Effect of fertigation frequency on soil nitrogen distribution and tomato yield under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root-zone drip fertigation (ADF) is a combination of alternating irrigation and drip fertigation,with the potential to save water and increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency.A 2-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different fertigation frequencies on the distribution of soil moisture and nutrients and tomato yield under ADF.The treatments included three ADF frequencies with intervals of 3 days (F3),6 days (F6) and 12 days (F12),and conventional drip fertigation as a control (CK),which was fertilized once every 6 days.For the ADF treatments,two drip tapes were placed 10 cm away on each side of the tomato row,and alternate drip irrigation was realized using a manual valve on the distribution tapes.For the CK treatment,a drip tape was located close to the roots of the tomato plants.The total N application rate of all treatments was 180 kg ha^(-1).The total irrigation amounts applied to the CK treatment were450.6 and 446.1 mm in 2019 and 2020,respectively;and the irrigation amounts applied to the ADF treatments were 60%of those of the CK treatment.The F3 treatment resulted in water and N being distributed mainly in the 0–40-cm soil layer with less water and N being distributed in the 40–60-cm soil layer.The F6 treatment led to 21.0 and 29.0%higher 2-year average concentration of mineral N in the 0–20 and 20–40-cm soil layer,respectively and a 23.0%lower N concentration in the 40–60-cm soil layer than in the CK treatment.The 2-year average tomato yields of the F3,F6,F12,and CK treatments were 107.5,102.6,87.2,and 98.7 t ha^(-1),respectively.The tomato yield of F3 was significantly higher (23.3%) than that in the F12 treatment,whereas there was no significant difference between the F3 and F6 treatment.The F6 treatment resulted in yield similar to the CK treatment,indicating that ADF could maintain tomato yield with a 40%saving in water use.Based on the distribution of water and N,and tomato yield,a fertigation frequency of 6 days under ADF should be considered as a water-saving strategy for greenhouse tomato production.

Alternate Furrow Irrigation: A Practical Way to Improve Grape Quality and Water Use Efficiency in Arid Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted for two years to investigate the benefits of alternate furrow irrigation on fruit yield, quality and water use efficiency of grape （Vitis vinifera L. cv. Rizamat） in the arid region of Northwest China. Two irrigation treatments were included, i.e., conventional furrow irrigation （CFI, two root-zones were simultaneously irrigated during the consecutive irrigation） and alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation （AFI, two root-zones were alternatively irrigated during the consecutive irrigation）. Results indicate that AFI maintained similar photosynthetic rate （Pn） but with a reduced transpiration rate when compared to CFI. As a consequence, AFI improved water use efficiency based on evapotranspiration （WUEEr, fruit yield over water consumed） and irrigation （WUE~, fruit yield over water irrigated） by 30.0 and 34.5%, respectively in 2005, and by 12.7 and 17.7%, respectively in 2006. AFI also increased the edible percentage of berry by 2.91-4.79% significantly in both years. Vitamin C （Vc） content content of berry was increased by 25.6-37.5%, and tritrated acidity （TA） was reduced by 9.5-18.1% in AFI. This resulted in an increased total soluble solid content （TSS） to TA ratio （TSS/TA） by 11.5-16.7% when compared to CFI in both years. Our results indicate that alternate furrow irrigation is a practical way to improve grape fruit quality and water use efficiency for irrigated crops in arid areas.

Stem flow of seed-maize under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting in an arid region of Northwest China

Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of North- west China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bottleneck for its long-term sustainability. Investigating the transpiration of seed-maize plants will offer valuable information for suitable planting and irrigation strategies in this arid area. In this study, stem flow was measured using a heat balance method under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting. Meteorological factors, soil water content （e）, soil temperature （Ts） and leaf area （LA） were also monitored during 2012 and 2013. The diurnal stem flow and seasonal dynamics of maize plants in the zones of south side female parent （SFP）, north side female parent （NFP） and male parent （MP） were investigated. The order of stem flow rate was： SFP〉MP〉NFP. The relationships between stem flow and influential factors during three growth stages at different time scales were analyzed. On an hourly scale, solar radiation （Rs） was the main driving factor of stem flow. The influence of air temperature （Ta） during the maturity stage was significantly higher than in other periods. On a daily scale, Rs was the main driving factor of stem flow during the heading stage. During the filling growth stage, the main driving factor of NFP and MP stem flow was RH and Ts, respectively. However, during the maturity stage, the environ- mental factors had no significant influence on seed-maize stem flow. For different seed-maize plants, the main influential factors were different in each of the three growing seasons. Therefore, we identified them to accurately model the FP and MP stem flow and applied precision irrigation under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation to analyze major factors affecting stem flow in different scales.

Influences of alternate partial root-zone irrigation and urea rate on water-and nitrogen-use efficiencies in tomato

Traditional water and fertilizer inputs are often much higher than the actual demands of tomato,which causes a reduction in water-and fertilizer-use efficiencies.To investigate the advantage of alternate partial root-zone irrigation(AI)on water-and nitrogen(N)-use efficiencies of tomato modified by water and N management,taking conventional irrigation(CI)as the control,the effects of AI on root morphology and activity,fruit yield and water and N use efficiency were studied using pot experiments.There were four combinations of irrigation levels and growing stages of tomato for AI,i.e.AI_(1)(high water(W_(H))from blooming to harvest stage(BHS)),AI_(2)(W_(H)from blooming to fruit setting stage(BFS)and low water(W_(L))at the harvest stage(HS)),AI_(3)(W_(L)at BFS and W_(H)at HS)and AI_(4)(W_(L)at BHS)at three urea rates,i.e.low urea rate(NL),middle urea rate(N_(M))and high urea rate(N_(H))in the form of urea.Irrigation quotas for W_(H)and W_(L)in AI at BFS or HS were 80%and 60%of that in CI,respectively.Compared to CI,AI decreased water consumption by 16.0%-33.1%and increased water use efficiency of yield(WUE_(y))and dry mass(WUE_(d))by 6.7%-11.9%and 10.2%-15.9%,respectively.AI_(1)did not decline yield,total N uptake(TNU)and N use efficiency(NUE)significantly.Compared to NL,N_(M)enhanced tomato yield,TNU,WUE_(y)and WUE_(d)by 28.5%,35.3%,22.6%and 16.3%,respectively.Compared to CINL,AI_(1)N_(M)reduced water consumption by 12.5%,but increased tomato yield,TNU,WUE_(y)and WUE_(d)by 35.5%,58.4%,54.4%and 53.7%,respectively.Therefore,AI_(1)can improve water use efficiency and total N uptake of tomato simultaneously at medium urea rate.

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high irrigation frequency improves root growth and reduces unproductive water loss by apple trees in arid north-west China

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation(APRI)can improve water use efficiency in arid areas. However,the effectiveness and outcomes of different frequencies of APRI on water uptake capacity and physiological water use have not been reported. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two irrigation amounts(400 and500 mm) and three irrigation methods(conventional irrigation, APRI with high and low frequencies). Root length density, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate, leaf water use efficiency, midday stem and leaf water potentials were measured. The results show that in comparison with conventional irrigation, APRI with high frequency significantly increased root length density and decreased water potentials and stomatal conductance.No differences in the above indicators between the two APRI frequencies were detected. A significantly positive relationship between stomatal conductance and root length density was found under APRI. Overall, alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high frequency has a great potential to promote root growth, expand water uptake capacity and reduce unproductive water loss in the arid apple production area.

Evaluation of tomato fruit quality response to water and nitrogen management under alternate partial root-zone irrigation

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different water and nitrogen supply amounts on the comprehensive assessment of tomato fruit quality and root growth parameters under alternate partial root-zone irrigation.Three upper irrigation limitations(i.e.70%(W1),80%(W2)and 90%(W3)of field capacity,respectively)and three N-fertilizer levels(i.e.0.18(N1),0.30(N2)and 0.42(N3)g/kg soil,respectively)were arranged with a randomized complete block design,and alternate partial root-zone irrigation method was applied.Results showed that fruit yields under deficit irrigation(W1 and W2)were decreased by 6.9%and 2.0%respectively compared with W3 under N1 level.Yields of tomato under W1N1 and W1N2 combinations were also reduced by 10.3%and 7.2%,respectively compared with W1N3 combination.Root dry weight,root length,root surface area and root volume were all increased in W1N2 treatment.According to two-way ANOVA,the root parameters except root dry weight,were extremely sensitive to water,nitrogen and the cross effect of the two factors.TSS(total soluble solids),SS(soluble sugars)and OA(organic acid)in the fruits increased with the decrease in irrigation water,OA and NC reduced with decreasing amount of nitrogen.Moreover,within an appropriate range,as more irrigation water and nitrogen were applied,the higher VC(vitamin C)and lycopene contents were identified in the fruits.Eventually,the combinational evaluation method(i.e.entropy method and gray relational analysis)showed that W2N2 ranked highest in comprehensive fruit quality.Therefore,considering the tradeoff between fruit comprehensive quality and yields,upper irrigation limitation of 80%θf and N-fertilizer of 0.30 g/kg soil with alternate partial root-zone irrigation was the optimal cultivation strategy for the greenhouse tomato in autumn-winter season in northwest China.

Biochar and alternate partial root-zone irrigation greatly enhance the effectiveness of mulberry in remediating lead-contaminated soils

土壤铅污染日益严重,植物修复是一种环保的污染土壤修复技术。本文旨在研究四种土壤铅污染水平下,添加生物碳和分根区交替灌溉(Alternative Partial Root-zone Irrigation,APRI)对桑树幼苗的生长、铅适应性和铅积累的影响。我们以生物碳(添加与不添加生物碳)、灌溉方式(APRI与常规灌溉)和土壤铅水平(0、50、200和800 mg kg^(-1) Pb)为三因素实施了温室试验。通过测定桑树幼苗的生长性状、渗透物质代谢、抗氧化酶活性、铅的积累和转运等参数,探讨了不同处理对桑树生长发育的影响。结果表明,桑树对土壤铅污染有较强的适应能力;生物碳和APRI在不同土壤铅水平上协同提高了生物量和吸收根表面积。桑树通过调节谷胱甘肽(GSH)、脯氨酸代谢和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,增加了渗透和抗氧化调节能力,进而提高了对重度铅污染土壤(800 mg kg^(-1))的抗性。桑苗中的铅离子主要集中在根中,与土壤铅浓度具有剂量效应。土壤铅、生物碳和ARPI的交互作用影响了叶片和根系中铅的浓度、转运和生物富集系数。综上所述,在桑树栽培中结合外源生物碳和APRI可有效地用于修复土壤铅污染。

分根区交替灌溉在农业生产中的应用研究进展

在全球水资源日益紧缺的背景下,如何提高农业用水利用效率,对于农业可持续发展具有重要意义。分根区交替灌溉作为一种具有较好前景的高效节水灌溉技术,被认为是未来最具发展潜力的灌溉技术之一。目前,各国科技工作者围绕分根区交替灌溉对作物生长、生理的影响方面开展了大量研究,并对其节水机制进行了解析,亟待总结梳理。本文回顾了分根区交替灌溉技术的发展历程,综述了分根区交替灌溉对作物生长发育、产量及品质的影响,归纳了该技术影响作物水分利用效率的生理机制,并对分根区交替灌溉在未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为作物分根区交替灌溉节水灌溉机理研究和节水灌溉技术的革新提供参考。

基于^(15)N示踪的炭氮耦合对番茄氮素吸收利用效益的影响

为探讨分根交替灌溉下,不同生物炭添加量和施氮量对番茄氮素吸收利用规律的影响,应用^(15)N示踪技术,以番茄为研究对象开展盆栽试验,试验设置3种生物炭添加水平和3种施氮水平.结果表明,株高和茎粗在生物炭添加量为2%、施氮量为450 kg/hm^(2)时最大,干物质质量在生物炭添加量为2%、施氮量为300 kg/hm^(2)时最大;添加生物炭和增加施氮量均能促进番茄各器官对^(15)N肥料和全氮的积累,增加^(15)N残留量和^(15)N吸收量;添加生物炭会降低肥料贡献率,但能够显著增加番茄吸收土壤氮的比例、^(15)N回收率和^(15)N利用率.添加生物炭可有效提高番茄产量、水分利用效率和品质,其中处理B2N2的产量最高,为2.61 kg/株,品质也较其他处理有显著提高.基于组合赋权的TOPSIS法评价番茄综合效益结果表明,分根交替灌溉下,生物炭添加量为2%、施氮量为300 kg/hm^(2)(处理B2N2)为试验条件下的最佳种植模式.

紫花苜蓿根系主要功能性状对分根区交替灌溉的响应

分根区交替灌溉是一种具有节水潜力的灌溉方式,为了揭示紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)根系对分根区交替灌溉的响应,在甘肃武威绿洲农业高效用水国家野外科学观测研究站设置3种占田间持水量(Field capacity,FC)不同比例的灌水梯度(T1:80%~100%FC,T2:60%~80%FC,T3:40%~60%FC)去开展分根区交替灌溉与不分根区灌溉的对比试验。结果表明:分根区交替灌溉在80%~100%FC灌水量时,根颈直径小于不分根区灌溉,60%~80%FC和40%~60%FC灌水量时,根颈直径大于不分根区灌溉。分根区交替灌溉的根系分支多于不分根区灌溉,但根平均直径小于不分根区灌溉。两种灌溉方式下紫花苜蓿地上部和地下部的生物量均随着灌水量梯度的下降而下降。同一灌水梯度下,不分根区灌溉的地下和地上生物量均高于分根区交替灌溉。上述结果说明紫花苜蓿采用分根区交替灌溉方式对根系生长发育具有重要影响。

交替根区滴灌对西瓜生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响

为探索设施西瓜栽培的最优灌水策略,以“早佳8424”西瓜为研究对象,在早春塑料大棚栽培模式下,以常规滴灌为对照,设置3个交替根区滴灌处理(灌水上限分别为70%、80%、90%田间持水量),研究不同灌溉模式对西瓜生长、产量、品质、养分吸收及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:交替根区滴灌处理(灌水上限和下限分别为90%和60%田间持水量)的综合性状最好,其主蔓长、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、平均单果质量、产量及果实中心可溶性固形物含量、全氮含量、全钾含量均较对照显著提高;理论产量达48 217.5 kg/hm^(2),水分利用效率达78.21 kg/m~3,较对照分别增长11.09%和35.50%;且较对照节水33.01%,具有明显的节水效果和较高的水分利用效率,不仅促进了西瓜生长、品质提升以及养分吸收,同时可以实现高产、节水,有效提升灌溉水分利用效率。

不同浓度微咸水与分根区交替灌溉上下限对设施番茄生长与品质的影响

【目的】探究微咸水与分根区交替灌溉上下限在生产中对番茄光合特性、抗逆性、品质产量的影响,为微咸水贮量较大地区番茄高品质生产提供参考。【方法】以大番茄‘TY1602’为材料,在分根灌溉条件下,分别用淡水、微咸水(EC=2.5、3.3、4.1mS/cm)进行灌溉,设置两种田间最大持水量上下限,分别为A[L侧(65%~90%),R侧(35%~50%)]和B[L侧(55%~80%),R侧(25%~40%)],低于下限自动滴灌,达到上限停止滴灌。试验共设9个处理,CK:淡水,L侧(65%~90%),R侧(65%~90%);T1:淡水,A;T2:淡水,B;T3:2.5mS/cm,A;T4:2.5 mS/cm,B;T5:3.3 mS/cm,A;T6:3.3mS/cm,B;T7:4.1mS/cm,A;T8:4.1 mS/cm,B)。分析不同处理对番茄光合特性、渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶、激素含量、品质产量的影响。【结果】与对照相比,随着微咸水EC值增大,植株的光合速率也随之增加,当EC值到达4.1mS/cm时,开始出现下降趋势,T6、T8处理的碳同化酶活性变化最显著,T7、T8处理显著提高叶片中抗逆指标的含量,T5、T8处理则显著提高果实中CTK、ABA的含量,有效应对外界环境的胁迫。T7、T8处理的品质指标显著优于其他处理,风味表现良好,且水分利用率大幅提高,但产量下降较明显。【结论】处理T8的综合评价最好,在微咸水资源丰富、淡水资源短缺地区,可作为生产高品质番茄的灌水策略。

根系分区交替灌溉不同灌水上限对西瓜和甜瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响

为了探究设施西瓜和甜瓜膜下根系分区交替灌溉效应,选取西瓜品种‘早佳8424’、甜瓜品种‘青甜脆’为试验材料,以土壤田间持水量的60%为灌水下限,田间持水量的70%、80%、90%、100%为灌水上限,研究不同灌水上限处理对设施西瓜和甜瓜生长、产量、品质、养分吸收、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:根系分区交替灌溉条件下,西瓜、甜瓜最佳灌水上限处理是90%田间持水量,该处理下西瓜、甜瓜中心可溶性固形物含量、维生素C含量、果实中含氮、钾量均显著高于其他处理,灌溉水分利用效率较100%田间持水量灌溉上限处理分别显著提高40.56%、33.35%,且产量下降不明显,有助于西瓜和甜瓜生长、养分积累和品质提升,同时达到节水的目的。综上,本研究可作为山西晋中地区设施节水提质增效的一种灌溉模式推广应用。

分根区交替滴灌施肥频率对土壤水氮运移及番茄产量的影响

针对目前我国设施蔬菜实际生产过程中水肥调控不合理及水肥利用效率低的问题,本文通过温室试验研究了分根区交替滴灌施肥(ADF)条件下,不同施肥频率对土壤水分养分运移及番茄产量的影响,为番茄高效水肥调控提供理论依据。试验在ADF下设3个滴灌施肥频率处理F3(3 d)、F6(6 d)、F12(12 d)和1个常规滴灌施肥处理作为对照(CK,频率为6 d)。结果表明,在0~40 cm土层,高频滴灌施肥处理(F3)相比于低频处理(F12)生育期内两年平均土壤含水量和无机氮含量分别增加了7.9%和28.3%;在40~60 cm土层,F3和F6相比于F12处理,两年平均无机氮累积量分别降低了37.8%和23.0%。与F12处理相比,F6处理两年平均番茄生物量、吸氮量和产量分别显著增加16.9%、15.2%和22.6%,而F3和F6处理之间均无显著差异。在相同施肥量和滴灌施肥频率条件下,F6处理在减少40%灌水量的同时能够保持与CK相当产量。因此,适当提高滴灌施肥频率能够促进番茄生长及产量的形成,ADF较常规滴灌施肥具有较大的节水稳产效果。本研究推荐ADF条件下6 d一次的滴灌施肥频率可作为温室番茄生产中较为高效的水肥管理措施。

根系分区交替滴灌对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨旱区农业节水新途径,在甘肃省石羊河流域下游荒漠绿洲区采用常规滴灌和分根区交替滴灌方式研究不同灌溉方式对大田棉花生长发育、产量、水分利用效率以及土壤水分分布的影响。结果表明,交替滴灌处理棉花叶片气孔开度减小,减少了奢侈的蒸腾损失,灌溉定额较小时根系分区交替滴灌对棉花的株高抑制作用较明显,灌水定额较大时限制作用不显著。根系分区交替滴灌技术在大田条件下可使籽棉产量比常规滴灌处理提高21.1%,总水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别提高17.9%和20.9%。同等产量水平下与常规滴灌相比,交替滴灌可节省30.8%的灌水量。本研究表明根系分区交替滴灌是一种切实可行的节水灌溉技术,可在干旱缺水的棉花生产地区进一步研究和推广应用。

番茄垂向分根区交替控制滴灌室内试验及节水机理

开展了垂向分根区交替控制滴灌番茄试验研究,设中等水分处理和低水分处理的垂向分根区交替控制滴灌、中等水分处理的表面滴灌3个处理。结果表明:垂向分根区交替控制滴灌可以在作物上下根区层形成干湿交替的区域,在适宜水分条件下能够大大降低耗水强度,使耗水过程趋于平缓,有利于控制植株长势、壮大径杆直径,以及增加下层根系的比重与根冠比,番茄产量在无显著下降的情况下可实现节水46.5%。在较高的土壤水分下限条件下适时进行番茄垂向分根区交替控制滴灌能够有效降低设施农业的运行管理费用、增加番茄商品率及实现节约水资源的目的。

果树根系分区交替灌溉研究进展

通过对国内外分根区交替灌溉研究成果分析,综述了一种既能满足果树水分需求,又能控制植株长势、减少“奢侈”蒸腾、改善果实品质的果园节水灌溉新技术——果树根系分区交替灌溉,阐明了其理论体系和节水优产机理,概述了与该技术有关的部分根区干燥技术研究现状和存在的问题,提出了几种适合在果园应用的根系分区交替灌溉技术实施模式并对其可行性进行了探讨。分析了果树根系分区交替灌溉技术的应用前景和需要进一步研究的问题。

分根区交替灌溉对马铃薯水氮利用效率的影响

分根区交替灌溉已被证实是一种有效节水灌溉技术同时保持作物产量,但有关分根区交替灌溉提高作物氮素利用效率、降低对水土环境的影响机理还不是很清楚。为了探明地下滴灌条件下充分灌溉及分根区交替灌溉(APRI)对马铃薯水氮利用效率的影响,通过田间小区试验,对各处理马铃薯全生育期灌水量、植株体氮素残留、土壤氮素残留及水氮利用效率进行了比较分析。研究结果表明:收获后,APRI处理(E、I、K)与充分灌水处理产量(F、J、L)差异不大,但APRI处理灌溉水利用效率显著高于充分灌水处理(p=0.05);充分灌水处理不同土层(0～30cm和30～60cm)土壤中残留硝态氮、矿物质氮较APRI处理高;APRI处理(I、K)作物氮利用效率及农田氮利用效率显著高于充分灌水处理(J、L)(p=0.05)。因此,APRI处理不仅能够显著提高作物的水分利用效率,而且还能显著提高土壤矿质氮的活性,有利于作物对土壤氮素的吸收利用。

干旱荒漠绿洲区葡萄根系分区交替灌溉试验研究

为了探讨西北旱区葡萄节水优质高效灌溉模式,于2004～2006年在甘肃河西走廊石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区进行了田间试验,研究了根系分区交替滴灌、固定部分根区滴灌和常规滴灌三种灌溉模式对鲜食葡萄产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响。研究结果表明,根系分区交替灌溉灌水量较常规滴灌减少1/2,其产量未有显著下降,而且显著提高了浆果V c含量,使果酸含量降低,可溶性固形物含量显著提高,成熟度明显改善。根系分区交替灌溉的水分利用效率较常规滴灌提高了37.36%。采用根系分区交替灌溉可以达到大量节水、提高葡萄品质和成熟度而不明显降低产量的目的,可以作为西北旱区果园有效的节水优质高效灌溉模式。

分根交替灌溉对桃树生长发育及水分利用效率的影响

以12年生桃树为对象,研究了分根交替灌溉(APRI)对半干旱气候条件下桃树生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:APRI处理的桃树湿润一侧土壤含水量随深度的增加而减小,而干旱一侧则随深度的增加而增大,二者含水量最大差值出现在土壤表层(0～25cm);每2周和每4周交替灌溉1次的APRI处理在黎明前叶水势明显低于常规对照(充分灌溉),但随着时间(白天)的推移,所有处理的叶水势都趋于降低,下午APRI处理与对照差异不显著.APRI处理桃产量比对照降低10%,但供水量减少了50%,水分利用率提高了75%;APRI处理明显降低了桃树植株的新梢生长量,但对果实直径没有显著影响.