Small molecule deoxynyboquinone triggers alkylation and ubiquitination of Keap1 at Cys489 on Kelch domain for Nrf2 activation and inflammatory therapy

Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)alkylation plays a central role in anti-inflammatory therapy.However,activators of Nrf2 through alkylation of Keap1-Kelch domain have not been identified.Deoxynyboquinone(DNQ)is a natural small molecule discovered from marine actinomycetes.The current study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanisms of DNQ via alkylation of Keap1.DNQ exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo.The pharmacophore responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of DNQ was determined to be theα,β-unsaturated amides moieties by a chemical reaction between DNQ and N-acetylcysteine.DNQ exerted anti-inflammatory effects through activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway.Keap1 was demonstrated to be the direct target of DNQ and bound with DNQ through conjugate addition reaction involving alkylation.The specific alkylation site of DNQ on Keap1 for Nrf2 activation was elucidated with a synthesized probe in conjunction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.DNQ triggered the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Keap1 by alkylation of the cysteine residue 489(Cys489)on Keap1-Kelch domain,ultimately enabling the activation of Nrf2.Our findings revealed that DNQ exhibited potent anti-inflammatory capacity throughα,β-unsaturated amides moieties active group which specifically activated Nrf2 signal pathway via alkylation/ubiquitination of Keap1-Kelch domain,suggesting the potential values of targeting Cys489 on Keap1-Kelch domain by DNQ-like small molecules in inflammatory therapies.

Production of linear alkylbenzene over Ce containing Beta zeolites

Ce-encapsulated Beta zeolite was synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method with citric acid complexing Ce in the absence of Na species.Additional citric acid can effectively prevent the deposition of Ce species during the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites,leading to uniform distribution of Ce cluster in the framework of Beta zeolites.Moreover,the sodium-free synthesis system resulted that the Brønsted acid sites were mainly located on the straight channels and external surface of Beta zeolites,improving the utilization of Brønsted acid sites.In addition,Ce encapsulated Beta zeolites showed enhanced activity and robust stability in the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene based on the synergistic effect between Ce species and Brønsted acid sites,which pave the way for its practical application in the production of alkylbenzene.

Synthesis of spherical nano-ZSM-5 zeolite with intergranular mesoporous for alkylation of ethylbenzene with ethanol to produce m-diethylbenzene

Catalytic synthesis of m-diethylbenzene(m-DEB)through alkylation of ethylbenzene(EB)may be a promising alternative route in comparison with traditional rectification of mixed DEB,for which the top priority is to develop efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts.Here,the spherical nano-ZSM-5 zeolite with abundant intergranular mesoporous is synthesized by the seed-mediated growth method for alkylation of EB with ethanol to produce m-DEB.The results show that the spherical nano-ZSM-5 zeolite exhibits better stability and higher alkylation activity at a lower temperature than those of commercial micropore ZSM-5.And then,the spherical nano-ZSM-5 is further modified by La_(2)O_(3) through acid treatment followed by immersion method.The acid treatment causes nano-ZSM-5 to exhibit the increased pore size but decreased the acid sites,and subsequent La_(2)O_(3) loading reintroduces the weak acid sites.As a result,the HNO_(3)-La_(2)O_(3)-modified catalyst exhibits a slight increase in EB conversion and DEB yield in comparison with unmodified one,and meanwhile,it still maintains high m-DEB selectivity.The catalyst after acid treatment achieves higher catalytic stability besides maintaining the high alkylation activity of EB with ethanol.The present study on the spherical nano-HZSM-5 zeolite and its modification catalyst with excellent alkylation ability provides new insights into the production of mDEB.

Tandem hydroalkylation and deoxygenation of lignin-derived phenolics to synthesize high-density fuels

Lignin is the most abundant naturally phenolic biomass,and the synthesis of high-performance renewable fuel from lignin has attracted significant attention.We propose the efficient synthesis of high-density fuels using simulated lignin cracked oil in tandem with hydroalkylation and deoxygenation reactions.First,we investigated the reaction pathway for the hydroalkylation of phenol,which competes with the hydrodeoxygenation form cyclohexane.And then,we investigated the effects of metal catalyst types,the loading amount of metallic,acid dosage,and reactant ratio on the reaction results.The phenol hydroalkylation and hydrodeoxygenation were balanced when 180℃ and 5 MPa H_(2)with the alkanes yield of 95%.By extending the substrate to other lignin-derived phenolics and simulated lignin cracked oil,we obtained the polycyclic alkane fuel with high density of 0.918 g·ml^(-1)and calorific value of41.2 MJ·L^(-1).Besides,the fuel has good low-temperature properties(viscosity of 9.3 mm^(2)·s^(-1)at 20℃ and freezing point below-55℃),which is expected to be used as jet fuel.This work provides a promising way for the easy and green production of high-density fuel directly from real lignin oil.

Alkylene-functionality in bridged and fused nitrogen-rich poly-cyclic energetic materials:Synthesis,structural diversity and energetic properties

From the standpoint of chemical structures,the organic backbones of energetic materials can be classified into aromatic rings,nonaromatic rings,and open chains.Although the category of aromatic energetic compounds exhibits several advantages in the regulation of energetic properties,the nonaromatic heterocycles,assembling nitramino explosophores with simple alkyl bridges,still have prevailed in benchmark materials.The methylene bridge plays a pivotal role in the constructions of the classic nonaromatic heterocycle-based energetic compounds,e.g.,hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX)and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine(HMX),whereas ethylene bridge is the core moiety of state-of-the-art explosive 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20).In this context,it is of great interest to employ simple and practical bridges to assemble aromatic and nonaromatic nitrogen-rich heterocycles,thereby expanding the structural diversity of energetic materials,e.g.,bridged and fused nitrogen-rich poly-heterocycles.Furthermore,alkyl-bridged poly-heterocycles highlight the potential for the open chain type of energetic materials.In this review,the development of alkyl bridges in linking nitrogen-rich heterocycles is presented,and the perspective of the newly constructed energetic backbones is summarized for the future design of advanced energetic materials.

Pilot Test of Preparing 2-Alkylanthraquinone Using Alkylation-Oxidation Technology

To expedite the development of industrial technology for producing 2-alkylanthraquinone,a novel pilot test of alkylation-oxidation technology was conducted.The process mainly included anthracene alkylation,separation of anthracene and 2-alkylanthracene,oxidation of 2-alkylanthracene,and product purification.Optimal alkylation conditions yielded a 91.1%conversion of anthracene and a 71.73%selectivity for 2-alkylanthracene.To address the separation problem of anthracene and 2-alkylanthracene,solvent-assisted distillation technology was developed,resulting in a 98.9%purity of 2-alkylanthracene and a 91.82%separation yield.When the molar ratio of H2O_(2) to 2-alkylanthracene was 7:1,a 98.96%conversion of 2-alkylanthracene and a 99.94%selectivity for 2-alkylanthraquinone were achieved.A novel composition of 2-alkylanthraquinone,including 2-tert-butylanthraquinone,2-tert-amylanthraquinone,and 2-hexylanthraquinone,was developed.This composition could be effectively separated and purified through a combination of crystallization and washing processes.The elemental composition of the product met the existing standards,and its hydrogenation performance closely matched that of commercially available 2-tert-amylanthraquinone products.

Regulating^(*)COOH intermediate via amino alkylation engineering for exceptionally effective photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction

Photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2) into fuel represents a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality,while realizing high selectivity in this process is challenging due to uncontrollable reaction intermediate and retarded desorption of target products.Engineering the interface microenvironment of catalysts has been proposed as a strategy to exert a significant influence on reaction outcomes,yet it remains a significant challenge.In this study,amino alkylation was successfully integrated into the melem unit of polymeric carbon nitrides(PCN),which could efficiently drive the photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction.Experimental characterization and theoretical calculations revealed that the introduction of amino alkylation lowers the energy barrier for CO_(2) reduction into^(*)COOH intermediate,transforming the adsorption of^(*)COOH intermediate from the endothermic to an exothermic process.Notably,the as-prepared materials demonstrated outstanding performance in photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,yielding CO_(2)at a rate of 152.8μmol h^(-1) with a high selectivity of 95.4%and a quantum efficiency of 6.6%.

Preparation and Alkylation of Carbon Nanofibers from Polymethyl Methacrylate

Carbon nanofibers have revolutionized nanotechnology due to their potential applications in emerging frontiers of research and industrial sectors. This can be attributed to their superior properties such as higher mechanical strength, unique surface characteristics, and improved adherence that is transmitted into the polymer matrix to form a nanocomposite with improved properties. Polymethyl methacrylate is a common carbon source for the synthesis of carbon nanofibres of its high mechanical strength, thermal stability, and low moisture and water absorbing capacity that allows its products to have several applications. In this work, we report the successful electrospinning of carbon nanofibres from Poly methyl methacrylate and functionalizing the resulting carbon nanofibres. The functionalized carbon nanofibres were analyzed to determine their solubility/dispersion in selected organic solvents, then characterized using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Thermalgravimetric analysis.

Elucidating the effect of oxides on the zeolite catalyzed alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene

In the present work, the effect of oxides on the alkylation of benzene with 1-dodecene was comprehensively investigated over MCM-49 n-heptanol, n-heptaldehyde and n-heptanoic acid were selected as the model oxides herein, and obvious decrease of lifetime could be caused by only trace amount of oxides added in the feedstocks. However, the deactivated catalysts were difficult to be regenerated by extraction with hot benzene. Additionally, coke-burning was also proved to be incapable to regenerate the deactivated catalysts mainly for the dealumination during calcination. Further characterizations complementary with DFT calculations were conducted to demonstrate that the deactivation was mainly due to the firm adsorption of oxides on the acid sites.

Synthesis of Fluorene Derivatives Via TfOH-catalyzed Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reactions

We devoloped an efficient and simple method to synthesize fluorene derivatives via intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation of chalcones.The transform is catalyzed by TfOH in CH_(3)NO_(2)at 80℃and the yield is up to 99%.

Low-temperature photothermal-induced alkyl radical release facilitates dihydroartemisinin-triggered“valve-off”starvation therapy

The high nutrient and energy demand of tumor cells compared to normal cells to sustain rapid proliferation offer a potentially auspicious avenue for implementing starvation therapy.However,conventional starvation therapy,such as glucose exhaustion and vascular thrombosis,can lead to systemic toxicity and exacerbate tumor hypoxia.Herein,we developed a new“valve-off”starvation tactic,which was accomplished by closing the valve of glucose transporter protein 1(GLUT1).Specifically,dihydroartemisinin(DHA),2,20-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]dihydrochloride(AI),and Ink were co-encapsulated in a sodium alginate(ALG)hydrogel.Upon irradiation with the 1064 nm laser,AI rapidly disintegrated into alkyl radicals(R·),which exacerbated the DHA-induced mitochondrial damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species and further reduced the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate(ATP).Simultaneously,the production of R·facilitated DHA-induced starvation therapy by suppressing GLUT1,which in turn reduced glucose uptake.Systematic in vivo and in vitro results suggested that this radical-enhanced“valveoff”strategy for inducing tumor cell starvation was effective in reducing glucose uptake and ATP levels.This integrated strategy induces tumor starvation with efficient tumor suppression,creating a new avenue for controlled,precise,and concerted tumor therapy.

Understanding the interfacial behaviors of benzene alkylation with butene using chloroaluminate ionic liquid catalyst: A molecular dynamics simulation

To better understand the benzene alkylation with chloroaluminate ionic liquids(ILs) as catalyst, the interfacial properties between the benzene/butene binary reactants and chloroaluminate ILs with varying cation alkyl chain length and different anions were investigated using molecular dynamics(MD) simulations. The results indicate that ILs can obviously improve the interfacial width, solubility and diffusion of reactants compared to H_(2)SO_(4). The longer alkyl chains of cations present a density enrichment at the interface and protrude into the binary reactants phase. Furthermore, the ILs consisting of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium cations([Omim]^(+)) and the stronger acidity heptachlorodialuminate anions([Al_(2)Cl_(7)]^(-)) are more beneficial to promote the interfacial width and facilitate the dissolution and diffusion of benzene in both the IL bulk and the interfacial region in comparison to the ones with shorter alkyl chains cations and weaker acidity anions. The information gives us a better guideline for the design of ILs for benzene alkylation.

Alkyl-tetralin base oils synthesized from coal-based chemicals and evaluation of their lubricating properties

Naphthenic base oil is an important lubricating base oil and very scarce in the global petroleum resources.Herein,a series of alkylated tetralin fluids similar to naphthenic base oils were produced by the alkylation of tetralin and a-olefins(n-hexene,n-octene,n-decene)with ionic liquid Et_3NHCl/AlCl_(3)as the catalyst,where the applied raw materials are totally derived from the coal chemical industry.The product composition could be controlled by adjusting the feeding ratio of tetralin and olefin.The synthetic fluids were evaluated as lubricating base oils to reveal the structure-property correlations.Their principal physicochemical and tribological properties depend on the chain-length of a-olefins and the number of alkyl groups onto the aromatic rings.Bis-(octyl-or decyl-)alkyl tetralin exhibited good properties in terms of viscosity,thermo-oxidation stability and pour point,as well as friction-reducing and anti-wear performance,showing great potential for producing naphthenic base synthetic oils from coal-based chemicals.

水环境中汞污染现状与形态分析方法研究进展

汞是毒性最强的重金属污染物之一,自然界中的汞主要以零价汞(Hg0)、无机二价汞(Hg2+及其络合物)和烷基汞(甲基汞、乙基汞及其络合物)三类形式存在,其中有机形态的汞对生物体的毒性更高且备受关注,因此对水环境中不同形态的汞进行调查研究和分析测试具有十分重要的意义。本文梳理了国内外地表水、地下水以及污水中的不同形态汞的污染现状和污染特征,总结了各种不同类型自然水体中各形态汞的浓度范围,归纳了各个化学形态汞的常用分析测试方法并讨论了各类方法的预处理步骤、检出限、线性范围,讨论了各类分析测试方法的优缺点和适用性并对其进行了比较和分析,最后对总汞、无机汞和烷基汞的分析测试难点以及未来的研究趋势进行了总结与展望。

纳米多级孔SAPO-11分子筛制备及其催化2-甲基萘烷基化反应

SAPO-11分子筛作为微孔沸石,通常粒径大,而粒径小的SAPO-11分子筛具有较短的孔道,更有利于分子的扩散使SAPO-11分子筛具有更高的催化活性,但存在稳定性较差的缺点,如何在水热法基础上进一步合成纳米多级孔SAPO-11分子筛极具挑战。在水热合成SAPO-11分子筛基础上,通过对前驱体凝胶进行老化处理制备纳米多级孔SAPO-11分子筛。其中,在80℃用搅拌老化制备的SAPO-11分子筛有最小晶体尺寸,通过SEM可知通过搅拌老化制备的S11-80℃-stirring分子筛呈现一种均匀纳米棒状结构,这些纳米棒的直径约500~700 nm,长度约2~4μm。通过N_(2)吸附-脱附曲线及孔径分布图可知经过老化处理的SAPO-11分子筛较传统SAPO-11都具有更大的比表面积,搅拌老化与静置老化制备的分子筛相比而言具有更大的微孔比表面积与孔体积。且通过NH_(3)-TPD对SAPO-11分子筛酸性性质进行表征,所有老化处理合成的SAPO-11分子筛酸量都有所下降。2-甲基萘(2-MN)主要来源于煤焦油,可用于制备2,6-二甲基萘(2,6-DMN),用于合成高端聚酯,为此将上述纳米多级孔SAPO-11分子筛用于催化2-甲基萘烷基化反应,结果表明使用老化处理制备的纳米多级孔SAPO-11分子筛有77.8%的2-MN初始转化率,20.4%的初始选择性,2,6-DMN、2,7-DMN的物质的量比为1.13,反应第4小时有最高2,6-DMN选择性39.9%,通过系列表征揭示了纳米多级孔SAPO-11分子筛择形催化催化机理。

环状ZSM-5分子筛在苯和乙醇烷基化反应中的应用

低温下采用水热晶化法合成了环状中空ZSM-5分子筛,并以磷酸二氢铵为前体,制备了不同磷负载量的环状中空ZSM-5催化剂,采用XRD,SEM,NH_(3)-TPD,Py-FTIR等方法对催化剂进行表征,并在气相连续流动固定床反应器上对苯和乙醇烷基化制乙苯进行性能评价和稳定性考察。实验结果表明,环状中空ZSM-5催化剂进行磷改性后,催化剂的酸强度降低,随着磷负载量的增加,乙苯选择性逐渐增加,甲苯和丙苯选择性逐渐降低;当磷负载量达到3%(w)后,催化剂外表面强酸位基本消失,此时乙苯选择性最高;在n(苯)∶n(乙醇)=8∶1、340℃、1.0 MPa、WHSV=1 h^(-1)条件下,对该催化剂进行了寿命考察,在300 h反应过程中,乙醇转化率超过99.9%,苯的转化率维持在11%左右,乙基苯的选择性最高达到98.4%,二甲苯相对含量最低达到0.11%。

伊立替康药物中间体7-乙基喜树碱合成的课程思政设计

抗癌药物伊立替康中间体7-乙基喜树碱的合成是杂环芳烃的烷基化反应。本案例通过将实验过程与药物合成和“健康中国”相关联,对实验进行了创新性的思政融入设计。师生全员在案例的导入、研讨、实施、反思与考核的全过程进行全方位的课程思政教育,解决了实验课只注重实验内容而忽略思政教育的问题,实现了“三全育人”。在此过程中不仅激发了学生的学习兴趣,有效地进行了科学思维和创新思维的训练,培养了学生的探索精神和创新意识,而且强化了学生提高原子利用率的绿色化学意识、环保意识和可持续发展意识,提升了学生为健康中国贡献力量的责任感和使命感,坚定了学生运用所学专业知识服务国家的决心和信心。

生物表面活性剂烷基多苷强化含油污泥厌氧资源化利用的机制解析

为了探究生物表面活性剂烷基多苷(APG)对含油污泥的厌氧资源化利用的影响,构建了序批式厌氧污泥反应器,探究了APG的含量对含油污泥资源化利用的影响,结果表明APG能够高效地提高含油污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),且APG的最佳含量为6%,对应VFA的最大浓度为186.5 mg/g VSS。APG促进了VFA内小分子羧酸如乙酸和丙酸的占比。APG提高了含油污泥的溶出和水解过程,促进了有机质的释放。此外,APG有效促进了油脂的释放与利用,在6%APG组别内,油脂利用率高达75.6%。酶活性分析揭示APG促进了负责水解方面蛋白质和淀粉酶,酸化过程PTA、AK和BK的相对活性。APG促进了含油污泥厌氧发酵内副产物氨氮和磷酸盐的释放。研究结果拓宽了APG的应用范围并为含油污泥的资源化提供备选方案。

烷基水杨酸盐清净剂合成工艺研究进展

近年来,随着节约能源和保护环境的要求逐渐提高,发动机设计日益向小型化,大功率和高速度方向发展,因此对内燃机油的高温清净性能提出了越来越苛刻的要求,低硫低磷及低灰分型内燃机油将是未来发展的方向。烷基水杨酸盐具有优异的清净作用及酸中和性能,且具备一定的抗氧化和抗腐蚀能力,是内燃机油的主要添加剂之一,可满足内燃机油低硫低磷及低灰分的要求。对烷基水杨酸盐的传统及改进的合成工艺进行了综述。传统合成工艺严重制约了烷基水杨酸盐的应用和发展,探索新的合成工艺是烷基水杨酸盐发展的主要方向。

长链烷基甜菜碱表面活性剂在驱油用油水界面行为的分子模拟研究

随着化学驱规模化实施,表面活性剂的需求量猛增,而甜菜碱型表面活性剂由于其优异的界面活性、抗盐性能及绿色环保等特点,是适合油田多场景开采的一类高效驱油剂。为从分子尺度探究长链烷基甜菜碱型表面活性剂的界面活性并解释提采机制,利用分子动力学模拟研究了不同疏水链长和亲水基团的甜菜碱型表面活性剂油水界面行为和微观分子构型。通过与实验数据相互验证,为宏观实验现象提供了微观分子层面解释,并归纳了长链烷基甜菜碱型表面活性剂的界面作用机制,为根据分子模拟界面迁移及分布规律进行驱油剂设计提供指导。