OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF NANOCRYSTAL ODS ALUMINIDE COATINGS PRODUCED BY PACK ALUMINIZING PROCESS ASSISTED BY BALL PEENING

Nanocrystal ODS （oxide dispersion strengthening） aluminide coatings were produced on a stainless steel and nickel-based superalloy by the pock aluminizing process assisted by ball peening, Pure Al powders and 1% of ultra-fine Y2O3 powders were mixed by ball milling. The ultra-fine Y2O3 powders were dispersed in Al particles. Ball peening welded the Al particles onto the substrate and accelerated the formation of aluminide coating. Nanocrystal ODS aluminide coatings were produced by the outward growth at a much low temperature （below 600℃） in a short treatment time. The effects of the operation temperature and treatment time on the formation of the coatings were analyzed. SEM （scanning electron microscope）, AFM （atomic force microscope）, EDS （energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy）, XRF （X-ray fluorescence spectrometer） and XRD （X-ray diffraction） methods were applied to investigate the microstructure of the coatings. High-temperature oxidation tests were carried out to evaluate the oxidation resistance of the ODS aluminide coatings.

Performance of the Aluminide Coating of SomeLow Alloy Steels

Two low alloy steels 0.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V and H85 were pack-aluminized at 900°for 4 h by using Fe-Al powder mixture containing 48% Fe, 20.6% Al- 29.4% Al2O3 and 2% NH4Cl by weight. The microhardness and oxidation resistance at 900℃ of the aluminide coatings were studied. It was found that pack-aluminizing improves the microhardness of the 0.5Cro.5Mo-0.25V steel while it reduces the microhardness of the H85 steel. Pack aluminizing highly improves the oxidation resistance after 20h exposure at 900℃ in air for the investigated steels.

Effect of Substrate Characteristics on Interdiffusion Coefficients of Ni and Al Atoms in β-NiAl Phase of Aluminide Coatings

Interdiffusion coefficients at 950℃ and 1050℃ are calculated by Wagner analysis method as a function of composition of β-NiAI phase. The β-NiAI phase is formed by pack cementation on surface of superalloy. Results of the calculation show that interdiffusion coefficients in β-NiAI phase strongly depend on the compositions and vary over several orders of magnitude. Compared with the interdiffusion coefficients in the stoichiometric β-NiAI phase, the interdiffusion coefficients in β-NiAI phase formed on superalloy is obviously small, probably due to the composition, complicated microstructure and precipitates. However, it could be seen clearly that the shapes of the diffusivity curves are very similar to each other. The similarity of the diffusion curves and the difference between interdiffusion coefficients imply that the compositions, microstructures and precipitates of superalloy have a distinctly adverse effect on the interdiffusion of Ni and Al atoms during aluminization, but do not change the essential characteristics of β-NiAI phase.

A Finite Difference Method for Determining Interdiffusivity of Aluminide Coating Formed on Superalloy

A numerical method has been developed to extract the composition-dependent interdiffusivity from the concentration profiles in the aluminide coating prepared by pack cementation. The procedure is based on the classic finite difference method (FDM). In order to simplify the model, effect of some alloying elements on interdiffusivity can be negligible. Calculated results indicate the interdiffusivity in aluminide coating strongly depends on the composition and give the formulas used to calculate interdiffusivity at 850, 950 and 1050癈. The effect on interdiffusivity is briefly discussed.

EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE OF ALUMINIDE COATING ON HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF COATING-SUPERALLOY SYSTEM

The high-cycle fatigue performance of different microstructures of aluminide coating- superalloy system has been studied at 900℃.The single phase coating of coarse equiaxial grain NiAI(β)has unfavorable eJfect onJatigue life of the coating-superalloy.The fatigue life may shorten if the coating of NiAl(β)was an enrichment of coarse refractory metal grains. While an improvement can be made by dispersing numerous secondary phase particles such as extreme.fine γ′,quasi-σ-phase and others.

Effects of different pack aluminizing fillers on the aluminide coatings of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and their high-temperature oxidation behaviors

The aluminide coating process of Ti-6Al-4V alloys with different fillers(100wt.% Al_2O_3,50wt% Y_2O_3+50wt.% Al_2O_3 and 100wt.% Y_2O_3) for improvement of the oxidation resistance were investigated.The results show that the filler does not only participate in the aluminizing process,but also has much effect on the coating composition.The XRD analysis reveals that the aluminide coating with filler Al_2O_3 is predominant with TiAl_3 and TiAl phases;while the aluminide coatings with filler Y_2O_3+Al_2O_3 are predominant with Ti_3Al phase.The oxidation kinetics shows that different fillers affect greatly the oxidation resistance of aluminide coating,and the oxidation resistance of aluminized specimens with pack aluminizing filler Al_2O_3 are about 5-8 times than that of the aluminized specimens with other pack aluminizing fillers.

Oxidation Resistance of the Aluminide Coating Formed on Carbon Steels

Low and medium carbon steels were aluminized by the pack aluminizing technique using halideactivated pure-Al and Fe-Al packs. The effect of mixture composition, aluminizing temperatureand time and C content of the steel substrate on the structure and thickness of the aluminidelayer, and on the oxidation resistance was investigated. The optimum oxidation resistance canbe achieved with a low carbon steel substrate when the intermetallic phases Fe3Al and FeAlform the surface of the aluminide layer. In this case, the Al concentration at the surface of thealuminide coating is at least ≥15 wt pct. Formation of high Al concentration phases (FeAl3 andFe2Al5) during aluminizing should be avoided as they tend to embrittle the aluminide layer andreduce its oxidation resistance.

Zirconium Modified Aluminide Coatings Obtained by the CVD and PVD Methods

The paper presents the comparison of the structures of the zirconium modified aluminide coatings deposited on pure nickel by the CVD and PVD methods. In the CVD process, zirconium was deposited from the ZrCl3 gas phase at the 1000°C. Zirconium thin layer (1 or 7 μm thick) and aluminum thin layer (1.0, 0.7 or 0.5 μm thick) were deposited by the EB-PVD method. Deposition velocity was about 1 ?m/min. The layers obtained by the Electron Beam Evaporation method were subjected to diffusion treatment for 2 h in the argon atmosphere. The obtained coatings were examined by the use of an optical microscope (microstructure and coating thickness) a scanning electron microscope (chemical composition on the cross-section of the modified aluminide coating) and XRD phase analysis. Microstructures and phase compositions of coatings obtained by different methods differ significantly. NiAl(Zr), Ni3Al and Ni(Al) phases were found in the CVD aluminide coatings, whereas Ni5Zr, Ni7Zr2 and γNi(Al,Zr) were observed in coatings obtained by the PVD method. The results indicate that the microstructure of the coating is strongly influenced by the method of manufacturing.

Low-temperature Formation of Aluminide Coatings on Ni-base Superalloys by Pack Cementation Process

This article investigates the low-temperature formation of aluminide coatings on a Ni-base superalloy by pack cementation process. The pack cemented coatings characteristic of high density and homogeneity possess a two-layer structure. The top layer mainly consists of Al3Ni2 and Al3Ni,while the bottom layer of Al3Ni2. Great efforts are made to elucidate the effects of different experimental parameters on the microstructure and the constituent distribution of the coatings. The results show that all the parameters exclusive of the pack activator （NH4Cl） content produce effect on the coating thickness,but do not on the microstructure and the constituent distribution. The pack activator （NH4Cl） content affects neither the coating thickness nor structure and constituent distribution. The parabolic relationship between the coating thickness and the deposition time suggests that the process is diffusion-controlled. Furthermore,the article demonstrates a linear relationship between the coating thickness and the re-ciprocal deposition temperature.

Improving cyclic oxidation resistance of Ni_(3)Al-based single crystal superalloy with low-diffusion platinum-modified aluminide coating

A low-diffusion Ni Re Pt Al coating((Ni,Pt)Al outer layer in addition to a Re-rich diffusion barrier layer)was prepared on a Ni_(3)Al-base single crystal(SC)superalloy via electroplating and gaseous aluminizing treatments,wherein the electroplating procedures consisted of the composite deposition of Ni-Re followed by electroplating of Pt.In order to perform a comparison with conventional Ni Al and(Ni,Pt)Al coatings,the cyclic oxidation performance of the Ni Re Pt Al coating was evaluated at 1100 and 1150℃.We observed that the oxidation resistance of the Ni Re Pt Al coating was significantly improved by the greater presence of the residualβ-Ni Al phase in the outer layer and the lesser outward-diffusion of Mo from the substrate.In addition,the coating with the Re-rich diffusion barrier demonstrated a lower extent of interdiffusion into the substrate,where the thickness of the second reaction zone(SRZ)in the substrate alloy decreased by 25%.The mechanisms responsible for improving the oxidation resistance and decreasing the extent of SRZ formation are discussed,in which a particular attention is paid to the inhibition of the outward diffusion of Mo by the Re-based diffusion barrier.

Oxidation Performance and Interdiffusion Behavior of a Pt-Modified Aluminide Coating with Pre-deposition of Ni

To refrain the interdiffusion of elements while holding good oxidation resistance,a(Ni,Pt)Al/Ni composite coating was prepared by sequential treatments of electroplating Ni and Pt and successive gaseous aluminization.In comparison with normal(Ni,Pt)Al coating,high-temperature performance of the composite coating was evaluated in isothermal oxidation test at 1100℃.Both the two coatings exhibited good resistance against high-temperature oxidation,but the interdiffusion of elements between composite coating and single-crystal(SC)superalloy substrate was greatly relieved,in which the thickness of secondary reaction zone(SRZ)and the amount of precipitated topologically close-packed phase in the SC alloy matrix were significantly decreased.Mechanisms responsible for delaying rate of coating degradation and SRZ growth/propagation are discussed.

Cyclic-Oxidation Behavior of Multilayered Pt/Ru-Modified Aluminide Coating

Multilayered Pt/Ru modified aluminide coating for thermal barrier coating （TBC） systems has been investi- gated. 2μm Pt＋2 μm Ru＋2 μm Pt was first deposited on nickel-base superalloy DZ125 by electrodeposition, and then the coating was treated by annealing and a conventional pack-cementation aluminizing process. The cyclic oxidation tests were carried out at 1423 K in air. It was found that the thermal cyclic oxidation resistance of Pt/Ru-modified aluminide coating was comparable to that of Pt-modified aluminide coating, which was much better than simply aluminized DZ125. The addition of Ru to Pt-modified aluminide coating increased the resistance to rumpling. The microstructures and phase constitutions of the coating before and after oxidation were investigated.

Hot Corrosion Behavior of a Cr-Modified Aluminide Coating on a Ni-Based Superalloy

A Cr-modified aluminide coating is prepared on a Ni-based superalloy using arc ion plating and subsequent pack cementation aluminizing.Hot corrosion behavior of the Cr-modified aluminide coating exposed to molten Na2SO4/K2SO4（3：1） or Na2SO4/NaCl（3：1） salts at 900 °C in static air are evaluated as well as the aluminide coating.The results indicate that compared with the aluminide coating,the anti-corrosion properties of the Cr-modified aluminide coating in the both salts are improved,which should be attributed to the beneficial effect of the Cr in the coating.The corrosion mechanism of the Cr-modified aluminide coating,especially the role of Cr in the mixture salt corrosion,is discussed.

Development and characterization of hot dip aluminide coated stainless steel 316L

Stainless steel(SS)grade 316L is used for orthopedic implants due to its biocompatibility;yet the effort should be done to minimize the carcinogenic and inflammatory effects related to SS 316L implants.In this research,aluminide coating of Al–Si alloy on SS 316L is characterized by using optical microscopy,energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),nano-indentation and corrosion testing technique.Hot dip aluminizing process is used to coat the SS 316L specimens at 765°C for 2 min immersion time.Half of the specimens are also diffusion treated in a Muffle furnace at 550°C for 4 h to produce diffused specimens of SS 316L.Microstructural examination shows the formation of flat coating/substrate interface due to Si addition.EDS analysis confirms the formation of complex intermetallic at the coating/substrate interface which finally results in increasing the hardness and corrosion resistance properties of coating.

Influence of Y_2O_3 on the Oxidation Behaviour of a β-NiAl Coating

A new-type of β-NiAl coating containing Y_2O_3 particles was obtained by electrolytic co-deposition and pack aluminizing techniques,and the influences of the nature of Y_2O_3 and its content on the oxidation behaviour of the coating at 1100℃ were studied.The test results indicate that the oxidation rates of the composite coatings are reduced and the scale adhesion is also improved remarkably.The content of Y_2O_3 has little influence on the oxidation rates of the composite coatings,but does obviously on the scale adhesion by modifying the configura- tion of the oxides at the scale-coating interface.The needle-like oxides penetrating into the coating show an obvious keying effect.A part of the dispersed Y_2O_3 in the as-deposited coating accumulates and forms a Y_2O_3-rich layer at the coating-substrate interface immediately after aluminizing.The layer is beneficial to reduce the degradation of the composite coating.

Microstructure and Growth Kinetics of Silicide Coatings for TiAl Alloy

In order to improve the oxidation resistance of Ti Al alloy, silicide coatings were prepared by pack cementation method at 1273, 1323, and 1373 K for 1-3 hours. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, energy dispersive spectrometry（EDS） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） were employed to investigate the microstructures and phase constitutions of the coatings. The experimental results show that all silicon deposition coatings have multi-layer structure. The microstructure and composition of silicide coatings strongly depend on siliconizing temperatures. In order to investigate the rate controlling step of pack siliconizing on Ti Al alloy, coating growth kinetics was analyzed by measuring the mass gains per unit area of silicided samples as a function of time and temperature. The results showed that the rate controlling step was gas-phase diffusion step and the growth rate constant（k） ranged from 1.53 mg^2/（cm^4·h^2） to 2.3 mg^2/（cm^4·h^2）. Activation energy（Q） for the process was calculated as 109 k J/mol, determined by Arrhenius＇ equation： k = k0 exp[–Q/（RT）].

Corrosion Resistance of Ti_3Al/BN Abradable Seal Coating

Ti–Al mixed powder（Ti：Al = 3：1 in atomic ratio） and Ti3 Al intermetallic alloy powder mechanically clad hexagonal BN to fabricate Ti Al/BN and Ti3Al/BN composite powders. The corresponding porous abradable seal coatings（named as TAC-1 and TAC-2, respectively） were deposited using vacuum plasma spray（VPS） technology, and their corrosion behavior was studied via salt spray corrosion and electrochemical tests. Phase compositions and microstructures of these coatings before and after corrosion were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） facilitated with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDS）. The results showed that spontaneous passivation of TAC-1 and TAC-2 granted the coatings excellent corrosion resistance than that of commercial Al/BN coating. Additionally, TAC-2 exhibited higher corrosion potential（Ecorr） and breakdown potential（Ebp） but a lower corrosion current density（icorr） than TAC-1. A small quantity of the corrosion product（Al（OH）3and Al O） could be detected on the surface of TAC-1, while no corrosion product appeared in TAC-2. The non-uniform elements distribution in the metal matrix of TAC-1 resulted in localized corrosion and relatively poor corrosion resistance compared to TAC-2.