Distributions and air-sea fluxes of CO_2 in the summer Bering Sea

The 3rd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE-Arctic III） was carried out from July to September in 2008. The partial pressure of CO2 （pCO2） in the atmosphere and in surface seawater were determined in the Bering Sea during luly 11-27, 2008, and a large number of seawater samples were taken for total alkalinity （TA） and total dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC） analysis. The distributions of CO2 parameters in the Bering Sea and their controlling factors were discussed. The pCO2 values in surface seawater presented a drastic variation from 148 to 563 laatm （1 μatm = 1.013 25× 10-1Pa）. The lowest pCOz values were observed near the Bering Sea shelf break while the highest pCO2 existed at the western Bering Strait. The Bering Sea generally acts as a net sink for atmospheric CO2 in summer. The air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea shelf, slope, and basin were estimated at -9.4, -16.3, and -5.1 mmol/（m2.d）, respectively. The annual uptake of CO2 was about 34 Tg C in the Bering Sea.

Fluxes of CO_2,CH_4 and N_2O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using stat ic chamber technique, fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, d eterminations of mean fluxes showed that CO 2 and N 2 O were gene rally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH 4 sink. Fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O ranged widely. The highest CO 2 emission occurred in August, whereas a lmost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experim ent. During a daily variation, the maximum CO 2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emi ssion in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO 2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R 2 =0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R 2 =0.86), whereas daily variations in CH 4 and N 2 O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic va riables. CO 2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas .

Seasonal and Annual Variations of CO_2 Fluxes in Rain-Fed Winter Wheat Agro-Ecosystem of Loess Plateau, China

To accurately evaluate the carbon sequestration potential and better elucidate the relationship between the carbon cycle and regional climate change, using eddy covariance system, we conducted a long-term measurement of CO 2 fluxes in the rain-fed winter wheat field of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showed that the annual net ecosystem CO 2 exchange （NEE） was （-71.6±5.7） and （-65.3±5.3） g C m-2 y-1 for 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop years, respectively, suggesting that the agro-ecosystem was a carbon sink （117.4-126.2 g C m-2 yr-1）. However, after considering the harvested grain, the agro- ecosystem turned into a moderate carbon source. The variations in NEE and ecosystem respiration （R eco ） were sensitive to changes in soil water content （SWC）. When SWC ranged form 0.15 to 0.21 m3 m-3, we found a highly significant relationship between NEE and photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, and a highly significant relationship between R eco and soil temperature （T s ）. However, the highly significant relationships were not observed when SWC was outside the range of 0.15-0.21 m3 m-3. Further, in spring, the R eco instantly responded to a rapid increase in SWC after effective rainfall events, which could induce 2 to 4-fold increase in daily R eco , whereas the R eco was also inhibited by heavy summer rainfall when soils were saturated. Accumulated R eco in summer fallow period decreased carbon fixed in growing season by 16- 25%, indicating that the period imposed negative impacts on annual carbon sequestration.

Air-sea heat flux exchange over the South China Sea under different weather conditions before and after southwest monsoon onset in 2000

With the data observed from the Second SCS Air-Sea Flux Experiment on the Xisha air-sea flux research tower, the radiation budget, latent, sensible heat fluxes and net oceanic heat budgets were caculated before and after summer monsoon onset. It is discovered that, after summer monsoon onset, there are considerable changes in air-sea fluxes, especially in latent heat fluxes and net oceanic heat budget. Furthermore, the analyzed results of five synoptic stages are compared. And the characteristics of the flux transfer during different stages around onset of South China Sea monsoon are discussed. The flux change shows that there is an oceanic heat accumulating process during the pre-onset and the break period, as same as oceanic heat losing process during the onset period. Moreover, latent fluxes, the water vapor moving to the continent, even the rainfall appearance in Chinese Mainland also can be influenced by southwester. Comparing Xisha fluxes with those obtained from the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean, their differences may be observed. It is the reason why SSTs can keep stable over the South China Sea while they decrease quickly over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal after monsoon onset.

Sea spray induced air-sea heat and salt fluxes based on the wavesteepnessdependent sea spray model

Sea spray,which comprises amounts of small ocean droplets,plays a significant role in the air-sea coupling,atmospheric and oceanic dynamics,and climate.However,it remains arduous to arrive at estimates for the efficiency and accuracy of the sea spray induced air-sea heat and salt fluxes.This is because the microphysical process of sea spray evolution in the air is of extreme complexity.In this study,we iteratively calculated the sea spray induced air-sea heat and salt fluxes at various weather condition.To do so,we implemented one novel wave-steepness-dependent sea spray model into a bulk air-sea fluxes algorithm and utilized other sea spray models as comparisons.Based on the improved wave-dependent bulk turbulent algorithm,we observed that despite the negative contribution of sea spray to the sensible heat fluxes,the sea spray positively contributes to the air-sea latent heat fluxes,leading to an overall increase in the total air-sea heat fluxes.The additional heat fluxes caused by sea spray may be the missing critical process that can clarify the discrepancies observed between measured and modelled Tropical Cyclone’s development and intensification.In addition to heat fluxes,we observed that sea spray has significant impacts on the air-sea salt fluxes.As the sea salt particles are one of the main sources of the atmosphere aerosol,our results imply that sea spray could impact global and regional climate.Thus,given the significance of sea spray on the air-sea boundary layer,sea spray effects need to be considered in studies of air-sea interaction,dynamics of atmosphere and ocean.

典型农业流域不同类型池塘水体CO_(2)排放特征

内陆水体是大气CO_(2)收支估算的重要组成部分。农业流域分布着大量池塘景观水体,且具备蓄洪抗旱、消纳污染、水产养殖等多种功能。但是,农业流域不同功能的小型池塘CO_(2)排放特征尚不清楚。本研究以极具农业流域代表性的烔炀河流域为研究对象,选取流域中用于水产养殖(养殖塘)、生活污水承纳(村塘)、农业灌溉(农塘)、蓄水(水塘)的4个功能不同的景观池塘,基于为期1年的野外实地观测,以明确农业流域小型池塘CO_(2)排放特征。结果表明,不同功能池塘水体CO_(2)排放差异显著,受养殖活动、生活污水输入和农田灌溉等人类活动影响,养殖塘((80.37±100.39)mmol/(m^(2)·d))、村塘((48.69±65.89)mmol/(m^(2)·d))和农塘((13.50±15.81)mmol/(m^(2)·d))是大气CO_(2)的热点排放源,其CO_(2)排放通量分别是自然蓄水塘((4.52±23.26)mmol/(m^(2)·d))的18、11和3倍。统计分析也表明,该流域池塘CO_(2)排放变化总体上受溶解氧、营养盐等因素驱动。4个不同景观池塘CO_(2)排放通量全年均值为(37.31±67.47)mmol/(m^(2)·d),是不容忽视的CO_(2)排放源,其中养殖塘和村塘具有较高的CO_(2)排放潜力,在未来研究中需要重点关注。

Abiotic contribution to total soil CO_2 flux across a broad range of land-cover types in a desert region

As an important component of ecosystem carbon（C） budgets, soil carbon dioxide（CO2） flux is determined by a combination of a series of biotic and abiotic processes. Although there is evidence showing that the abiotic component can be important in total soil CO2 flux（R（total））, its relative importance has never been systematically assessed. In this study, after comparative measurements of CO2 fluxes on sterilized and natural soils, the R（total） was partitioned into biotic flux（R（biotic）） and abiotic flux（R（abiotic）） across a broad range of land-cover types（including eight sampling sites： cotton field, hops field, halophyte garden, alkaline land, reservoir edge, native saline desert, dune crest and interdune lowland） in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. The relative contribution of R（abiotic） to R（total）, as well as the temperature dependency and predominant factors for R（total）, R（biotic） and R（abiotic）, were analyzed. Results showed that R（abiotic） always contributed to R（total） for all of the eight sampling sites, but the degree or magnitude of contribution varied greatly. Specifically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） was very low in cotton field and hops field and very high in alkaline land and dune crest. Statistically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） logarithmically increased with decreasing R（biotic）, suggesting that R（abiotic） strongly affected R（total） when R（biotic） was low. This pattern confirms that soil CO2 flux is predominated by biotic processes in most soils, but abiotic processes can also be dominant when biotic processes are weak. On a diurnal basis, R（abiotic） cannot result in net gain or net loss of CO2, but its effect on transient CO2 flux was significant. Temperature dependency of R（total） varied among the eight sampling sites and was determined by the predominant processes（abiotic or biotic） of CO2 flux. Specifically, R（biotic） was driven by soil temperature while R（abiotic） was regulated by the change in soil temperature（ΔT）. Namely, declining temperature（ΔT0） resulted in positive R（abiotic）（i.e., CO2 released from soil）. Without recognition of R（abiotic）, R（biotic） would be overestimated for the daytime and underestimated for the nighttime. Although R（abiotic） may not change the sum or the net value of daily soil CO2 exchange and may not directly constitute a C sink, it can significantly alter the transient apparent soil CO2 flux, either in magnitude or in temperature dependency. Thus, recognizing the fact that abiotic component in R（total） exists widely in soils has widespread consequences for the understanding of C cycling.

Soil CO_2 flux in relation to dissolved organic carbon,soil temperature and moisture in a subtropical arable soil of China

Soil CO 2 emission from an arable soil was measured by closed chamber method to quantify year round soil flux and to develop an equation to predict flux using soil temperature, dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and soil moisture content. Soil CO 2 flux, soil temperature, DOC and soil moisture content were determined on selected days during the experiment from August 1999 to July 2000, at the Ecological Station of Red Soil, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in a subtropical region of China. Soil CO 2 fluxes were generally higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring, and had a seasonal pattern more similar to soil temperature and DOC than soil moisture. The estimation was 2 23 kgCO 2/(m 2·a) for average annual soil CO 2 flux. Regressed separately, the reasons for soil flux variability were 86 6% from soil temperature, 58 8% from DOC, and 26 3% from soil moisture, respectively. Regressed jointly, a multiple equation was developed by the above three variables that explained approximately 85 2% of the flux variance, however by stepwise regression, soil temperature was the dominant affecting soil flux. Based on the exponential equation developed from soil temperature, the predicted annual flux was 2 49 kgCO 2/(m 2·a), and essentially equal to the measured one. It is suggested the exponential relationship between soil flux and soil temperature could be used for accurately predicting soil CO 2 flux from arable soil in subtropical regions of China.

Monitoring and simulation of water,heat,and CO_2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system

The Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) project, part of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) project, developed an integrated environmental monitoring system that can be used to detect, monitor, and assess environmental disasters, degradation, and their impacts in the Asia-Pacific region. The system primarily employs data from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observation System-(EOS-) Terra/Aqua satellite, as well as those from ground observations at five sites in different ecological systems in China. From the preliminary data analysis on both annual and daily variations of water, heat and CO2 fluxes, we can confirm that this system basically has been working well. The results show that both latent flux and CO2 flux are much greater in the crop field than those in the grassland and the saline desert, whereas the sensible heat flux shows the opposite trend. Different data products from MODIS have very different correspondence, e.g. MODIS-derived land surface temperature has a close correlation with measured ones, but LAI and NPP are quite different from ground measurements, which suggests that the algorithms used to process MODIS data need to be revised by using the local dataset. We are now using the APEIS-FLUX data to develop an integrated model, which can simulate the regional water, heat, and carbon fluxes. Finally, we are expected to use this model to develop more precise high-order MODIS products in Asia-Pacific region.

CO_2 exchange at air-sea interface in the Huanghai Sea

During the Huanghai Sea Circulation and Material Flux Expedition in Spring 1996, fco_2 in surface water and atmosphere was measured. The fco2 in surface water varied in a range from 220 to 360 uatm1) while atmospheric concentration was nearly constant at 360μatm, showing that the Huanghai Sea surface waters were undersaturated with respect to atmospheric Co during the time of investigation. A model was developed in this study in order to estimate the Co flux at the air-sea interface. The model incorporates the time-series variations of the distributions in SST (sea surface temperature), salinity, mixed-layer depth, atmospheric fco2, gas-transfer velocity, and CZCS chlorophyll concentration in the Huanghai Sea and was calibrated with the observed fco2 data. The primary parameter affecting fco2 in surface water is the variation of SST through time. The annual fluxes of Co are estimated as 0. 033 Gt C from the sea into the atmosphere and 0. 044 Gt C from the air into sea. The Huanghai Sea, thus behaves as a CO2 sink absorbing 0. 011 Gi C of CO2 a year. which.corresponds to about 0. 5 % of global oceanic absorption capacity.

The Variability of Air-sea O_(2)Flux in CMIP6:Implications for Estimating Terrestrial and Oceanic Carbon Sinks

The measurement of atmospheric O_(2)concentrations and related oxygen budget have been used to estimate terrestrial and oceanic carbon uptake.However,a discrepancy remains in assessments of O_(2)exchange between ocean and atmosphere(i.e.air-sea O_(2)flux),which is one of the major contributors to uncertainties in the O_(2)-based estimations of the carbon uptake.Here,we explore the variability of air-sea O_(2)flux with the use of outputs from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6(CMIP6).The simulated air-sea O_(2)flux exhibits an obvious warming-induced upward trend(~1.49 Tmol yr−2)since the mid-1980s,accompanied by a strong decadal variability dominated by oceanic climate modes.We subsequently revise the O_(2)-based carbon uptakes in response to this changing air-sea O_(2)flux.Our results show that,for the 1990−2000 period,the averaged net ocean and land sinks are 2.10±0.43 and 1.14±0.52 GtC yr−1 respectively,overall consistent with estimates derived by the Global Carbon Project(GCP).An enhanced carbon uptake is found in both land and ocean after year 2000,reflecting the modification of carbon cycle under human activities.Results derived from CMIP5 simulations also investigated in the study allow for comparisons from which we can see the vital importance of oxygen dataset on carbon uptake estimations.

Dissolution of TiO_(2) and TiN inclusions in CaO–SiO_(2)–B_(2)O_(3)-based fluorine-free mold flux

Mold flux serves the crucial metallurgical function of absorbing inclusions, directly impacting the smoothness of the casting process as well as the cast slab quality. In this study, the dissolution behavior and mechanism of Ti O_(2)and Ti N inclusions in molten Ca O–Si O_(2)–B_(2)O_(3)-based fluorine-free mold flux were explored by in situ single hot thermocouple technology combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results showed that Ti O_(2) inclusions are effectively dissolved by the molten slag within 76 s, during which the original octahedral [Ti O_(6)]^(8-)structures are destroyed and convert to the networker tetrahedral [Ti O_(4)]^(4-)structures. However, the dissolution rate is much lower for Ti N inclusions than for Ti O_(2)inclusions. This can be attributed to the fact that the Ti N particles need to be oxidized and then dissolved in the molten slag to form tetrahedral [Ti O4]4-and octahedral [Ti O_(6)]^(8-)structures during the Ti N inclusion dissolution process, which is accompanied by the generation of a large amount of N_(2)gas. Moreover, Ca Ti O_(3)crystals tend to nucleate and grow on bubble surfaces with sufficient octahedral [Ti O_(6)]^(8-)structures and Ca^(2+)ions, eventually resulting in the molten slag being in a solid–liquid mixed state.

我国东部典型内源和外源性静态水体N_(2)O排放与生态系统呼吸的关系初探

内陆水体是大气中N_(2)O的重要排放源,受到国内外广泛关注,为了探讨水生生态系统中水体N_(2)O排放通量与生态系统呼吸的响应关系,本研究以我国东部典型外源性和内源性静态水体为研究对象,在2022年4月29日-5月4日对10个表层水体N_(2)O排放通量和生态系统呼吸指标进行测定,结合贝叶斯方法初步探讨了水体N_(2)O排放通量和生态系统呼吸之间的关系。结果表明:外源性水体N_(2)O排放通量和生态系统呼吸均显著高于内源性水体(P<0.05),水体N_(2)O排放通量与CO_(2)排放通量和BOD5均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。通过贝叶斯方法构建了水体N_(2)O排放通量与生态系统呼吸(CO_(2)和BOD_(5))之间的数学模型,可解释水体N_(2)O排放通量变异性的61%~71%,并且明确了模拟结果的不确定性。此外,本研究进一步区分了内源性水体与外源性水体N_(2)O排放通量和生态系统呼吸的关系,在内源性水体中,N_(2)O的产生受碳源限制的影响大于氮源限制,而在外源性水体中N_(2)O排放通量与CO_(2)排放通量的耦合关系大于内源性水体。研究表明,生态系统呼吸与水体N_(2)O排放通量间有很强的响应关系,本研究为区域水体N_(2)O排放通量估算方法和生态系统呼吸耦合机制研究提供了基础。

Characters of the P_(CO)_2 and CO_2 Flux in the East China Sea in Autumn

P CO 2 of air and seawater samples from the East China Sea (ECS) were measured in situ in autumn, 1994. Ocean currents, terrestrial fluviation, biological activities, etc.,P CO 2 characters in air and seawater were investigated. CO 2 flux and its character in the East China Sea are discussed on the basis of theP CO 2 profiles of air and seawater. It was clear that the nearshore was the source of CO 2; and that the outer sea area was the sink of CO 2; and that the shelf area of the ECS is a net sink for atmospheric CO 2 in autumn.

水稻生长季CO_(2)通量的时间动态和影响因子研究

为了明确长三角地区稻麦轮作生态系统中水稻生长季CO_(2)通量的多时间尺度变化特征,量化环境因子对农田CO_(2)通量变化的贡献度,拆分环境因子的直接影响和间接影响,该研究利用涡度相关观测系统进行了2年CO_(2)通量的连续观测,分析了辐射类、温度类、水汽类和风速对CO_(2)通量的影响。结果表明:稻麦轮作生态系统在水稻生长季是一个二氧化碳汇,2020、2021年水稻生长季的总固碳量分别为396.3、491.9 g/m^(2)(以C计);CO_(2)通量也有明显的日变化,呈现出“U形”和“V型”的单峰曲线,吸收峰值出现在第200~250天。在不同时间尺度上,影响CO_(2)通量的主控因子始终是光合有效辐射;但随时间尺度的增加,各个因子贡献度的差异逐渐减小。饱和水汽压差也是影响CO_(2)通量的重要因子,它与光合有效辐射的交互作用会抑制彼此对CO_(2)通量的直接贡献。

Stem radial CO_2 conductance affects stem respiratory CO_2 fluxes in ash and birch trees

The CO_2 released from respiring cells in woody tissues of trees can contribute to one of three fluxes:efflux to the atmosphere(E_A),internal xylem sap transport flux(F_T),and storage flux(DS).Adding those fluxes together provides an estimate of actual stem respiration(R_S).We know that the relative proportion of CO_2 in those fluxes varies greatly among tree species,but we do not yet have a clear understanding of the causes for this variation.One possible explanation is that species differ in stem radial CO_2 conductance(g_c).A high g_c would favor the E_A pathway and a low g_cwould favor the F_Tpathway.However,g_chas only been measured once in situ and only in a single tree species.We measured g_cusing two methods in stems of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.(ash)and Betula platyphylla Suk.(birch)trees in situ,along with R_S,E_A,F_T and DS.Stem radial CO_2 conductance was substantially greater in ash trees than in birch trees.Corresponding to that finding,in ash trees over 24 h,E_Aconstituted the entire flux of respired CO_2 ,and F_Twas negative,indicating that additional CO_2 ,probably transported from the root system via the xylem,was also diffusing into the atmosphere.In ash trees,F_T was negative over the entire 24 h,and this study represents the first time that has been reported.The addition of xylem-transported CO_2 to E_A caused E_Ato be 9% higher than the actual R_Sover the diel measurement period.Birch trees,which had lower g_c,also had a more commonly seen pattern,with E_A accounting for about 80% of the CO_2 released from local cell respiration and F_T accounting for the remainder.The inorganic carbon concentration in xylem sap was also lower in ash trees than in birch trees:2.7 versus 5.3 mmol L^(-1),respectively.Our results indicate that stem CO_2 conductance could be a very useful measurement to help explain differences among species in the proportion of respired CO_2 that remains in the xylem or diffuses into the atmosphere.

MoS_(2)纳米片功能化PAN锂金属电池隔膜的制备及锂枝晶抑制作用

引导锂离子流的均匀分布可以有效抑制锂枝晶的形成-生长,推动锂金属电池的产业化应用.本文采用化学插层法制备出单层或少层、结构完整的MoS_(2)纳米片,将二维MoS_(2)纳米片喷涂到静电纺聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维膜上,制得MoS_(2)@PAN复合隔膜.MoS_(2)涂层的引入不仅提高了离子电导率(1.02 mS/cm)、Li+迁移数(0.59)和电解液亲和性,而且降低了复合隔膜的孔径,使其孔径分布均一.这些特性协同作用,调控了通过MoS_(2)@PAN复合隔膜的Li+流分布,促进了Li+在锂金属表面的均匀沉积,抑制了锂枝晶的形成-生长.因此,MoS_(2)@PAN复合隔膜组装的Li/Li电池在1 mA/cm^(2)电流密度下以14 mV的超低过电位可稳定循环长达500 h,循环后的锂金属表面没有明显的枝晶生长.此外,MoS_(2)@PAN复合隔膜组装的LiFePO_(4)/Li电池在2C倍率下循环550次后保持92%的初始容量,表现出更稳定的循环性能.通过隔膜调节Li+通量实现了锂的均匀沉积,为抑制锂枝晶的形成-生长提供了一种可行的策略.

秦岭北麓地区CO_(2)和水汽湍流输送实验研究

利用中国气象局秦岭气溶胶与云微物理野外科学试验基地长安站2021年4月~2022年3月涡动相关系统观测资料,结合气象观测资料,研究了秦岭北麓城郊过渡带近地面大气CO_(2)、H_(2)O浓度、蒸发量以及湍流通量演变特征,并讨论了气象要素对碳通量的影响.结果表明:观测时段内CO_(2)小时浓度年均值为(404.4±27.9)×10^(-6),与瓦里关大气背景观测站和全球背景观测站CO_(2)年均值浓度水平相当,水汽小时浓度年均值为9.44g/m^(3),年总蒸发量为1321.5mm;CO_(2)、水汽浓度和蒸发量均存在显著的月、季节变化特征;CO_(2)和水汽通量存在明显的日、月和季节变化,全年白天均表现为较强的碳吸收,观测时段内CO_(2)总吸收量约为-3047g/m^(2);夜间表现为碳排放,观测时段内总排放量约为2631g/m^(2);气温、土壤温度、相对湿度和风速的变化均会对区域内CO_(2)通量产生影响,温度升高会增加区域内植被的固碳能力;白天CO_(2)通量负值多出现在西风条件下,农田和植被覆盖率较大的区域为CO_(2)通量的主要贡献区域;夜间CO_(2)通量正值主要来自于植被、土壤呼吸作用和人类活动排放的贡献.总体而言,秦岭北麓城郊过渡带呈现较为明显的碳汇属性,实验时段内CO_(2)的净吸收量约为-416g/m^(2).

A Re-examination of Density Effects in Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO_2 Fluxes

Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air, leading to a number of approaches to correct density effects. In this study, we re-examine physical processes related to different assumptions that are made to formulate the density effects. Specifically, we re-examine the assumptions of a zero dry air flux and a zero moist air flux in the surface layer, used for treating density variations, and their implications for correcting density effects. It is found that physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero dry air flux account for the influence of dry air expansion/compression on density variations. Meanwhile, physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero moist air flux account for the influence of moist air expansion/compression on density variations. In this study, we also re-examine mixing ratio issues. Our results indicate that the assumption of a zero dry air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to dry air, while the assumption of a zero moist air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to the total moist air. Additionally, we compare different formula for the mean vertical velocity, generated by air-parcel expansion/compression, and for density effect corrections using eddy covariance data measured over three boreal ecosystems.

淡水养殖池塘CO_(2)通量多时间尺度变化特征及其影响要素

为探讨淡水养殖CO_(2)通量的多时间尺度变化特征及其影响因子,本研究以我国长江三角洲区域典型淡水养殖池塘为研究对象,基于涡度相关法(Eddy covariance,EC)测定的2016—2021年高频连续CO_(2)通量数据,对CO_(2)通量的多时间尺度变化特征及其环境、人为影响要素进行分析。结果表明:养殖池塘CO_(2)通量(以C计)存在明显的日变化、季节变化和年际变化特征,其年尺度交换量的变化范围为-671~1005 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),年均值为(-74±688)kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1),表现为CO_(2)的弱汇。CO_(2)通量在不同时间尺度的主控因子存在明显差异,其中在0.5 h尺度上,太阳辐射和气温分别是白天和夜晚CO_(2)通量的主要影响因子;日尺度和月尺度的CO_(2)通量则分别受太阳辐射和归一化植被指数(NDVI)调控,且CO_(2)通量与上述要素均呈显著负相关;年际尺度上,养殖池塘CO_(2)通量受饲料投入量与NDVI的共同作用,二者建立的回归方程可以解释64%的CO_(2)年总通量变化,其中CO_(2)排放量随饲料投入量的增加呈线性增加(R2=0.55,P<0.05)。根据本研究结果,建议在未来可将提高饲料利用率作为控制养殖水体温室气体排放、改善水体生态环境、实现水产养殖业可持续发展的重要途径。