Alkali salts of heteropoly tungstates: Efficient catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils

Alkali salts of tungsten based heteropoly acids with different central atom such as P, Si and Co were prepared and evaluated for transes- terification of both edible and non-edible oils to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters. The catalyst of sodium salt of tungstic acid with Co as central atom （Na5CoW12O40） showed optimum activity towards transesterification compared with other heteropoly tungstates. The catalysts activities were correlated with the observed physico-chemical characteristics derived from FT-infrared （FT-IR）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia （NH3-TPD） and carbon dioxide （CO2-TPD）. The Na5CoW12O40 catalyst exhibiting high activity even at 65 ℃ is due to the presence of strong acidic as well as basic sites. The disclosed catalyst is tolerable towards water and free fatty acids present in the oils. The influence of catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature is studied to optimize the reaction parameters.

Analysis on Maize EST Database under the Co-stress of Drought,Salt and Alkali

[Objective] The research aimed to construct maize cDNA library under the co-stress of drought,salt and alkali,and initially analyze the expression of gene which related to the cellular function.[Method] The total RNA of mixed tissue（leaf,stem and blossom bud） of maize YQ7-96 in the male and female differentiation period（12-leaf age） was extracted.By using SMART technology,cDNA library of pDNR-LIB vector was constructed.BlastX contrast and MIPS classification analysis of EST sequence were carried out by randomly picking the clone.[Result] 3 027 cDNA clones were picked out to sequence.The length of 94.45% EST was bigger than 400 bp,and 1 861 single gene clusters were obtained.The gene which maintained the normal physiological activity occupied 65.36%.The genes which involved in the intracellular transportation,signal transduction,cell defense and cycle,DNA metabolic process were respectively 9.26%,6.58%,2.63% and 3.16%.[Conclusion] Based on the successful construction of maize cDNA library under the co-stress of drought,salt and alkali,EST was sequenced,analyzed and classified.EST which related to the cellular function was screened.It laid the foundation for the following research.

Effects of neutral salt and alkali on ion distributions in the roots,shoots,and leaves of two alfalfa cultivars with differing degrees of salt tolerance

The effects of neutral salt and alkali on the ion distribution were investigated in two alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） cultivars, including Zhongmu 1, a high salt-tolerant cultivar, and Algonquin, a low salt-tolerant cultivar. The alkali stress expressed more serious growth inhibition than the neutral salt stress at the same Na＋ concentration. Compared with Algonquin, Zhongmu 1 did not exhibit a higher alkali tolerance under the Na2CO3-NaHCO3 treatment with the low Na＋ concentration （50 mmol L-l）. The alkali increased the accumulation of Na＋, Ca2＋, and Mg2＋ in the root and changed the Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ balance in the entire alfalfa plant. The salt and alkali stresses decreased the K＋ and Fe3＋ contents of the roots and leaves, the root Mn2＋ content, and the shoot Zn2＋ content, but they increased the Fe3＋ accumulation of the shoots, the shoot and leaf Cu2＋ contents, and the leaf Zn2＋ content in both alfalfa cultivars. Based on the results obtained under the conditions of this experiment, we found that the salt and alkali stresses reduced the plant growth in both alfalfa cultivars, while the alkali caused a stronger stress than the neutral salt in alfalfa. Thus, we conclude that under hydroponic conditions, the deleterious effects of the alkali on plants are due to the distribution change of some trophic ion balance in the roots, shoots, and leaves of the plants by causing of Na＋, CO3^2-, and/or HCO3- stresses.

Effects of salt and alkali stress on Reaumuria soongorica germination

Seed germination and early seedling growth are crucial stages for plant establishment. Two neutral(Na Cl and Na2SO4) and two alkali(Na HCO3 and Na2CO3) salts were selected to investigate their effects on germination and recovery responses in Reaumuria soongorica. Results show that both salt types significantly reduced germination and radicle elongation. The rate of germination and emergence of R. soongorica seeds continuously decreased as salinity increased, and the time to achieve maximum germination rate was delayed. The speed of seed germination dropped rapidly as salt concentration increased.Alkaline salts restricted the germination rate of R. soongorica seeds, and stresses resulting from alkaline salts and high concentrations of neutral salts resulted in many deformed seedlings. The length of the radicle and germ decreased with increasing salt concentration, but certain concentrations of salt and increased p H promoted germ growth. The results of regression analysis show that salt concentration was the dominant factor inhibiting R. soongorica seed germination rate. Salinity, buffering capacity, and p H all affected embryo growth, but salinity had the most pronounced effect. Seed viability under highly saline conditions appears to be a better indicator of adaptation to saline environments than seed germination under saline conditions.

The Salt Reduction and Yield Increase Effects of Smashing Ridging Transforming Saline-alkali Land and Its Development Prospects

Using smashing ridging tillage machine and smashing ridging technology invented by the authors, transformation test of saline-alkali land by smashing ridging was conducted respectively in Xinjiang and Shaanxi during 2015 -2016. The results showed, in severe saline-alkali soil of Xin-jiang ,after growing cotton by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 31.31 %, cotton production increased by 48.80%, and salinity level declined from severe to moderate; in mild saline-alkali soil of Shaanxi, after growing summer corn by smashing ridging, total salt in soil decreased by 42.37%, corn yield increased by 34.83%, salinity degree changed from mild desalination to normal farmland ; in Ningxia, Inner Mongolia 7 Gansu ,Jilin, Henan, Hebei, and so on, smashing ridging tillage practice in different types of saline-alkali land was conducted ; according to the salt reduction and yield increase effects of saline-alkali land after smashing ridging, the development prospect of smashing ridging technique in improvement and application of saline-alkali land was proposed.

Effects of salt-alkali stress on active oxygen metabolism in roots of Spiraea × bumalda 'Gold Mound' and Spiraea × bumalda 'Gold Flame'

Under artificially-simulated complex salt-alkali stress, the levels of active oxygen metabolism in roots were studied using three-year-old cutting seedlings of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound＇ and Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇. The present study aimed at exploring the antioxidant capacity in roots of spiraeas and revealing their adaptability to salt-alkali stress. Results indicate that the oxygen free radicals contents, electrolyte leakage rates and MDA contents in roots of Spiraea × bumalda ＇Gold Mound＇ and Spiraea × bumalda ＇Gold Flame＇ show an increasing tendency with the increases of the salinity and pH value, whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） all increased firstly and then decreased. With the increase in intensity of salt-alkali stress, the CAT activity in roots of Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇ is higher and the increasing extents in the oxygen free radicals contents, electrolyte leakage rates as well as MDA contents are lower compared with Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Mound＇, indicating that Spiraea × bumalda ‘Gold Flame＇ has a stronger antioxidant capacity.

Synthesis and Selective Coloration of Monoaza Crown Ethers Bearing Picrylamino-type Side Arms for Alkali Metal Salts and Methylamine

N-pivot lariat ethers with picrylamino group as a chromophore (1, 2 and 3) have been prepared by reaction of N-(4-aminoaryl)monoaza crown ethers with picryl chrolide, and the selective coloration of 1, 2 and 3 for alkali metal salts and amines has been studied by UV-Vis spectra.

Overexpression of vacuolar proton pump ATPase(V-H^+-ATPase) subunits B, C and H confers tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses in transgenic alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)

The vacuolar proton pump ATPase（V-H^＋-ATPase）, which is a multi-subunit membrane protein complex, plays a major role in the activation of ion and nutrient transport and has been suggested to be involved in several physiological processes, such as cell expansion and salt tolerance. In this study, three genes encoding V-H^＋-ATPase subunits B（Sc VHA-B, Gen Bank： JF826506）, C（Sc VHA-C, Gen Bank： JF826507） and H（Sc VHA-H, Gen Bank： JF826508） were isolated from the halophyte Suaeda corniculata. The transcript levels of Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H were increased by salt, drought and saline-alkali treatments. V-H^＋-ATPase activity was also examined under salt, drought and saline-alkali stresses. The results showed that V-H^＋-ATPase activity was correlated with salt, drought and saline-alkali stress. Furthermore, V-H^＋-ATPase subunits B, C and H（Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H） from S. corniculata were introduced separately into the alfalfa genome. The transgenic alfalfa was verified by Southern and Northern blot analysis. During salt and saline-alkali stresses, transgenic lines carrying the B, C and H subunits had higher germination rates than the wild type（WT）. More free proline, higher superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity and lower malondialdehyde（MDA） levels were detected in the transgenic plants under salt and saline-alkali treatments. Moreover, the Sc VHA-B transgenic lines showed greater tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses than the WT. These results suggest that overexpression of Sc VHA-B, Sc VHA-C and Sc VHA-H improves tolerance to salt and saline-alkali stresses in transgenic alfalfa.

盐碱胁迫对植物的影响及抗性机制研究进展

盐碱胁迫是仅次于干旱胁迫抑制植物生长发育的主要非生物胁迫之一,不仅影响植物的生长发育,而且对农业生产和生态环境造成严重威胁。研究植物的耐盐碱机制,对耐盐碱作物选育及盐碱地的开发利用具有重要的现实意义。结合近年来国内外的相关研究总结性阐述了盐碱胁迫对植物代谢的伤害(包括离子伤害、膜系统伤害、诱导渗透伤害等)机制,并从膜系统保护以及诱导基因表达方面综述了植物对盐碱胁迫的缓解机制,进而提出外源物质的导入、生物技术手段、耐盐碱品种培育是解决植物抗盐碱的主要手段。最后就植物适应盐碱胁迫方面的研究进行了展望,指出了当前研究者需要解决的问题和突破口,旨在为提高植物耐盐碱能力、增加作物产量提供一定的理论依据。

水稻耐苏打盐碱性鉴定方法的研究进展

盐碱胁迫是影响水稻正常生长发育和产量形成的主要非生物因素之一。我国是世界第三大盐碱土国家,研究水稻耐盐碱性对于保障国家粮食安全具有重要战略意义。本文综述了国内外对水稻耐盐碱性鉴定和分级评价方法,系统介绍了苏打盐碱地分布及类型、苏打盐碱胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响、水稻耐盐碱性鉴定方法等方面的研究进展,并进一步对水稻耐盐碱鉴定研究和标准规范进行了展望,以期为水稻耐盐碱性研究和耐盐碱水稻选育提供理论依据。

紫薇响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢组分析

为探究‘红叶’紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica ‘Pink Velour’)对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的代谢响应机制,对‘红叶’紫薇1年生无性扦插苗分别进行盐胁迫(NaCl,pH=7.02)和碱胁迫(NaHCO_(3)和Na_(2)CO_(3)的Na^(+)摩尔比为2:1,pH=9.52)处理,采用液相色谱质谱(LC-MS)分析叶片代谢组学变化,并比较2个处理组与对照(CK)之间的代谢差异。结果表明:与CK相比,盐处理组共筛选出156个差异代谢物,碱处理组共筛选出176个差异代谢物,2个对比组共有23个差异代谢物,其余均为特有差异代谢物。KEGG富集分析表明,次生代谢产物生物合成、氨基酸代谢、糖类代谢、脂肪酸代谢和植物激素合成是响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的主要代谢通路;甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸合成代谢、ABC转运蛋白和维生素B_(6)合成代谢是盐胁迫组的特有代谢通路;缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸生物合成代谢、叶酸合成代谢,以及戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化和抗坏血酸合成代谢是碱胁迫组的特有代谢通路。这些差异代谢物变化和代谢通路富集可能是紫薇响应盐胁迫和碱胁迫的主要机制。

盐碱胁迫下2,4-表油菜素内酯和褪黑素对百合幼苗光合生理的影响

以‘西伯利亚’百合种球为试材,采用室内盆栽试验的方法,研究了中度(150 mmol·L^(-1))盐碱胁迫下叶施2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)、褪黑素(MT)及其复合处理对百合幼苗生长、光合和叶绿素荧光参数、离子转运及抗氧化系统的影响,以期为二者缓解百合盐碱胁迫提供参考依据。结果表明:盐碱胁迫下百合株高、叶表面积以及生物量显著下降,施用EBR和/或MT可以缓解百合受到的生长抑制。150 mmol·L^(-1)盐碱胁迫下,与喷施清水对照(CK)处理相比,EBR+MT处理的SPAD值增加37.2%,百合地上部和地下部N含量分别增加83.6%和40.7%,叶绿素荧光参数中PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)分别增加14.6%、42.9%和50.0%,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)下降9.2%,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)分别增加56.3%、29.7%和42.7%,胞间二氧化碳(Ci)下降19.3%。150 mmol·L^(-1)盐碱胁迫下,百合地上部和地下部Na^(+)含量增加,而K^(+)含量下降,EBR+MT处理后百合地上部和地下部K^(+)/Na^(+)值分别增加110.9%和98.8%;同时,施用EBR和/或MT处理能够促进百合Cu/Zn-SOD、POD以及CAT基因的表达,激活抗氧化酶SOD、POD以及CAT活性。综上所述,施用EBR和/或MT处理均能够不同程度的提高百合SPAD值,减缓盐碱胁迫对PSⅡ光系统的抑制,维持植物体内Na^(+)和K^(+)的平衡,激活SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶基因表达并提高酶活性,促进百合株高和生物量的增加,其中以复合喷施EBR+MT处理下百合幼苗的抗盐碱性效果更好。

聚乙二醇对盐碱胁迫下花楸胚胎萌发及幼苗生理指标的影响

采用室内培养皿发芽法,研究外源添加聚乙二醇、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠对花楸胚胎萌发及幼苗生理指标的影响。结果表明,聚乙二醇处理花楸胚胎后使萌发率提高15%~25%,碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠处理使花楸胚胎的萌发率分别降低了88%和85%。聚乙二醇可缓解盐碱胁迫对花楸胚胎萌发的抑制,使胁迫下胚胎的萌发率提高1~2倍。聚乙二醇可提高盐碱胁迫下花楸胚胎中抗氧化酶活性,使胁迫下胚胎中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)分别提高16.45%、75%、80%。聚乙二醇使胁迫下胚胎中的丙二醛(MDA)含量降低41.44%。研究显示,聚乙二醇能够有效缓解盐碱胁迫对花楸胚胎的抑制作用,并提高花楸胚胎中的抗氧化酶活性,增强花楸的抗逆性,为建立PEG引发促进花楸胚胎萌发技术提供科学依据。

36份藜麦种质资源苗期耐盐碱性评价与筛选

为探究不同藜麦种质苗期耐盐碱性差异,本研究对36份藜麦种质苗期用150 mmol/L盐碱浓度(NaCl∶NaHCO_(3)=4∶1)进行胁迫处理,对株高、叶面积和叶片相对含水量等11个指标进行了测定,采用主成分分析等多种统计方法,筛选出适宜山西地区生长的藜麦种质。结果表明,盐碱胁迫下,藜麦种质各类指标相互之间均存在一定程度的关联;本试验中共提取5个主成分因子,方差累积贡献率为74.947%,可以代替11个指标的绝大部分信息,显示盐碱胁迫下藜麦苗期的抗盐碱特性,并且计算出耐盐碱性综合评价D值,并基于D值进行聚类分析,将36份种质资源分为四个大类,包括高耐盐碱种质5份、耐盐碱种质14份、弱耐盐种质11份、盐碱敏感种质共6份。

外源γ-氨基丁酸缓解燕麦幼苗盐碱胁迫的生理效应

为探究外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对燕麦耐盐碱性的影响,以燕麦白燕2号为试验材料,在混合盐碱(NaCl∶Na_(2)SO_(4)∶NaHCO_(3)∶Na_(2)CO_(3)摩尔比为1∶9∶9∶1)胁迫下叶面喷施不同浓度GABA,测定燕麦幼苗叶绿素含量、荧光参数、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化,同时对幼苗生长缓解效应进行综合评价。结果表明,外源喷施4~6 mmol·L^(-1) GABA可显著提高盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的叶绿素含量和光系统Ⅱ反应活性,促进光合作用;在盐碱胁迫下,与喷施清水相比,燕麦幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度GABA后,脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖(SS)含量分别下降了14.7%~29.7%、28.2%~54.4%和1.8%~11.8%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别提高了17.9%~58.3%、4.4%~33.4%和8.3%~19.1%。经隶属函数法综合评价得出,叶面喷施GABA提高燕麦幼苗耐盐碱性的最佳浓度为6 mmol·L^(-1)。以上结果说明,叶面喷施适宜浓度的GABA能够提高燕麦幼苗光合能力和抗氧化酶活性,降低渗透调节物质含量,提高燕麦幼苗的抗盐碱能力,有效缓解盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长带来的伤害。

盐碱地肥沃耕层构建水肥盐综合调控机理与技术研究进展

盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源,我国历来高度重视盐碱地的改良和利用工作,但目前盐碱区淡水资源短缺严重制约了盐碱地的改良利用。如何在水资源约束下,优化调控土壤水肥盐动态是当前盐碱地可持续利用中亟待解决的关键科学问题。近年来,大量研究利用有机培肥、耕作、节水灌溉、田间覆盖、咸水利用等农艺措施,在盐碱地建立“控盐、保肥、保水”的肥沃耕作层,显著改变了水肥盐在土壤-植物-大气连续体中的运移过程,实现了盐碱地质量和产能快速提升,上述内容也日益成为盐碱地改良利用中的重要研究方向。本文系统总结了盐碱地改良和肥沃耕层构建等方面的研究进展,并针对盐碱地肥沃耕层构建下土壤水肥盐综合调控及其与植物生长的协同关系等进行了展望,以期为盐碱地可持续改良利用提供参考。

盐碱胁迫对牛至种子萌发和幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以牛至(Origanum vulgare L.)种子为试验材料,研究盐(25,50,75,100,125 mmol·L^(-1)):碱(25,50,75,100,125 mmol·L^(-1))胁迫对牛至种子萌发特性和幼苗生长的影响,为牛至种子育苗和栽培提供依据。结果表明:随着盐碱胁迫浓度升高,牛至种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数逐渐降低;牛至幼苗中丙二醛含量升高,脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量升高,可溶性糖的含量先升高后降低;超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismulase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性均为先升高后降低,SOD,CAT活性盐碱浓度均在75 mmol·L^(-1)时达到最大。碱胁迫对牛至种子及幼苗的相对盐害程度大于盐胁迫,在25 mmol·L^(-1)浓度下,碱胁迫对牛至种子的相对盐害率是盐胁迫的2.8倍。综上,盐碱胁迫显著影响牛至种子萌发和幼苗生长,牛至种子萌发和幼苗生长对碱胁迫更为敏感,建议牛至种子盐碱育苗时应选择盐碱度较低的土地(盐浓度<50 mmol·L^(-1)_、碱浓度<25 mmol·L^(-1))。

活化铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施对水稻幼苗生长及盐碱土性质的影响

为探究活化的高硅型铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施材料对水稻幼苗生长及盐碱土壤理化性质的影响以及改善盐碱地水稻生产力的可行性,本研究应用电子扫描显微镜对生物炭材料进行形貌结构观察,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对生物炭材料进行官能团表征;开展盆栽实验,探究活化铁尾砂与生物炭材料配施对水稻幼苗的形态学和生理学的影响及对盐碱土的改善效果。结果表明,相比于其他生物炭材料,活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料孔隙较大,表面更加粗糙,对于养分的吸附能力强,表面的官能团丰富。盆栽实验中活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭配施组中水稻幼苗株高、根长、根冠比和干质量分别较对照组提高12.61%、191.49%、42.93%和100.00%;叶片的丙二醛和活性氧含量分别降低65.76%和46.46%;过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白值分别升高117.35%、44.75%、55.00%和19.31%。施用活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料后,盐碱土的电导率降低,p H、总碳、总氮、土壤有效硅、总磷和总钾含量升高。研究证明活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料性能优越,并且活化铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施改善了盐碱土壤理化性质和养分含量,使水稻幼苗活性氧含量降低及抗氧化酶活性提升,减缓盐碱土对水稻幼苗生长的胁迫,促进盐碱土壤中水稻幼苗生理过程,增加干物质积累,可以促进盐碱地水稻幼苗生长。

155份蚕豆种质资源全生育期耐盐碱性鉴定与综合评价

土壤盐渍化是影响蚕豆生长的重要非生物胁迫之一。蚕豆耐盐碱性种质鉴定为挖掘耐盐碱基因和耐盐碱品种选育奠定基础,对利用盐碱地具有重要意义。本研究对155份国内外蚕豆种质全生育期利用基质+混合盐碱(9 g L^(-1) NaCl+Na_(2)CO_(3)+Na_(2)SO_(4),pH 10.5)进行胁迫处理。测定了成苗率、盐害指数、株高、鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量和氮含量7个指标,采用相关性、主成分、隶属函数和系统聚类分析,对各种质的耐盐碱性进行了综合评价和归类,并采用逐步回归分析建立了耐盐碱性预测回归方程。结果表明,(1)筛选出耐盐碱(20≤盐害指数<40)蚕豆种质3份,占1.94%;中耐盐碱(40≤盐害指数<60)种质8份,占5.16%;未发现高耐盐碱(盐害指数<20)蚕豆种质。(2)盐害指数与株高、鲜重、干重、叶绿素含量和氮含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。(3)鲜重、株高、盐害指数、叶绿素含量和成苗率5个指标可以作为蚕豆全生育期耐盐碱鉴定评价指标。(4)155份蚕豆种质可分为2大类群,其中耐盐碱种质类群具有较高的成苗率、生物量、含氮量和叶绿素含量。研究结果可为蚕豆耐盐碱机理研究、耐盐碱基因挖掘和耐盐碱品种的选育提供可靠的材料。

斑马鱼幼鱼常山碱盐静脉注射给药和水溶液暴露给药毒性比较

目的对比分析常山碱盐(DAS)iv给药和水溶液暴露给药毒性的区别。方法①将受精后2 d(2 dpf)发育良好的斑马鱼幼鱼随机分为正常对照组(无任何处理)、溶剂对照组(生理盐水,iv)和DAS组(0.125,0.25,0.50,1.00和2.00 mg·kg^(-1),iv),给药后连续观察3 d,以斑马鱼心率为0确定死亡,计算死亡率、最大非致死剂量(MNLD)和10%致死剂量(LD_(10))。给药后4 h,体视显微镜观察0.50和2.00 mg·kg^(-1)组斑马鱼静脉窦淤血、心包水肿及心率和血流变慢情况,并计算其发生率。斑马鱼iv给予DAS 0.041,0.136,0.412和0.452 mg·kg^(-1),给药后连续3 d体视显微镜观察并计算斑马鱼幼鱼发育畸形表型,包括心包水肿、心率异常、血流变慢、循环缺失、眼睛异常、脑部畸形、下颌异常、肝缺失/变性、卵黄囊吸收延迟、肠腔异常、身体着色异常、身体水肿、躯干/尾/脊索弯曲和肌肉变性等发生率。②斑马鱼幼鱼随机分为正常对照组和DAS水溶液暴露(2.5,5.0,10.0,25.0,50.0,75.0和100.0 mg·L^(-1))组,连续暴露并观察3 d,计算死亡率、LD10和MNLD。斑马鱼暴露于DAS 0.32,1.06,3.20和11.00 mg·L^(-1)水溶液,连续暴露3 d,体视显微镜观察斑马鱼幼鱼发育畸形表型,并计算其发生率。结果①斑马鱼幼鱼iv给予DAS的MNLD和LD10分别为0.412和0.452 mg·kg^(-1)。与溶剂对照组相比,iv给予DAS 4 h后0.50和2.00 mg·kg^(-1)组斑马鱼静脉窦淤血、心率减慢和心包水肿发生率均显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),2.00 mg·kg^(-1)组血流变慢发生率亦显著增加(P<0.01);DAS 0.041,0.136,0.412和0.452 mg·kg^(-1)组斑马鱼卵黄囊吸收延迟率显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),0.452 mg·kg^(-1)组斑马鱼死亡率显著增加(P<0.05),且死亡斑马鱼具有心包水肿现象。②斑马鱼DAS水溶液暴露的MNLD和LD10分别为3.20和11.00 mg·L^(-1)。与正常对照组相比,3.20和11.00 mg·L^(-1)组斑马鱼心率减慢和血流变慢发生率均明显增加(P<0.01),1.06,3.20和11.00 mg·L^(-1)组斑马鱼肠道明显变黑且发生率显著增加(P<0.01),0.32,1.06,3.20和11.00 mg·L^(-1)组斑马鱼卵黄囊吸收延迟发生率显著增加(P<0.05,P<0.01),11.00 mg·L^(-1)组斑马鱼还出现躯干弯曲和下颌畸形且发生率显著增加(P<0.01)。结论斑马鱼幼鱼DAS iv给药和水溶液暴露给药的毒性表型不同。DAS水溶液暴露不仅导致幼鱼心率、血流变慢及卵黄囊吸收延迟和肠道变黑现象,同时还可诱导神经发育毒性;但iv给药则可有效避免明显的胃肠道损伤和神经发育毒性。