有振动频率与换热微细管外径、壁厚、相邻支撑间隔板之间跨度以及材料特性等参数密切相关,其振型具有正弦函数的特征;预冷器换热微细管在高速气流冲击作用下存在旋涡脱落激振、紊流抖振、弹性激振等共振模式;预冷器换热微细管振动可靠度随外侧被冷却工质流速的增大呈现出先降低后提高并趋近于某一数值的变化规律;为防止预冷器换热微细管发生共振损坏,在结构设计中要充分结合工作剖面、流动换热特性等,合理设计换热微细管束结构参数。

On modeling and control of a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle based on LPV method

This article develops a polytopic linear pa- rameter varying （LPV） model and presents a non-fragile H2 gain-scheduled control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle （FAHV）. First, the polytopic LPV model of the FAHV can be obtained by using Jacobian linearization and tensor-product （TP） model transfor- mation approach, simulation verification illustrates that the polytopic LPV model captures the local nonlinear- ities of the original nonlinear system. Second, based on the developed polytopic LPV model, a non-fragile gain- scheduled control method is proposed in order to reduce the fragility encountered in controller implementation, a convex optimisation problem with linear matrix in- equalities （LMIs） constraints is formulated for designing a velocity and altitude tracking controller, which guar- antees//2 control performance index. Finally, numerical simulations have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

组合动力飞行器吸气段轨迹设计方法研究

水平起降组合动力可重复使用运载器是未来航天运输系统的重要发展方向。针对采用空气预冷涡轮火箭发动机的组合动力飞行器在吸气爬升段受多约束条件限制、动力与质量特性变化大的特点,提出了一种基于动压高度剖面的轨迹设计方法。通过推导基于高度的质点运动学方程,得到轨迹参数解算流程,并结合动压、迎角与法向过载的约束边界以及任务窗口确定动压高度剖面形状,从而得到满足要求的吸气段标称轨迹。在此基础上,设计了标称轨迹高度跟踪制导律。仿真结果表明,标称轨迹在吸气段多种不确定性偏差的影响下满足多约束要求,具有较强的鲁棒性。

有限空间空气稳定性下人员呼吸过程暴露风险分析

以人体呼吸微环境为研究对象,通过全尺寸双人实验与数值模拟方法对有限空间空气稳定性下人员在其呼吸过程中暴露风险进行分析.研究表明:在呼吸气流的初始释放阶段,个体暴露水平主要取决于呼吸活动.随着污染物距离污染源越远,有限空间空气稳定性与通风方式对呼吸微环境中的人员暴露情况的影响越来越重要,且这种影响具有时间无关性.在稳定型中,由于周围分层空气的限制作用,呼出的污染物具有更强的保持其沿初始惯性力方向传播的能力,不易扩散;不稳定型易破坏污染物沿其初始惯性力方向传播的能力,加快污染物的扩散,可以减少室内人员对呼吸微环境中污染物的暴露情况.本研究在控制污染物传播,降低疾病传播风险,保证人体健康方面具有理论及实际意义.

Experimental Investigation of Nozzle Effects on Thrust and Inlet Pressure of an Air-breathing Pulse Detonation Engine

Nozzle effects on thrust and inlet pressure of a multi-cycle air-breathing pulse detonation engine （APDE） are investigated experimentally. An APDE with 68 mm in diameter and 2 050 mm in length is operated using gasoline/air mixture. Straight nozzle, converging nozzle, converging-diverging nozzle and diverging nozzle are tested. The results show that thrust augmentation of converging-diverging nozzle, diverging nozzle or straight nozzle is better than that of converging nozzle on the whole. Thrust augmentation of straight nozzle is worse than those of converging-diverging nozzle and diverging nozzle. Thrust augmentations of diverging nozzle with larger expansion ratio and converging-diverging nozzle with larger throat area range from 20% to 40% on tested frequencies and are better than those of congeneric other nozzles respectively. Nozzle effects on inlet pressure are also researched. At each frequency it is indicated that filling pressures and average peak pressures of inlet with diverging nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle with large throat cross section area are higher than those with straight nozzle and converging nozzle Pressures near thrust wall increase in an increase order from without nozzle, with diverging nozzle, straight nozzle and converging-diverging nozzle to converging nozzle.

基于流固耦合的正压呼吸面罩抗变形分析

随着正压呼吸防护装备的设计向轻量化方向发展,面罩的厚度逐渐降低,在实际的使用过程中,送风系统产生的进气流量导致面罩存在变形的问题。为研究不同材质的呼吸防护面罩的抗变形能力,采用流固耦合数值模拟及实验验证的方法,分析PP、PET、PVC 3种材质对进气流量的抗变形能力,并且,结合不同环境温度对面罩变形量的影响进行综合分析。结果表明,进气量对PP材料的影响较大,PVC次之,PET变形程度最小;在380 L/min的进气流量下,PP变形量约为3.7 mm,PET变形量约为1.6 mm;除此以外,在不同环境温度下,对3种材料进行变形分析发现,环境温度对PVC的影响较大,PP次之,PET变形程度最小。综合以上分析结果,选择PET材料作为正压呼吸面罩材料。

Prescribed fast tracking control for flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles:An event-triggered case

In this paper,a prescribed fast tracking control scheme is proposed for Flexible Airbreathing Hypersonic Vehicles(FAHV)subject to lumped disturbances and limited resources.To maintain tracking errors of velocity and altitude converge to a predefined region with a prescribed time and release the transient intense fluctuations encountered in classical Prescribed Performance Control(PPC)using a fast decaying rate,a tracking differentiator-based PPC is presented,where the reaching time and the maximum time differentiation of preselected envelopes can be regulated as a prior via fixing an acceleration factor,so that a guaranteed fast convergence speed can be realized with reduced oscillations.Besides,to avoid the excessive occupation of limited resources(energy and communication)and guarantee a remarkable tracking accuracy,switching event-triggered mechanisms are constructed for FAHV control realization,which provide a promising way to pursue a desired level of tracking performance with a low energy consumption.Subsequently,Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimators(UDE)and Sigmoid function-based Tracking Differentiators(STD)are employed to provide disturbance estimation and reference derivation with a low computational complexity.Finally,robust control laws are designed to compensate for the sampling error induced by event-triggered conditions,meanwhile Zeno phenomena can be effectively eliminated.The simulation results and comparisons validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.