Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems： A Case Study in the Atlanta Region

The increasing pace of urbanization means that cities and global organizations are looking for ways to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Combined cooling, heating, and power （CCHP） systems have the potential to improve the energy generation efficiency of a city or urban region by providing energy for heating, cooling, and electricity simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to estimate the water consumption for energy generation use, carbon dioxide （CO2） and NOx emissions, and economic impact of implementing CCHP systems for five generic building types within the Atlanta metropolitan region, under various operational scenarios following the building thermal （heating and cooling） demands. Operating the CCHP system to follow the hourly thermal demand reduces CO2 emissions for most building types both with and without net metering. The system can be economically beneficial for all building types depending on the price of natural gas, the implementation of net metering, and the cost structure assumed for the CCHP system. The greatest reduction in water consumption for energy production and NOx emissions occurs when there is net metering and when the system is operated to meet the maximum yearly thermal demand, although this scenario also results in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and, in some cases, cost. CCHP systems are more economical for medium office, large office, and multifamilv residential buildings.

Optimal air-supply mode of hybrid system with radiant cooling and dedicated outdoor air

The hybrid system with radiant cooling and dedicated outdoor air not only possesses high energy efficiency, but also creates a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. Indoor air quality will be improved by the dedicated outdoor air system(DOAS) and indoor thermal comfort can be enhanced by the radiant cooling system(RCS). The optimal air-supply mode of the hybrid system and the corresponding design approach were investigated. A full-scale experimental chamber with various air outlets and the ceiling radiant cooling panels(CRCP) was designed and established. The performances of different air-supply modes along with CRCPs were analyzed by multi-index evaluations. Preliminary investigations were also conducted on the humidity stratification and the control effect of different airflow modes to prevent condensation on CRCP. The overhead supply air is recommended as the best combination mode for the hybrid system after comprehensive comparison of the experiment results. The optimal proportion of CRCP accounting for the total cooling capacities in accord with specific cooling loads is found, which may provide valuable reference for the design and operation of the hybrid system.

The Effects of Cooling Mode on the Properties of Ti–Nb Microalloyed High-strength Hot-rolled Steels

The industrial trials of two cooling modes, i e, water cooling in forepart + air cooling in later part (WAC) and air cooling in forepart + water cooling in later part (AWC), were carried out for a Ti- Nb microalloyed steel. The average cooling rates and coiling temperature were the same for two modes. The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curve of the tested steel was drawn. The effects of the cooling mode on the microstructure, precipitates, and properties of the steels were investigated. Results show that the strength of the steel in the WAC mode is significantly larger than that in the AWC mode, mainly because the smaller the grain size, the more and finer the grain precipitates. Therefore, when the average cooling rate is constant, the fast cooling in the forepart is an effective method to increase the strength of steels. However, the increase in the strength is accompanied by the decrease in toughness, so that the toughness of the steel should be considered when changing the cooling mode.

Normal mode splitting and ground state cooling in a Fabry-Perot optical cavity and transmission line resonator

Optomechanical dynamics in two systems which are a transmission line resonator and Fabrya-Perot optical cavity via radiation-pressure are investigated by linearized quantum Langevin equation. We work in the resolved sideband regime where the oscillator resonance frequency exceeds the cavity linewidth. Normal mode splittings of the mechanical resonator as a pure result of the coupling interaction in the two optomechanical systems is studied, and we make a comparison of normal mode splitting of mechanical resonator between the two systems. In the optical cavity, the normal mode splitting of the movable mirror approaches the latest experiment very well. In addition, an approximation scheme is introduced to demonstrate the ground state cooling, and we make a comparison of cooling between the two systems dominated by two key factors, which are the initial bath temperature and the mechanical quality factor. Since both the normal mode splitting and cooling require working in the resolved sideband regime, whether the normal mode splitting influences the cooling of the mirror is considered. Considering the size of the mechanical resonator and precooling the system, the mechanical resonator in the transmission line resonator system is easier to achieve the ground state cooling than in optical cavity.

Effect of wall-cooling on Mack-mode instability in high speed flat-plate boundary layers

The instability of the Mack mode is destabilized by wall-cooling in a high speed boundary layer. The aim of this paper is to study the mechanism of the wall cooling effect on the Mack mode instability by numerical methods. It is shown that the wall-cooling can destabilize the Mack mode instability, similar to the previous conclusions with the exception that the Mack mode instability can be stabilized by wall-cooling if the wall temperature is extremely low. The reversed wall temperature is related to a freestream condition. If the Mach number increases to a large enough value, e.g., about 7, the reversed wall temperature will tend to be zero. It seems that the Mack mode instability is determined by the region between the boundary layer edge and the critical layer. When the wall temperature decreases, this region becomes wider, and the boundary layer becomes more unstable. Additionally, a relative supersonic unstable mode can be observed when the velocity of the critical layer is less than 1 - liMa or is cancelled by the wall-cooling effect. These results provide a deeper understanding on the wall-cooling effect in high speed boundary layers.

Effect of cooling modes on microstructure and electrochemical performance of LiFePO_4

LiFePO4 was prepared by heating the pre-decomposed precursor mixtures sealed in vacuum quartz-tube. Three kinds of cooling modes including nature cooling, air quenching, and water quenching were applied to comparing the effects of cooling modes on the microstructure and electrochemical characteristics of the material. The results indicate that the water quenching mode can control overgrowth of the grain size of final product and improve its electrochemical performance compared with nature cooling mode and air quenching mode. The sample synthesized by using water quenching mode is of the highest reversible discharge specific capacity and the best cyclic electrochemical performance, demonstrating the first discharge capacity of 138.1 mA·h/g at 0.1C rate and the total loss of capacity of 3.11% after 20 cycles.

Air-Water Cooling System for Switch-Mode Power Supplies

The results are presented of an experimental investigation of heat transfer in an air-liquid cooling system for a Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) for TV digital power amplifiers. Since these SMPSs are characterized by high power and high compactness, thereby making the standard cooling techniques difficult to be used, a new cooling system is developed, using water and air as the cooling media. The active components (MOSFETs) are cooled with a liquid cold-plate, the passive ones (condensers, transformers, coils) with an air flow, in turn cooled by the cold-plate. By inserting the cooling system in an experimental tool where it is possible to control the cooling water, measurements are made of temperature in the significant points of the SMPS. The electric efficiency is also measured. The evaluation of the thermal performance of this cooling system is useful in order to limit its maximum operational temperature. The efficacy of the cooling system is demonstrated;the trends of efficiency and power dissipation are evidenced.

Experimental Investigation of the Cooling Capacity of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide in Free Jet Expansion for Use in Portable Air-Cooling Systems

This paper investigates the possibility of using the free expansion of gaseous CO2 in portable air-cooling systems. The cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 free jet expansion was calculated using three different approaches and the results showed that the simplified calculations would give approximated cooling values with an 11.6% maximum error. The mass flow rate, upstream pressure and cooling capacity of the gaseous CO2 decreased with time. A maximum 48.5 watts of cooling was recorded at minute 4 and a minimum value of 10.4 watts at the end of the test. The drop in cooling capacity is due to the evaporation of the liquid CO2 inside the small cylinder which cools the two-phase CO2 mixture and causes a pressure drop (from 6 MPa to 2.97 MPa), which also affects the mass flow rate of gaseous CO2 exiting the orifice (from 0.56 g/s to 0.24 g/s). If this cooling technique is to be considered in portable compact-cooling systems, the mass, pressure and cooling capacity drop with time must be solved. One of the solutions could be to cover the cylinder with a heating coat to compensate for the heat absorbed by the evaporation of the liquid CO2.

Effect of cooling and aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn -9Zn solder

The microstructure and tensile properties of Sn-9Zn solder under different cooling and aging condition were studied. During solidification,the distribution of Zn-rich phases and grain size in the microstructure of Sn-9Zn solder were decided by the cooling rate. The Zn-rich phase in Sn-9Zn solder under furnace cooling,air cooling and water cooling media was separately existed as coarsen dendritic and needle like shape,fine needle like shape and very fine rod-like shape,respectively. After aging,the coarsen dendritic was broken and the coarsen needle like Zn-rich phase was partly changed into fine distribution of Zn-rich phase for Sn-9Zn solder with furnace cooling,and the rod-like Zn phase in the Sn-9Zn solder under water cooling was changed to conglomerated Zn with needle shape. During tensile testing on Sn-9Zn solder,tensile strength and ductility reached the best with water cooling,but decreased with aging effect. Meanwhile,the ductility of solder with air cooling and the strength of solder with furnace cooling increased with aging. The fracture mode was ductile and was independent of cooling media and aging effect. The size and depth of dimples decreased from water,furnace to air cooling.After aging,number and size of dimples increased on the solder with furnace cooling and air cooling. The change on the size of dimples for the Sn-9Zn solder under different cooling condition and with aging effect was accordance to the tensile properties.

BUCKLING OF COOLING TOWER SHELLS WITH RING-STIFFENERS

With the stability analysis of hyperbolic cooling tower shells with ring-stiffeners. our paper proposes the linear pre-buckling consistent theory. The numerical result shows that this linear analysis method is very effective and practical in engineering, for its precision of compulation is up to the level of the nonlinear analysis when it is used for the study of critical loads of the hyperbolic cooling tower which is mainly governed by wind pressure and for the study of the effect of some oilier factors concerned in design on the buckling of shells. Based on that, we have obtained a scries of conclusions whicii will greatly benefits the engineering design when discussing the effect on the critical windloading of the shell which is caused by the following factors such as the position of rings, the number of rings and the dead weight.

Distribution optimization of circulating water in air-cooled heat exchangers for a typical indirect dry cooling system on the basis of entransy dissipation

The flow and heat transfer of air-cooled heat exchangers play important roles in the performance of indirect dry cooling systems in power plants,so it is of benefit to the design and operation of a typical indirect dry cooling system to optimize the thermo-flow characteristics of air-cooled heat exchangers.The entransy dissipation method is applied to the performance optimization of air-cooled heat exchangers in this paper.Two irreversible heat transfer processes in air-cooled heat exchangers,the heat transfer between circulating water and cooling air and the mixing of circulating water,are taken into account and analyzed by means of the entransy dissipation method.The total entransy dissipation rate,which connects the geometrical parameters of air-cooled heat exchanger sectors and the heat capacity rates of the fluids to the heat flow rate in every sector,is obtained.Based on the mathematical relation and the conditional extremum method,an optimization equation group is derived,by which the air-cooled heat exchanger with known air-side parameters is optimized,showing that the entransy dissipation based optimization approach can contribute to the distribution optimization of circulating water in air-cooled heat exchangers of a typical indirect dry cooling system.

Influences of Lateral Double-Layered Deflectors on Cooling Performance of Air-Cooled Condenser

The cooling performance of air-cooled condenser(ACC)is susceptible to adverse impacts of ambient winds.In this work,three kinds of lateral double-layered deflectors installed under the ACC platform are proposed to weaken the unfavorable effects of cross winds.Through CFD simulation methods,the main parameters of thermo-flow performances of a 2×660 MW direct dry cooling system are obtained,by which it can be concluded that the deflectors can effectively reduce the inlet air temperatures while enhance the mass flow rates of upwind fans due to the guiding effect,especially at high wind speeds,while the improvement of cooling capacity of ACCs in the 0°wind direction is weak.The inclined-vertical deflectors are superior to others in performance improvement of ACCs for all cases,which can reduce the turbine back pressure by 12.15%when the wind speed is 12 m/s,so they can be applied to the performance enhancement of ACCs under windy conditions in practical engineering.

基于温升特性的强迫导向油循环风冷结构变压器负荷能力评估

针对强迫导向油循环风冷(oir directrd air forced,ODAF)结构变压器负荷能力受温升约束影响的问题,提出了3种负荷类型情况下变压器负荷能力评估方法。首先,考虑风扇与油泵的运行状态以及油粘度变化对热阻的影响等因素,基于热电类比法建立了变压器热路模型,以计算绕组热点与顶部油温度;其次,采用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法拟合热路模型参数,并基于2台不同型号变压器的运行数据,对热路模型的计算精度与拟合参数适用性进行有效性验证;最后,参考GB/T1094.7负载导则给出的温升限值,基于温升特性提出了负荷能力评估模型。分析结果表明,该研究所提热路模型计算热点温度的误差不大于2.35℃,在工程允许范围内;正常周期性负荷下当环境温度低于1℃时,关闭1组子散热器后仍满足温升约束。

垂直热皮控温技术在基建房式仓的优化应用

基建房式仓应用“垂直热皮”控温技术,采取“散热降温”和“散热均温”两种控温模式,均可有效控制“垂直热皮”粮温,但均存在控温死角点,“散热降温”模式较“散热均温”模式运行时间长、能耗高。利用“垂直热皮”控温系统,“热皮”平均粮温每天降低1℃左右,度夏期间,试验仓四周最高粮温28.4℃,平均粮温20.6℃,对照仓四周最高粮温31.3℃,平均粮温23.4℃。

PVA-ECC高温冷却后力学特性与微观损伤机理

为研究工程水泥基复合材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)高温后的力学性能和微观特征,对ECC进行了高温后材料力学性能试验和微观特征观测。对常温(25℃)、200℃、300℃、400℃及500℃自然冷却和喷水冷却后的ECC试件开展了抗压和抗折性能试验,并结合扫描电镜分析了ECC微观结构损伤特征以及探究了ECC高温后损伤机理。实验结果表明:高温后ECC表面未发生剥落,500℃以内未见爆裂现象,随着温度升高,纤维由混凝土表面逐渐向内部熔化,且失水增多,最大烧失率13.9%;力学性能方面,ECC自然冷却后抗压强度随温度升高呈现先降低后升高再降低的现象,而喷水冷却后抗压强度随温度的升高单调降低,且强度降低显著;高温后抗折强度随温度升高逐步下降,自然冷却降低幅度较喷水冷却显著;结合微观结构变化,ECC经历高温时,纤维部分熔化导致纤维与基体的黏结性能减弱;随着温度升高水化产物之间逐渐呈现独立存在的分散体,但喷水冷却后未水化颗粒二次水化现象明显,使ECC抗折强度较自然冷却提升17%。ECC具有良好的热稳定性,且冷却方式影响ECC材料的表观特性、力学性能和微观特征。

基于室内非均匀环境营造的新型通风模式下人员热舒适性及系统节能潜力

为解决现有通风空调系统无法根据占用区域实现按需供冷造成的热不舒适及能源浪费问题,本研究根据人员占用区域需求实时切换气流模式组合及冷量供给,提出了一种新型通风模式,旨在利用多种气流模式的最优组合控制特定需求场景。采用数值模拟的方法探究了不同占用区域情况下新型通风模式的人员热舒适性和系统的节能潜力,并与混合通风模式和层式通风模式进行了对比。结果表明:新型通风模式在气流组织上具有明显优势;新型通风模式较混合通风模式和层式通风模式具有更高的热舒适性,空气分布特性指数最大;新型通风模式局部冷量利用系数最小,冷量有效利用率最高,所需供冷量最小,因此新型通风模式的节能潜力最大。

高温与冷却方式对纤维混凝土影响研究

研究了高温对玻璃-聚丙烯混杂纤维混凝土的影响,对比了不同的冷却方式对混凝土强度的影响,基于试验结果分析了高温损伤机理和纤维增强机理。研究表明:喷水冷却对混凝土强度损伤大,玻璃纤维和聚丙烯纤维混掺掺量分别为0.4%和0.1%时,能够显著提高混凝土的耐火性能,在400℃下,自然冷却时,抗压和抗折强度较基准组分别提高了15.3%和30.9%;喷水冷却时,抗压和抗折强度较基准组分别提高了21.3%和30.3%。

冷却方式对20CrMnSi钢火焰切割后微观组织及硬度的影响研究

火焰切割具有成本低易操作等优势,是20CrMnSi耐磨钢板的主要切割方式,传统火焰切割后钢板采用空冷方式冷却,高内外冷却速度差会导致极大的内应力,对火焰切割后采用水冷的方式可以降低内外冷却速度差。因此,本文对火焰切割后的钢板进行水冷处理,与传统空冷进行对比,研究冷却方式对耐磨钢火焰切割后微观组织与性能的影响。结果表明,相比空冷,水冷方式在不改变白亮带组织和硬度的情况下,对白亮带的位置和宽度都有显著影响,同时也会影响切割位置附近的组织和性能。通过冷却方式来改变火焰切割过程中产生的白亮带,将进一步拓宽火焰切割工序在实际生产中的应用。

不同预冷方式结合H_(2)O_(2)熏蒸处理对西梅贮藏期间品质的影响

【目的】研究不同预冷方式结合过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))熏蒸处理对西梅采后贮藏保鲜效果的影响。【方法】以新疆生产建设兵团第三师东风农场西梅为试材,分别采用蓄冷周转箱、原位压差、冷库直冷式预冷并结合3%H_(2)O_(2)对西梅进行熏蒸及纳米聚乙烯微孔保鲜膜(N)包装的预处理措施,以无预冷及熏蒸处理为对照(CK),于1℃,湿度85%~90%的保鲜库中贮藏,通过定期测定西梅的生理指标,分析西梅在贮藏期间品质的变化规律。【结果】较对照组,三种预冷方式结合3%H_(2)O_(2)熏蒸处理,在一定程度上均有效保持了西梅的贮藏品质。不同处理组对西梅贮藏品质保鲜效果:原位压差预冷处理组>预蓄冷周转箱处理组>原位压差预冷处理组>冷库直冷处理组>CK。其中,原位压差预冷处理组较CK,呼吸强度推迟了30 d,预蓄冷周转箱和冷库直冷较CK组推迟了15 d。在第90 d,蓄冷周转箱、原位压差、冷库直冷处理组果实腐烂率分别为CK组的61.2%、40.8%和51%,硬度分别较CK组分别提高了17.65%、70.6%和5.9%。原位压差预冷处理组更好的抑制了西梅的腐烂率、失重率,硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸以及VC含量的下降速率,提高了果实SOD、CAT和POD的活性,阻止了西梅的软化,最大限度地保持了西梅的贮藏品质。【结论】采后预冷结合H_(2)O_(2)熏蒸处理对延缓西梅的衰老进程,保持较好的贮藏品质有促进的作用,尤其是隧道式原位压差预冷结合H_(2)O_(2)熏蒸处理维持西梅采后保鲜效果最佳。

数据中心间接蒸发冷却空调全年运行效果分析与调节策略

为全面分析与准确评价数据中心间接蒸发冷却空调全年运行效果,通过焓湿图及空气处理过程进行剖析,提出分别用湿工况效率与干工况效率评价指标刻画间接蒸发冷却空调在数据中心的运行性能。发现间接蒸发冷却空调运行参数与能效参数主要随二次空气和环境空气变化而变化,一次空气机房回风相对湿度每增加10%,回风焓值增加9.4kJ/kg。并且,数据中心间接蒸发蒸发冷却空调全年运行调节过程中,干模式与湿模式切换推荐值分别是干球温度14℃,湿球温度19℃,可控制湿通道淋水量、二次风量、干湿模式切换点来调节系统全年运行能效。