An all-optical time-delay relay based on a bacteriorhodopsin film

Using a special property of dynamic complementary-suppression-modulated transmission （DCSMT） in the bacteriorhodopsin （bR） film, we have demonstrated an all-optical time-delay relay. To extend our work, the relationship between the delay time of the all-optical time-delay relay and parameters of a bR film is numerically studied. We show how the delay time changes with the product of concentration and thickness （PCT） of a bR film. Furthermore, the shortest and longest delay times are given for the relay of ＇switch off. The saturable delay time and maximum delaytime of ＇switch on＇ are also given. How the wavelengths （632.8, 568, 533 and 412 nm） and intensities of the illuminating light influence the delay time is also discussed. The simulation results are useful for optimizing the design of all-optical time-delay relays.

Asymptotic analysis of multi-branch two-way amplify-and-forward relaying in Nakagami-m fading with arbitrary fading parameter

Two-way relay networks have received lots of attention, thanks to its ability to overcome the loss in the spectral efficiency due to half-duplex transmission. Asymptotic performance analysis can provide valuable insights in- to practical system designs. However, this is a gap in two-way relay network. In this paper, the asymptotic performance is studied for multi-branch dual-hop two-way amplify-and-forward （AF） relaying networks in independently but not necessarily identically distributed （i.n.i.d.） Nakagami-m fading channels, with arbitrary m 〉 5. The approximate prob- ability density function （PDF） of the instantaneous dual-hop link power at high SNR region is derived. Then we present the asymptotic outage probability expression, and analyze the diversity order and coding gain. Simulations are per- formed to verify the tightness of the presented analysis at medium and high SNR regions.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY AMPLIFY-AND-FORWARD RELAYING SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE INTERFERERS AT THE RELAY

In this paper,we investigate the performance of the two-way Amplify-and-Forward(AF) relaying systems in an interference-limited Rayleigh fading environment.More specifically,assuming the presence of Rayleigh faded multiple interferers at the AF relay and noisy sources,an approximate closed-form expression for the Overall Outage Probability(OOP) and an integral expression for the average Symbol Error Probability(SEP) are derived.The analysis results are verified through com-parison with the Monte Carlo simulation results.

Outage Performance of Opportunistic Amplify-and-Forward Relaying over Asymmetric Fading Environments

This letter analyzes the outage probability of opportunistic amplify-and-forward relaying over asymmetric and independent but non-identically distributed (i.n.d) fading environments. The work investigates the scenarios where cooperative nodes are located at different geographical locations. As a result, the different signals are affected by different i.n.d fading channels, one may undergo Rician fading distribution and others may undergo Rayleigh fading distribution. In this letter, a lower bound of the outage probability for various asymmetric fading environments is derived at high SNR by applying the initial value theorem. The analytical model is validated through Monte-Carlo simulation results.

UAV-Assisted FSO Communication System with Amplify-and-Forward Protocol under AOA Fluctuations:A Performance Analysis

Free space optical(FSO)communication has recently aroused great interest in academia due to its unique features,such as large transmission band,high data rates,and strong anti-electromagnetic interference.With the aim of evaluating the performance of an FSO communication system and extending the line-of-sight transmission distance,we propose an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-assisted dual-hop FSO communication system equipped with amplifyand-forward protocol at the relay node.Specifically,we consider impairments of atmospheric absorption,pointing errors,atmospheric turbulence,and link interruptions due to angle-of-arrival fluctuations in the relay system.The Gamma-Gamma and Malaga distributions are used to model the influence of atmospheric turbulence on the source-to-UAV and UAVto-destination links,respectively.We derive closedform expressions of the probability density function(PDF)and cumulative distribution function(CDF)for the proposed communication system,in terms of the Meijer-G function.Based on the precise PDF and CDF,analytical expressions for the outage probability,average bit error rate,and ergodic capacity are proposed with the aid of the extended generalized bivariate Fox’s H function.Finally,we show that there is a match between the analytical results and numerical results,and we analyze the influence of the system and channel parameters on the performance.

Performance for Device-to-Device Communication with Three-Time-Slot Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relay Protocol

Multi-hop device-to-device(D2D) communication can significantly improve the system performance. This paper studied the outage performance of D2 D communication assisted by another D2 D user using three-timeslot two-way amplify-and-forward relaying protocol over Rayleigh fading channels. Considering the co-channel interference from cellular user at the D2 D node,the approximate expression for the overall outage probability was derived. Furthermore,a power allocation optimum method to minimize the outage probability was developed,and the closed form expression for the optimal power allocation coefficient at the relay was derived. Simulation results demonstrate accuracy of the derived outage probability expressions. Simulation results also demonstrate that the outage performance can be improved using the proposed optimal power allocation method.

Greedy Algorithm Applied to Relay Selection for Cooperative Communication Systems in Amplify-and-Forward Mode

Using a relaying system to provide spatial diversity and improve the system performance is a tendency in the wireless cooperative communications. Amplify-and-forward （AF） mode with a low complexity is easy to be implemented. Under the consideration of cooperative communication systems, the scenario includes one information source, M relay stations and N destinations. This work proposes a relay selection algorithm in the Raleigh fading channel. Based on the exhaustive search method, easily to realize, the optimal selection scheme can be found with a highly complicated calculation. In order to reduce the computational complexity, an approximate optimal solution with a greedy algorithm applied for the relay station selection is proposed. With different situations of the communication systems, the performance evaluation obtained by both the proposed algorithm and the exhaustive search algorithm are given for comparison. It shows the proposed algorithm could provide a solution approach to the optimal one.

Modified Cooperative Subchannel Allocation Algorithms and PSO Based Power Allocation for an Alamouti Decode and Forward Relaying Protocol in Multiuser OFDMA Systems

The present work is a discussion on the performance analysis of Modified Cooperative Subchannel Allocation (CSA) Algorithms which is used in Alamouti Decoded and Forward (Alamouti DF) Relaying Protocol for wireless multi-user Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (OFDMA) systems. In addition, the performance of approximate Symbol Error Rate (SER) for the Alamouti DF Relaying Protocol with the Cooperative Maximum Ratio Combining Technique (C-MRC) is analyzed and compared with SER upper bound. The approximate SER is asymptotically tight bound at higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). From the asymptotic tight bound approximate SER, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based Power Allocation (PA) is determined for the Alamouti DF Relaying Protocol. The simulation results suggested that the Modified Throughput based Subchannel Allocation Algorithm achieved an improved throughput of 6% to 33% compared to that of existing cooperative diversity protocol. Further, the Modified Fairness based Subchannel Allocation Algorithm rendered fairness of 7.2% to 17% among the multiuser against the existing cooperative diversity protocol.

Beamforming Design for IRS-and-UAV-Aided Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks in Maritime IoT

In this paper,an intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)-and-unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-assisted two-way amplify-and-forward(AF)relay network in maritime Internet of Things(IoT)is proposed,where ship1(S1)and ship2(S2)can be viewed as data collecting centers.To enhance the message exchange rate between S1 and S2,a problem of maximizing minimum rate is cast,where the variables,namely AF relay beamforming matrix and IRS phase shifts of two time slots,need to be optimized.To achieve a maximum rate,a low-complexity alternately iterative(AI)scheme based on zero forcing and successive convex approximation(LC-ZF-SCA)algorithm is presented.To obtain a significant rate enhancement,a high-performance AI method based on one step,semidefinite programming and penalty SCA(ONSSDP-PSCA)is proposed.Simulation results show that by the proposed LC-ZF-SCA and ONS-SDP-PSCA methods,the rate of the IRS-and-UAV-assisted AF relay network surpass those of with random phase and only AF relay networks.Moreover,ONS-SDP-PSCA perform better than LC-ZF-SCA in aspect of rate.

Energy Efficiency and Spectrum Efficiency in Underlay Device-to-Device Communications Enabled Cellular Networks

In this paper, we investigate the energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency, including one-hop device-to-device(D2D) communications mode and two-way amplify-and-forward(AF) relaying D2D communications mode in underlay D2D communications enabled cellular networks. An analysis of average energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency are developed and closed-form expressions are obtained for two types of D2D communications modes under the effect of Rayleigh fading channel, path loss, and co-channel interference. Analytical results are validated through numerical simulations. Based on the simulation, the effects of the interference, the distance between D2D pair and the position of relay node on the energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency of D2D communications are investigated. The optimal D2D transmission powers of these two modes to maximize the energy efficiency are also investigated.

Performance Analysis of NOMA-Based Cooperative Networks with Relay Selection

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)technique is an expert on channel differences exploiting.In this paper,a dual-hop NOMA-based cooperative relaying network where a best relay is selected as an active node to accomplish the communication between a source and a destination is discussed.We assume that both decode-and-forward(DF)and amplify-and-forward(AF)protocols are applied to the selected relay.The metrics that ergodic sum-rate and outage probability are investigated,and the closed-form expressions of the latter for DF and AF protocols are derived.Numerical and simulation results are conducted to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis,in which we can see that the NOMA based DF relaying is better than the NOMA based AF relaying and other existing NOMA-based cooperative communication schemes.

Power control for two-way amplify-and-forward relaying over Rayleigh fading channels

We propose two novel power control policies for a two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying system,in which each node (two sources and one relay) is assumed to operate under bothminimum and peak power constraints.Through the exploitation of instantaneous channel gains,the first policy can maximize the sum rate of the system.However,the instantaneous channel gains may be unavailable in a rapid time-varying system,where the first policy is inoperable.Consequently,a robust power control policy which requires only mean channel gains is proposed to maximize the upper bound of the average sum rate,and the properties of this policy are investigated.Simulation results show that,by comparison with the policy in which all the nodes use their peak transmit power,the proposed power control policies can provide considerable system performance improvement.Furthermore,the performance difference between the two proposed policies is negligible when the relay is close to one source.

The Improvement of Relay Selection Schemes in Two-Hop Cellular Networks

In wireless networks, cooperative relaying could improve throughput by exploiting diversity. In order to reduce the amount of feedback for the channel gain, a semi-distributed scheme based on the relay feasible condition is proposed. Each relay node can measure its backward and forward channel gains. If both the channel gains are larger than a pre-defined threshold, this relay node is feasible. The final decision on the best relay selection is still given by the base station. Besides, the switch-and-examine relay selection scheme, which selects the first feasible relay node, is also investigated. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the advantage of two proposed schemes.

CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE IN MULTI-ANTENNA AF RELAY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The channel estimation technique is investigated in OFDM communication systems with multi-antenna Amplify-and-Forward(AF) relay.The Space-Time Block Code(STBC) is applied at the transmitter of the relay to obtain diversity gain.According to the transmission characteristics of OFDM symbols on multiple antennas,a pilot-aided Linear Minimum Mean-Square-Error(LMMSE) channel estimation algorithm with low complexity is designed.Simulation results show that,the proposed LMMSE estimator outperforms least-square estimator and approaches the optimal estimator without error in the performance of Symbol Error Ratio(SER) under several modulation modes,and has a good estimation effect in the realistic relay communication scenario.

Performance of Nth Worst Full-Duplex Relay Selection over Nakagami-M Fading Channels

The performance analysis of Nth worst relay selection for the full-duplex (FD) mode over Nakagami-m fading channels is studied. We assume the relay employs the amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol. The closed-form expres-sions for the outage performance in terms of the received signal-to-noise ratio cumulative distribution function are derived. In the high signal-to-noise ratio regime, asymptotic outage probability is also investigated. Based on these expressions, the effect of several important network parameters, i.e., the number of relays and the order of selected relay, as well as the quality of the relay links, source-relay links, relay-destination links, are analytically characterized. Finally, numerical results are provided to verify and illustrate our mathematical analysis.

Optimal cooperative beamforming design schemes for AF MOMO two-way relay channels

In this paper,beamforming parameters in multiple input multiple output(MIMO) two-way relay channels(TWRCs) are designed.We investigate three communicating scenarios,in which,the source nodes are all equipped with multiple antennas.In the first scenario,one pair of source nodes are communicating with each other under the help of a single multi-antenna equipped relay.A centralized scheme is correspondingly developed where the optimal relay beamforming(RaB) is jointly designed with the transmit beamformings(TBs) and the receive beamformings(RcBs) at both source nodes to minimize the sum of mean square errors(SMSE).In the second scenario,one pair of users in the first scenario is extended to multi-pair of source nodes.We derive a general expression of the optimal RaB matrix of this scenario in the second scheme,and based on which,a RaB matrix is designed to cancel the inter-pair interference(IPI) and to minimize the intra-pair SMSE.At last,we consider a distributed scenario where multiple single-antenna equipped relays are helping the communication between one pair of source nodes.In the scheme associated with this scenario,beamformings are developed under relay total power constraint and relay individual power constraint,respectively.The simulation results reveal that beamformings at source and relay nodes significantly improve the performance in the sense of average bit error rate(BER).The proposed multi-pair scheme has made superior progress in BER performance because it not only can cancel the IPIs but also can balance the useful signal and the noise at each user.Moreover,in one-pair scenarios,the performance of the centralized scheme is better than the distributed one,but the latter is nevertheless much more practical.

An efficient multi-relay selection scheme in cooperative communication system

Cooperative relaying has played an important role in rapid evolution of wireless communications.The cooperative performance strongly depends on the selected relays.In this paper,we concentrate on relay selection in amplify-and-forward(AF)cooperative communication system,and an optimal multi-relay selection scheme is put forward to minimize the average symbol error rate(SER)of the system.Firstly,for the minimum average SER,on the basis of the statistic channel information,we define a parameter named equivalent channel gain which describes the channel status of two phases in the cooperative process.Then,under the constraint of equal power allocation,an optimal relay selection scheme is proposed in ascending order of equivalent channel gain(ECG).The scheme implies that the suitable number of relay nodes should be selected under the different signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)ranges to minimize the average SER.Computer simulation results show that the average SER rate of the proposed scheme is lower than these of the other schemes.

Beamforming design for RIS-aided amplify-and-forward relay networks

The use of a reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)in the enhancement of the rate performance is considered to involve the limitation of the RIS being a passive reflector.To address this issue,we propose a RIS-aided amplify-and-forward(AF)relay network in this paper.By jointly optimizing the beamforming matrix at AF relay and the phase-shift matrices at RIS,two schemes are put forward to address a maximizing signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)problem.First,aiming at achieving a high rate,a high-performance alternating optimization(AO)method based on Charnes–Cooper transformation and semidefinite programming(CCT-SDP)is proposed,where the optimization problem is decomposed into three subproblems solved using CCT-SDP,and rank-one solutions can be recovered using Gaussian randomization.However,the optimization variables in the CCT-SDP method are matrices,leading to extremely high complexity.To reduce the complexity,a low-complexity AO scheme based on Dinkelbachs transformation and successive convex approximation(DT-SCA)is proposed,where the variables are represented in vector form,and the three decoupling subproblems are solved using DT-SCA.Simulation results verify that compared to three benchmarks(i.e.,a RIS-assisted AF relay network with random phase,an AF relay network without RIS,and a RIS-aided network without AF relay),the proposed CCT-SDP and DT-SCA schemes can harvest better rate performance.Furthermore,it is revealed that the rate of the low-complexity DT-SCA method is close to that of the CCT-SDP method.

Improving amplify-and-forward relay selection algorithm based on partial relay link

This article addresses the design problem of selecting an appropriate relay in amplify-and-forward （AF） cooperative diversity systems. In this regard, this article focuses on relay selection based on partial channel knowledge only across the source and relay links. In particular, the two fundamental questions will be answered, that is, whether to cooperate and whom to cooperate with. Through answering these two questions, an improved relay selection strategy based on partial relay link, which emphasizes that cooperation happens when necessary, is proposed to aim at maximizing the average mutual information. Then a joint optimization, in terms of power allocation and relay selection, is employed to guarantee a robust performance for relay selection based on partial relay link. Optimum power is allocated between the source and the selected relay to maximize the output signal-to-noise （SNR） at the destination. Simulation results turn out that the improved scheme can achieve better performance than previous work and the robust performance can be guaranteed by employing joint optimization.

Relay Selection and Power Allocation in Amplify-and-Forward Cognitive Radio Networks:A Special Spectrum Sharing Scheme

In this paper, we present a special spectrum sharing scheme that is a joint optimization of relay selection and power allocation at the secondary transmitter, where the primary user is incapable of supporting its target signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). Specifically, the selected secondary transmitter assists the primary user with achieving its target SNR via two-phase cooperative amplify-and-forward relaying. By searching for the candidate secondary transmitters which have already satisfied the primary user's target SNR, we can select the optimal secondary transmitter. This optimal secondary transmitter not only satisfies the primary user's target SNR,but also maximizes the throughput of the secondary user. We study this joint optimization problem such that the secondary user's throughput is maximized under the constraint that satisfies the primary user's target SNR.Numerical results show that our scheme can maximize the throughput of the secondary user, and can obtain the win-win solution for the primary and secondary systems.