Desilication from titanium–vanadium slag by alkaline leaching

A hydrometallurgical process for the selective removal of silicon from titanium-vanadium slag by alkaline leaching was investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive spectroscopy were used to characterize the samples. The results show that anosovite, pyroxene and metallic iron are the major components of the titanium-vanadium slag. Anosovite is presented in granular and plate shapes, and pyroxene is distributed in the anosovite crystals. Metallic iron is spheroidal and wrapped in anosovite. Silicon is mainly in the pyroxene, and titanium and vanadium are mainly in the anosovite. The effects of agitation speed, leaching temperature, leaching time, sodium hydroxide concentration and liquid-solid （L/S） mass ratio on the leaching behavior of silica from titanium-vanadium slag were investigated. The leaching temperature and L/S mass ratio played considerable role in the desilication process. Under the optimal conditions, 88.2% silicon, 66.3% aluminum, 27.3% manganese, and only 1.2% vanadium were leached out. The desilication kinetics of the titanium-vanadium slag was described by the chemical control model. The apparent activation enerffv of the desilication orocess was found to be 46.3 kJ/mol.

Separation of silicon and iron in copper slag by carbothermic reduction-alkaline leaching process

Approximately 2.0-3.0 t of copper slag(CS) containing 35%-45% iron is generated for every ton of copper produced during the pyrometallurgical process from copper concentrate. Therefore, the recovery of iron from CS utilizes a valuable metal and alleviates the environmental stress caused by stockpile. In this paper, a new method has been developed to realize the enrichment of iron in CS through the selective removal of silica. The thermodynamic analyses and experimental results show that the iron in CS can be fully reduced into metallic iron by carbothermic reduction at 1473 K for 60 min. The silica was converted into free quartz solid solution(QSS) and cristobalite solid solution(CSS). QSS and CSS are readily soluble, whereas metallic iron is insoluble, in NaOH solution. Under optimal leaching conditions, a residue containing 87.32% iron is obtained by decreasing the silica content to 6.02% in the reduction roasted product. The zinc content in the residue is less than 0.05%. This study lays the foundation for the development of a new method to comprehensively extract silicon and iron in CS while avoiding the generation of secondary tailing.

Effect of Steel Slag and Granulated Blast-furnace Slag on the Mechanical Strength and Pore Structure of Cement Composites

Reuse of solid industrial wastes is an effective approach to develop low-carbon construction materials. This paper examines how two materials, steel slag（ST） and granulated blast-furnace slag（SL） impact the mechanical performance and pore structure of cement-based systems. Analysis was done on the variations of the porosity, pore size, and pore volume distribution with the curing age and replacement content, and the fractal dimensions of pore surfaces. The results suggested that systems with both supplementary materials had lower early strengths than pure cement, but could generally surpass pure cement paste after 90 d; higher SL content was particularly helpful for boosting the late strengths. The addition of ST increased the porosities and mean pore sizes at each age, and both increased with ST content; SL was helpful for decreasing the system＇s late porosity（especially harmless pores below 20 nm）; The lowest porosity and mean pore size were obtained with 20% SL. Both systems had notably fractal characteristics on pore surfaces, with ST systems showing the highest dimensions at 10% ST, and SL systems at 20% SL. Compressive strength displayed a significant linear increase with fractal dimension.

Alkaline extraction characteristics of steelmaking slag batch in NH_4Cl solution under environmental pressure

In order to obtain better carbonation effect, extraction behavior of slag batch is necessary to study. Relevant parameters like selective extraction yield were originally discussed. The relationship between selective extraction yield and conversion ratio was systemically focused on. The results show that alkaline earth metal conversion ratio is changed with leaching time and NH4CI concentration by first order exponential, and the maximum conversion for calcium keeps about 68% at 120 min in 0.4 mol/L NH4C1 solution, while leaching temperature and particle size have a linear effect on conversion ratio. Selective extraction yield of calcium is more than 93%, and the value of Mg is less than 5%. Apparent layer bands of silicon and calcium appear in the surface area through morphology detection of slag after leaching, and the case for 38-75 μm slag batch is more obvious than 75 150 μm slag and slag with larger particle size when leaching in 0.4 mol/L NH4Cl solution for 90 rain at 60 ℃.

Influence of Carbonation on Fatigue of Concrete with High Volume of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag

The effect of carbonation on fatigue performance of ground granulated blast-furnace slag concrete was investigated. Based on the static compression tests of carbonated GGBS-concrete, the correlation between carbonation depth and compressive strength was analyzed and an equation between carbonation depth and compressive strength was put forward. Meanwhile, fatigue S-N curves of various carbonation depths were fitted, and the infl uence of carbonation on fatigue life and strength was studied. Carbonation has a dual effect on the fatigue behavior of GGBS-concrete. A fatigue equation based on the depth of carbonation was established. Also, the probabilistic distribution of fatigue life of carbonated concrete at a given stress level was modeled by the two-parameter Weibull distribution.

Volume and Surface Nucleation of Crystals in Glass Based on Blast-Furnace Slag

Using differential thermal analysis, X-ray phase analysis, electron microscopy, and optical microscopy, the nucleation of crystals in glass obtained by blending metallurgical slag with silicon dioxide has been studied. The type of crystallization (homogeneous or heterogeneous, volume or surface) is revealed for each of nine compositions of synthesized glass. It is shown that the first crystalline phase in a volume crystallizing glass is perovskite (CaO·TiO2);in this phase a nucleation of the main phase occurs: melilite (solid solution of gehlenite 2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2 in akermanite 2CaO·MgO·2SiO2). The fundamental characteristics of homogeneous (for a catalizing phase, perovskite) and heterogeneous (for a catalyzed phase, melilite) of crystallization are determined: the steady state nucleation rate Ist, time of unsteady state nucleation τ, crystal growth rate U, and activation energy of frictional flow. The temperature dependences of Ist, τ, and U are obtained. The kinetics of the crystallization of glass is studied and the rates of the surface crystal growth are determined in the glass of nine compositions. The influence of grinding the particles of the original glass on the sequence of deposition of the crystalline phases was studied. Practical recommendations are presented for the use of blast-furnace slag as a raw material for the synthesis of glass and their further utilization.

Separation of alumina and silica from metakaolinite by reduction roasting-alkaline leaching process: Effect of CaSO_(4) and CaO

Limestone(CaCO3),which could promote sulfur fixation,was added to coal gangue during roasting in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB)boiler.CaO and CaSO_(4) were the main Ca-bearing minerals while metakaolinite was the major Al-bearing mineral in CFB slag.The effect of CaSO_(4) and CaO on the separation of alumina and silica from metakaolinite by reduction roasting−alkaline leaching process was studied.Results showed that metakaolinite was completely converted into hercynite and silica solid solutions(i.e.,quartz and cristobalite solid solutions)by reduction roasting with hematite.More than 95%of silica in the reduced specimen was removed by alkaline leaching.The addition of CaSO_(4) and CaO remarkably decreased the separation efficiency of alumina and silica in metakaolinite,which could be attributed to the formation of Si-bearing minerals:(1)Fayalite and anorthite were formed during the reduction roasting process;(2)Fayalite was stable while anorthite was converted into sodalite and wollastonite during the alkaline leaching process.This study demonstrates that sulfur in coal gangue should be fixed by treating the exhaust gas instead of controlling the combustion process of CFB to achieve the comprehensive recovery of silica and alumina from the CFB slag.

Synthesis of Calcium Silicate Hydrate based on Steel Slag with Various Alkalinities

This study aimed to improve the hydraulic potential properties of the slag. Therefore, a method of dynamic hydrothermal synthesis was applied to synthesize calcium silicate hydrate. The phases and nanostructures were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET nitrogen adsorption. The infl uence of alkalinity of steel slag on its structures and properties was discussed. The experimental results show that, the main product is amorphous calcium silicate hydrate gel with fl occulent or fi brous pattern with a BET specifi c surface area up to 77 m2/g and pore volume of 0.34 mL/g. Compared with low alkalinity steel slag, calcium silicate hydrate synthesized from higher alkalinity steel slag is prone to transform to tobermorite structure.

Dredged marine soil stabilization using magnesia cement augmented with biochar/slag

Dredged marine soils(DMS)have poor engineering properties,which limit their usage in construction projects.This research examines the application of reactive magnesia(rMgO)containing supplementary cementitious materials(SCMs)to stabilize DMS under ambient and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))curing conditions.Several proprietary experimental tests were conducted to investigate the stabilized DMS.Furthermore,the carbonation-induced mineralogical,thermal,and microstructural properties change of the samples were explored.The findings show that the compressive strength of the stabilized DMS fulfilled the 7-d requirement(0.7-2.1 MPa)for pavement and building foundations.Replacing rMgO with SCMs such as biochar or ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS)altered the engineering properties and particle packing of the stabilized soils,thus influencing their performances.Biochar increased the porosity of the samples,facilitating higher CO_(2) uptake and improved ductility,while GGBS decreased porosity and increased the dry density of the samples,resulting in higher strength.The addition of SCMs also enhanced the water retention capacity and modified the pH of the samples.Microstructural analysis revealed that the hydrated magnesium carbonates precipitated in the carbonated samples provided better cementation effects than brucite formed during rMgO hydration.Moreover,incorporating SCMs reduced the overall global warming potential and energy demand of the rMgO-based systems.The biochar mixes demonstrated lower toxicity and energy consumption.Ultimately,the rMgO and biochar blend can serve as an environmentally friendly additive for soft soil stabilization and permanent fixation of significant amounts of CO_(2) in soils through mineral carbonation,potentially reducing environmental pollution while meeting urbanization needs.

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part Two: Durability

This work investigates durability of cement-free mortars with a binder comprised of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) activated by high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): the soundness, sulfate resistance, alkali-silica reactivity and efflorescence factors are considered. Results of tests show that such mortars are resistant to alkali-silica expansion. Mortars are also sulfate-resistant when the amount of HCFA in the complex binder is within a limit of 10 wt%. The fineness of fly ash determines its’ ability to activate GGBFS hydration, and influence soundness of the binder, early strength development, sulfate resistance and efflorescence behavior. The present article is a continuation of authors’ work, previously published in MSA, Vol. 14, 240-254.

Extraction of arsenic from arsenic-containing cobalt and nickel slag and preparation of arsenic-bearing compounds

The arsenic extraction from the arsenic-containing cobalt and nickel slag,which came from the purification process of zinc sulfate solution in a zinc smelting factory,was investigated.The alkaline leaching method was proposed according to the mode of occurrence of arsenic in the slag and its amphoteric characteristic.The leaching experiments were conducted in the alkaline aqueous medium,with bubbling of oxygen into the solution,and the optimal conditions for leaching arsenic were determined.The results showed that the extraction rate of arsenic was maximized at 99.10%under the optimal conditions of temperature 140 ℃,NaOH concentration 150 g/L,oxygen partial pressure 0.5 MPa,and a liquid-to-solid ratio 5：1.Based on the solubilities of As2O5,ZnO and PbO in NaOH solution at 25 ℃,a method for the separation of As in the form of sodium arsenate salt from the arsenic-rich leachate via cooling crystallization was established,and the reaction medium could be fully recycled.The crystallization rate was confirmed to reach 88.9%（calculated on the basis of Na3AsO4） upon a direct cooling of the hot leachate down to room temperature.On the basis of redox potentials,the sodium arsenate solution could be further reduced by sulfur dioxide（SO2） gas to arsenite,at a reduction yield of 92%under the suitable conditions.Arsenic trioxide with regular octahedron shape could be prepared successfully from the reduced solution,and further recycled to the purification process to purify the zinc sulfate solution.Also,sodium arsenite solution obtained after the reduction of arsenate could be directly used to purify the zinc sulfate solution.Therefore,the technical scheme of alkaline leaching with pressured oxygen,cooling crystallization,arsenate reduction by SO2 gas,and arsenic trioxide preparation,provides an attractive approach to realize the resource utilization of arsenic-containing cobalt and nickel slag.

直接还原铁尺寸对电弧炉冶炼的影响

以张宣科技Consteel电弧炉冶炼的40Cr钢为研究对象,通过开展电弧炉配加30 t不同尺寸直接还原铁(DRI)试验,研究了Consteel电弧炉配加不同尺寸DRI对电弧炉冶炼过程、钢铁料消耗、电耗和电弧炉终渣成分的影响。结果表明,电弧炉冶炼40Cr钢过程配加小尺寸DRI易导致冶炼过程溢渣量增大,且溢渣中FeO含量较高,钢铁料消耗和电耗升高,终渣碱度降低,终渣FeO含量升高。同时,电弧炉配加小尺寸DRI时排出的炉渣易在渣罐底形成“铁铊”。电弧炉冶炼40Cr钢配加DRI尺寸≤6.3 mm占比低于8.5%时冶炼效果较好。可对DRI进行筛分后使用,筛掉尺寸较小的DRI,同时,避免空料仓上料,尽量在半仓或高于半仓上料,避免落差较大DRI破碎使小尺寸占比升高。

Tests on Alkali-Activated Slag Foamed Concrete with Various Water-Binder Ratios and Substitution Levels of Fly Ash

To provide basic data for the reasonable mixing design of the alkali-activated (AA) foamed concrete as a thermal insulation material for a floor heating system, 9 concrete mixes with a targeted dry density less than 400 kg/m3 were tested. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a source material was activated by the following two types of alkali activators: 10% Ca(OH)2 and 4% Mg(NO3)2, and 2.5% Ca(OH)2 and 6.5% Na2SiO3. The main test parameters were water-to-binder (W/B) ratio and the substitution level (RFA) of fly ash (FA) for GGBS. Test results revealed that the dry density of AA GGBS foamed concrete was independent of the W/B ratio an RFA, whereas the compressive strength increased with the decrease in W/B ratio and with the increase in RFA up to 15%, beyond which it decreased. With the increase in the W/B ratio, the amount of macro capillaries and artificial air pores increased, which resulted in the decrease of compressive strength. The magnitude of the environmental loads of the AA GGBS foamed concrete is independent of the W/B ratio and RFA. The largest reduction percentage was found in the photochemical oxidation potential, being more than 99%. The reduction percentage was 87% - 93% for the global warming potential, 81% - 84% for abiotic depletion, 79% - 84% for acidification potential, 77% - 85% for eutrophication potential, and 73% - 83% for human toxicity potential. Ultimately, this study proved that the developed AA GGBS foamed concrete has a considerable promise as a sustainable construction material for nonstructural element.

激发剂对钢渣水泥的活化及作用机理

为考察不同碱性激发剂对钢渣水泥性能的影响,开展碱性激发剂(水玻璃、Na 2CO 3/NaOH、NaOH)对钢渣水泥宏观力学性能影响的试验研究,并采用水化热测试、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(DSC-TG)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和压汞试验(MIP)对其微观结构进行研究。结果表明:碱性激发剂提高钢渣水泥早期水化时孔隙液的碱度,加速钢渣玻璃体解聚并生成H_(3)SiO_(4)^(-)和H_(3)AlO_(4)^(2-),增大体系反应速率,加速C-S-H凝胶和沸石类产物的形成,从而宏观上表现为凝结时间降低,诱导期缩短,反应热峰值和累计放热量增加,早期强度提高;激发剂对钢渣水泥性能的影响与其分子结构有关,影响顺序由大到小依次为水玻璃、Na_(2)CO_(3)/NaOH和NaOH;水玻璃不仅可增大钢渣水泥早期水化时液相的碱度,同时激发剂中的SiO_(3)^(2-)可与Ca(OH)_(2)反应,生成水化产物C-S-H凝胶。掺入碱性激发剂可促进钢渣水泥水化反应的进行,有助于钢渣水泥力学性能与微观结构致密性的提升。

循环流化床高碱煤气化技术研发及应用进展

系统回顾了循环流化床高碱煤气化技术的研发及应用历程,重点概况了在高碱煤基础理化特性、气化反应特性及碱金属的迁移特性、防结渣技术研究及循环流化床高碱煤气化工程应用四个方面的进展与成果。梳理了高碱煤的煤质特征、碱金属的赋存形态和含量、前处理方法对碱金属含量测定的影响,以及高碱煤的燃烧和成灰特性。总结了煤种、反应进程、气化温度、氧碳摩尔比、反应气氛等对高碱煤气化性能指标和气化灰结渣特性的影响。阐述了配煤、添加剂及更换床料等方法对预防高碱煤气化结渣的作用和反应机理,采用刚玉做床料实现了循环流化床高碱煤气化中试装置稳定运行。评述了循环流化床高碱煤气化技术的自主创新以及在工业燃气、合成气领域的成功应用。最后,从建立高碱煤气化用煤数据库、开发纯用高碱煤的气化技术、开发高效脱碱及原位耦合利用革新技术、探索高碱煤与其他物料协同利用技术并制备高性能材料四个方面展望了未来高碱煤气化技术的发展方向。

Dry Mix Slag—High-Calcium Fly Ash Binder. Part One: Hydration and Mechanical Properties

High-calcium fly ash (HCFA)—a residue of high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plants, in combination with sodium carbonate presents an effective hardening activator of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). Substitution of 10% - 30% of GGBFS by HCFA and premixing of 1% - 3% Na2CO3 to this dry binary binder was discovered to give mortar compression strength of 10 - 30 to 30 - 45 MPa at 7 and 28 days when moist cured at ambient temperature. High-calcium fly ash produced from low-temperature combustion of fuel, like in circulating fluidized bed technology, reacts with water readily and is itself a good hardening activator for GGBFS, so introduction of Na2CO3 into such mix has no noticeable effect on the mortar strength. However, low-temperature HCFA has higher water demand, and the strength of mortar is compromised by this factor. As of today, our research is still ongoing, and we expect to publish more data on different aspects of durability of proposed GGBFS-HCFA binder later.

激发材料对碱性钢渣替代水泥早期强度规律研究

以碱性钢渣为研究对象,在机械粉磨基础上,采用化学激发方式探究碱性钢渣替代水泥早期强度变化规律;研究不同种类、掺量化学激发剂对钢渣活性的作用,利用XRD、SEM对钢渣替代水泥的水化产物进行分析。结果表明:机械粉磨能够有效改善钢渣粒径中的粗颗粒和细颗粒含量,优化颗粒级配,最佳粉磨时间为20 min;化学激发能够在机械粉磨上进一步提高钢渣胶凝活性,当早强剂掺量为2.0%、芒硝掺量为3.0%、氢氧化钠掺量为1.0%、钢渣掺量为25%时效果最佳;钢渣替代水泥主要水化产物是方解石(CaCO_(3))、氢氧钙石(Ca(OH)_(2))、硅酸二钙(Ca_(2)SiO_(4))和C-S-H凝胶,微观组织呈现纤维网状结构,为力学性能的提高奠定了基础。

碱硅酸反应-冻融循环下掺锂渣混凝土力学性能试验分析

研究了掺锂渣混凝土在碱硅酸反应(ASR)和冻融循环(FTC)耦合作用下的抗折和抗压强度。研究结果表明,碱硅酸反应和冻融循环均会降低混凝土的抗压抗折强度,掺入一定量锂渣的混凝土后进行碱硅酸反应会使混凝土的抗折强度略微提高。混凝土抗压强度随冻融循环次数的增多而降低,且两种反应互相耦合。前期碱硅酸反应会加剧后期冻融破坏的影响,先进行冻融破坏同样会加剧后期碱硅酸反应造成的影响。混凝土的力学性能随锂渣掺量的增加,呈现先变优后变劣的趋势,锂渣掺量为20%时对混凝土力学性能的提升最为显著。

激发剂模数对高延性碱矿渣复合材料拉压性能的影响

为探究高延性碱矿渣复合材料在不同激发剂模数下拉压性能的变化,对模数为0.5~1.6的高延性碱矿渣复合材料进行了单轴抗压和拉伸试验,同时利用烧失量法测定其水化程度,并通过三点抗弯和单裂缝拉伸等细观试验进行高延性机理分析。结果表明:随着激发剂模数增加,高延性碱矿渣复合材料的抗压与拉伸强度均呈现下降趋势;而拉伸应变则呈现先增后减,于0.8~1.1范围达到最佳;与强度变化趋势一致,化学结合水量随模数增加而逐渐减小;基体断裂韧度和基体断裂能同强度变化趋势相符,纤维最大桥接应力和纤维桥接余能同应变变化规律相似,应变硬化性能指标能够合理反映拉伸应变的大小。

碱/碱土金属对准东煤灰熔渣微观结构特性的影响

采用分子动力学模拟方法对碱金属Na和碱土金属Mg对准东煤灰熔渣微观体系结构的影响开展了研究工作.结果表明,碱金属及碱土金属含量变化对体系中Al—O和Si—O键结合能影响不大,而当碱土金属含量增加,体系内桥氧含量降低,当碱土金属由22%增加至53%,桥氧含量减少了36.37%,体系网络结构的聚合程度随之降低.熔渣微观体系中存在三配位氧,且数量随碱金属和碱土金属含量的增大而减少;准东煤熔渣体系中Al、Si原子的扩散能力总体上随碱金属含量增加而降低,随碱土金属含量增加而提高.