Status and Opportunities of Zinc Ion Hybrid Capacitors: Focus on Carbon Materials, Current Collectors, and Separators

Zinc ion hybrid capacitors(ZIHCs), which integrate the features of the high power of supercapacitors and the high energy of zinc ion batteries, are promising competitors in future electrochemical energy storage applications. Carbon-based materials are deemed the competitive candidates for cathodes of ZIHC due to their cost-effectiveness, high electronic conductivity, chemical inertness, controllable surface states, and tunable pore architectures. In recent years, great research efforts have been devoted to further improving the energy density and cycling stability of ZIHCs. Reasonable modification and optimization of carbon-based materials offer a remedy for these challenges. In this review, the structural design, and electrochemical properties of carbon-based cathode materials with different dimensions, as well as the selection of compatible, robust current collectors and separators for ZIHCs are discussed. The challenges and prospects of ZIHCs are showcased to guide the innovative development of carbon-based cathode materials and the development of novel ZIHCs.

Ag-integrated mixed metallic Co-Fe-Ni-Mn hydroxide composite as advanced electrode for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

Direct growth of redox-active noble metals and rational design of multifunctional electrochemical active materials play crucial roles in developing novel electrode materials for energy storage devices.In this regard,silver(Ag)has attracted great attention in the design of efficient electrodes.Inspired by the house/building process,which means electing the right land,it lays a strong foundation and building essential columns for a complex structure.Herein,we report the construction of multifaceted heterostructure cobalt-iron hydroxide(CFOH)nanowires(NWs)@nickel cobalt manganese hydroxides and/or hydrate(NCMOH)nanosheets(NSs)on the Ag-deposited nickel foam and carbon cloth(i.e.,Ag/NF and Ag/CC)substrates.Moreover,the formation and charge storage mechanism of Ag are described,and these contribute to good conductive and redox chemistry features.The switching architectural integrity of metal and redox materials on metallic frames may significantly boost charge storage and rate performance with noticeable drop in resistance.The as-fabricated Ag@CFOH@NCMOH/NF electrode delivered superior areal capacity value of 2081.9μA h cm^(-2)at 5 mA cm^(-2).Moreover,as-assembled hybrid cell based on NF(HC/NF)device exhibited remarkable areal capacity value of 1.82 mA h cm^(-2)at 5 mA cm^(-2)with excellent rate capability of 74.77%even at 70 mA cm^(-2)Furthermore,HC/NF device achieved maximum energy and power densities of 1.39 mW h cm^(-2)and 42.35 mW cm^(-2),respectively.To verify practical applicability,both devices were also tested to serve as a self-charging station for various portable electronic devices.

Investigation and simulation of parabolic trough collector with the presence of hybrid nanofluid in the finned receiver tube

The present study discusses the thermal performance of the receiver tube,which contains a wall with various fin shapes in the parabolic trough collector.Inserted fins and bulge surfaces of the inner wall of the receiver tube increase the turbulent fluid flow.In pursuance of uniform distribution of heat transfer,various fin shapes such as square-shape,circle-shape,triangle-shape,and combined square-circle shapes were inserted,examined,and compared.A study of the temperature differences and fluid flow is meaningful for this project therefore finite volume method was used to investigate heat transfer.Also,hybrid Nano-Fluid AL_(2)O_(3-)CuO,TiO_(2-)Cu,and AgMgO were applied to increase thermal diffusivity.When the combined square-circle-shaped fin was inserted,the thermal peak of fluid flow in the receiver tube was lower than the other studied fin shapes by almost 1%.Besides,the hybrid nano-fluid Ag-MgO Syltherm-oil-800 has lower thermal waste in comparison to others by more than 3%.

Influence of Internal and External Parameters in Temperature of Hybrid PV/T Water Collector

The combination of photovoltaic system with a thermal to form the hybrid PVT （photovoltaic thermal）, which together will generate electricity and heat. This energy depends on the input that is to say the energy of solar radiation, temperature and speed wind and output which is the operating temperature of the system. This production also depends on the mode of heat removal. The authors present in this article; a study by a numerical simulation of the thermal behavior of a prototype hybrid sensor through the development of an energy balance that involves heat exchange between the different components of the hybrid sensor, and it will allow us to study the influence of internal and external parameters on the temperature variation in the different layers of the prototype PV/T studied.

Hybrid architecture design enhances the areal capacity and cycling life of low-overpotential nanoarray oxygen electrode for lithium–oxygen batteries

Transition metal oxide(TMO)nanoarrays are promising architecture designs for self-supporting oxygen electrodes to achieve high catalytic activities in lithium-oxygen(Li-O2)batteries.However,the poor conductive nature of TMOs and the confined growth of nanostructures on the limited surfaces of electrode substrates result in the low areal capacities of TMO nanoarray electrodes,which seriously deteriorates the intrinsically high energy densities of Li-O2 batteries.Herein,we propose a hybrid nanoarray architecture design that integrates the high electronic conductivity of carbon nanoflakes(CNFs)and the high catalytic activity of Co3 O4 nanosheets on carbon cloth(CC).Due to the synergistic effect of two differently featured components,the hybrid nanoarrays(Co3 O4-CNF@CC)achieve a high reversible capacity of3.14 mA h cm-2 that cannot be achieved by only single components.Further,CNFs grown on CC induce the three-dimensionally distributed growth of ultrafine Co3 O4 nanosheets to enable the efficient utilization of catalysts.Thus,with the high catalytic efficiency,hybrid Co3 O4-CNF@CC also achieves a more prolonged cycling life than pristine TMO nanoarrays.The present work provides a new strategy for improving the performance of nanoarray oxygen electrodes via the hybrid architecture design that integrates the intrinsic properties of each component and induces the three-dimensional distribution of catalysts.

Measurements of the Electrical Incidence Angle Modifiers of an Asymmetrical Photovoltaic/Thermal Compound Parabolic Concentrating-Collector

Reflector edges, sharp acceptance angles and by-pass diodes introduce large variations in the electrical performance of asymmetrical concentrating photovoltaic/thermal modules over a short incidence angle interval. It is therefore important to quantify these impacts precisely. The impact on the electrical performance of the optical properties of an asymmetrical photovoltaic/thermal CPC-collector was measured in Maputo, Mozambique. The measurements were carried out with the focus on attaining a high resolution incidence angle modifier in both the longitudinal and transversal directions, since large variations were expected over small angle intervals. A detailed analysis of the contribution of the diffuse radiation to the total output was also carried out. The solar cells have an electrical efficiency of 18% while the maximum measured electrical efficiency of the collector was 13.9 % per active glazed area and 20.9 % per active cell area, at 25 °C. Such data make it possible to quantify not only the electrical performance for different climatic and operating conditions but also to determine potential improvements to the collector design. The electrical output can be increased by a number of different measures, e.g. removing the outermost cells, turning the edge cells 90°, dividing each receiver side into three or four parts and directing the tracking, when used, along a north-south axis.

Wire-Shaped 3D-Hybrid Supercapacitors as Substitutes for Batteries

We report a wire-shaped three-dimensional(3D)-hybrid supercapacitor with high volumetric capacitance and high energy density due to an interconnected 3D-configuration of the electrode allowing for large number of electrochemical active sites,easy access of electrolyte ions,and facile charge transport for flexible wearable applications.The interconnected and compact electrode delivers a high volumetric capacitance(gravimetric capacitance)of 73 F cm−3(2446 F g−1),excellent rate capability,and cycle stability.The 3D-nickel cobalt-layered double hydroxide onto 3D-nickel wire(NiCo LDH/3D-Ni)//the 3D-manganese oxide onto 3D-nickel wire(Mn3O4/3D-Ni)hybrid supercapacitor exhibits energy density of 153.3 Wh kg−1 and power density of 8810 W kg−1.The red lightemitting diode powered by the as-prepared hybrid supercapacitor can operate for 80 min after being charged for tens of seconds and exhibit excellent electrochemical stability under various deformation conditions.The results verify that such wire-shaped 3D-hybrid supercapacitors are promising alternatives for batteries with long charge–discharge times,for smart wearable and implantable devices.

太阳能光热发电系统研究现状

针对太阳能光热发电系统,综述了光热发电系统中集热器、蓄热技术以及动力循环的研究及应用现状,并阐述了太阳能混合系统的优势,总结了太阳能光热发电系统面临的关键问题,为光热发电系统的发展提供参考。

空气-水复合平板型太阳能集热器

提出了一种适用于太阳能供热采暖工程的新型太阳能空气-水复合平板集热器。该集热器可以单独使用空气、水或同时以空气和水作为集热工质。测试显示,该集热器空气循环集热效率为55%～65%,水循环集热效率为32%～34%,能够满足太阳能供热采暖工程的要求。该集热器成本不高,适用于在我国北方广大农村地区推广使用。

增强PM_(2.5)脱除的新型电除尘技术的发展

静电除尘器已广泛应用于工业除尘领域,其对粗颗粒收集效率高达99.9%以上,但在PM2.5范围内存在穿透窗口,难以满足日趋严格的烟气污染物排放环保标准。文中介绍了3种发展的电除尘新技术——低低温电除尘器、湿式电除尘器和电袋除尘器,分别采用实验与理论分析的方法对3种电除尘器的脱除机理与脱除性能及在国内外燃煤电站的应用情况进行了探讨,结果表明,电除尘新技术可有效控制PM2.5的排放,达到粉尘低于20 mg/m3排放的目标,并可实现SO3酸雾及汞等重金属排放的协同控制。

电袋复合除尘器和湿法脱硫装置对电厂燃煤重金属排放协同控制

对安装有电袋复合除尘器(HPC)和湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)的320 MW燃煤电厂,采用EPA method 29对脱硫后烟气重金属浓度进行测试,同时测定了其他燃煤产物中重金属浓度,分析了除尘和脱硫系统中重金属富集特性,研究了HPC和WFGD对烟气中重金属的脱除作用,比较了不同负荷下HPC和WFGD协同控制作用。结果表明:As,Pb,Cr在袋区灰富集程度更大,电区灰中分布总量更多;袋区能有效捕集烟气中气态汞,Hg富集系数高达1.01。脱硫系统中Hg,As,Pb,Cr均向石膏大规模富集。HPC对Hg的脱除率达到50%,As,Pb,Cr平均脱除率为85%。WFGD对As,Pb,Cr平均脱除率为82%,对Hg的脱除率达到91%。在75%和100%负荷下,烟气中90%以上的Hg,As,Pb,Cr均可被HPC+WFGD协同捕获,HPC在对多种重金属排放控制中起主要作用,且低负荷下减排任务更重。

复合式电袋除尘器的伏安特性

搭建了一个复合式电袋除尘器(hybrid particulate collector,HPC)的电特性实验系统,研究了HPC分别采用7种孔板、2种滤料布袋时的电流-电压伏安特性,并对比研究了钢板替换布袋时HPC的伏安特性,将实验值与电除尘器伏安特性的3种近似公式计算值进行了比较,并采用发展的三维电场算法模拟计算孔板-布袋距离对电袋伏安特性的影响,7种孔板分别考查了开孔率、开孔形状、开孔数目、开孔排列的影响,布袋材料包括普通滤料与抗静电滤料。结果表明,孔板的几何参数与布袋极板的材料对HPC的电流-电压特性影响较小,仅当开孔率大于0.5时总电流有明显下降,而HPC布袋采用普通滤料与抗静电滤料时的电流-电压特性与HPC用钢板替换布袋时的伏安特性近似相同,在电场模型中布袋可以采用接地电势为零的边界条件,而实验值与理论公式计算值对比表明,Bhm公式与G.Cooperman公式的计算值的平均值与实验值符合较好,而数值计算结果表明孔板-布袋距离对到达布袋的电流影响显著。

太阳能电热联用系统研究进展

首先对太阳能电热联用系统的基本组成形式进行了简要介绍,并对不同的电热联用集热器、热能利用 方式进行了对比分析,接着对电热联用的研究方法和发展现状进行了详细说明,并列举了一些电热联用产品和 示范工程,最后指出了电热联用发展中应解决的问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望。

太阳能光伏/光热复合集热器能量转换性能的数值模拟

建立太阳能光伏/光热(PV/T)复合集热器的光电与光热耦合能量转换的数值模型,利用TRNSYS软件模拟PV/T集热器的光电、光热转换性能,分析结构参数和运行参数对PV/T集热器的能量转换性能的影响。计算结果表明:减小集热板排管的管间距与管径的比值有利于提高光热与光电转换性能;冷却流体的入口温度对PV/T集热器的性能影响显著,较低的入口流体温度有利于保持更高的光热和光电转换效率。增加冷却流体的入口质量通量可提高光热和光电效率;当入口质量通量增加至6.9 g/(s·m2)时,PV/T集热器的热、电效率分别为66.2%和10.8%,进一步增加入口质量通量对提高光热、光电效率的作用不大。

某石英矿阴阳离子混合捕收剂浮选提纯研究

以内蒙某石英矿为原料,在阴阳离子混合捕收剂体系下,首先进行了石英、长石单矿物的浮选行为研究,并以此为基础,确定了石英矿浮选除去含Al杂质矿物的工艺条件和流程。结果表明,石英矿在原矿Si O2品位97.45%时,经磨矿-脱泥-反浮选流程选别,可得到Si O2品位99.93%、产率62%、Al去除率99.03%的良好提纯指标。

焦炉集气管压力的复合控制

集气管压力的稳定影响焦炭的质量和焦炉的寿命 ,通过分析焦炉集气管压力影响因素及其耦合关系 ,采用PID控制、解耦控制、专家控制来进行集气管压力的控制。应用结果表明 ,集气管压力系统的抗干扰能力得以提高 。

燃煤电厂静电除尘器改造方案

随着我国环保标准日益严格,很多燃煤电厂静电除尘器已不能满足排放标准的要求,需进行改造。该文首先分析了造成静电除尘器除尘效率低下的主要原因;提出3种改造方案:增加电场;改造为袋式除尘器;改造为静电袋式复合除尘器。并从技术性能和经济性2个方面对3种改造方案进行了比较,以郑州热电厂200 M W机组静电除尘器改造为例对3种方案进行了对比分析,结果表明:改造为静电袋式复合除尘器的方案是静电除尘器改造的最佳方案,并认为静电袋式复合除尘是我国除尘技术未来的发展方向之一。

对光伏热水墙体光电光热性能的数值模拟研究

采用数值模拟的方法动态地分析了光伏热水墙体的光电光热特性,并就系统中电池覆盖率、工作流体质量流率对系统热效率和电力输出的影响进行了研究,得到了系统优化设计的性能参数。

新型PV/T太阳能利用复合系统的实验研究

为提高PV/T系统太阳能利用率,同时获得可利用的热水和电力,将铝合金背板型单晶硅光伏组件和自行设计制作的不锈钢扁盒式集热板相结合,用导热硅胶加以粘接制成新型光伏光热一体化(PV/T)复合系统,该系统实现了光伏组件与集热板之间良好的粘接性、绝缘性和热传导,并在昆明地区对系统进行测试,分析了系统在不同水箱水容量及不同天气工况下运行的光电光热性能。结果表明,系统在75kg水箱水容量(m)晴天工况下运行效率更高,系统的平均电效率、热效率、综合效率及综合性能效率分别在14%、37%、51%、70.72%左右,与系统在50kg水箱水容量晴天或75kg水箱水容量多云工况下运行相比,综合性能效率约提高了11.86%或2.09%。与独立的光热或光伏系统相比,具有占地面积小、太阳能利用率高、更经济等优势。

静电布袋复合除尘器的试验研究

通过对3种静电除尘器改造方案的比较,提出了一种静电布袋复合除尘器。分析了这种除尘器的特点,同时也提出了一些需要解决的技术难题。其中静电除尘单元与布袋除尘单元之间的结合形式是一个技术难点,因为它将影响整个除尘系统的效率和使用寿命。为此建立了气流分布试验台,对不同形式的气流分布板进行冷态试验研究,分析了几个关键截面的流场,掌握了气流分布规律,确定了气流分布板的开孔分布。研究表明,静电布袋复合除尘器具有非常大的工程应用价值。