A new model to describe effect of plastic deformation on elastic modulus of aluminum alloy

In order to improve the prediction capability of spring-back in aluminum sheet metal forming, the influence of the plastic deformation on elastic modulus is considered when the material undergoes a large plastic deformation. The present work focused on establishing a new model to accurately describe the relation of elastic modulus and plastic deformation. The tensile tests were performed to investigate the influence of plastic deformation on elastic modulus at low strain rate. Two different aluminum sheets were used, AA2024-T3 and LY12-CZ, and the thickness of sheet metals was 1.3 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively. In order to overcome the drawback, which is directly measuring the slope of tension curve to obtain elastic modulus, an extrapolation method was adopted. The proposal macroscopic piecewise sinusoidal function can accurately model the elastic modulus variation.

Numerical analysis of joint temperature evolution during friction stir welding based on plastic deformation heat

3D numerical model for friction stir welding （FSW） was developed by using ABAQUS software considering the plastic deformation heat. Effects of the rotation and welding speeds on the temperature field of FSW 2024-73 aluminum alloy were systematicaUy investigated. The temperature measurement was performed to validate the reliability of the model. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experiments. Results show that changing the rotation speed has no influence on the time for reaching the peak temperature at certain point in the workpiece at a constant welding speed. While increasing the welding speed has significant effect on the time for reaching the peak temperature but the value of peak temperature changes little.

Improvement in the mechanical properties of Al/SiC nanocomposites fabricated by severe plastic deformation and friction stir processing

Severely deformed aluminum sheets were processed by friction stir processing(FSP) with Si C nanoparticles under different conditions to improve the mechanical properties of both the stir zone and the heat affected zone(HAZ).In the case of using a simple probe and the same rotational direction(RD) of the FSP tool between passes,at least three FSP passes were required to obtain the appropriate distribution of nanoparticles.However,after three FSP passes,fracture occurred outward from the stir zone during transverse tensile tests;thus,the strength of the specimen was significantly lower than that of the severely deformed base material because of the softening phenomenon in the HAZ.To improve the mechanical properties of the HAZ,we investigated the possibility of achieving an appropriate distribution of nanoparticles using fewer FSP passes.The results indicated that using the threaded probe and changing the RD of the FSP tool between the passes effectively shattered the clusters of nanoparticles and led to an acceptable distribution of Si C nanoparticles after two FSP passes.In these cases,fracture occurred at the HAZ with higher strength compared to the specimen processed using three FSP passes with the same RD between the passes and with the simple probe.The fracture behaviors of the processed specimens are discussed in detail.

Tensile properties and microstructure of 2024 aluminum alloy subjected to the high magnetic field and external stress

In order to explore the dependence of plasticity of metallic material on a high magnetic held,the effects of the different magnetic induction intensities（H = 0 T,0.5 T,1 T,3 T,and 5 T） and pulses number（N = 0,10,20,30,40,and 50） on tensile strength（σ;） and elongation（δ） of 2024 aluminum alloy are investigated in the synchronous presences of a high magnetic held and external stress.The results show that the magnetic held exerts apparent and positive effects on the tensile properties of the alloy.Especially under the optimized condition of H;=1 T and N;=30,the σ;and 8 are 410 MPa and 17% that are enhanced by 9.3% and 30.8% respectively in comparison to those of the untreated sample.The synchronous increases of tensile properties are attributed to the magneto-plasticity effect on a quantum scale.That is,the magnetic held will accelerate the state conversion of radical pair generated between the dislocation and obstacles from singlet to the triplet state.The bonding energy between them is meanwhile lowered and the moving flexibility of dislocations will be enhanced.At H;= 1 T and N;= 30,the dislocation density is enhanced by 1.28 times.The relevant minimum grain size is 266.1 nm,which is reduced by 35.2%.The grain rehning is attributed to the dislocation accumulation and subsequent dynamic recrystallization.The（211） and（220） peak intensities are weakened.It is deduced that together with the recrystallization,the hne grains will transfer towards the slip plane and contribute to the slipping deformation.

Feature of flow stress of aluminum sheet used for can during hot compression

The flow stress feature of aluminum sheet used for pressure can during plastic deformation at elevated temperature was studied by isothermal compression test using Gleeble 1 500 dynamic materials testing machine. The experimental results show that the steady state deformation is remarkable when the material is deformed in the temperature range of 350～500 ℃ at strain rates within the range of 10 -2 ～10.0 s -1 . The material is sensitive to positive strain rate. A hyperbolic sine relationship is found to correlate well the flow stress with the strain rate, and an Arrhenius relationship with the temperature. Semi empirical constitutive equations of the flow stress are derived from all experimental data for tested material during plastic deformation at elevated temperature by polyelement linear regression analysis. [

铝合金塑性成形粗晶现象的研究进展

铝合金经过热塑性变形或者塑性变形+热处理后,可能发生晶粒异常长大而形成粗晶。粗晶会大幅降低构件的力学性能、耐腐蚀性能和抗疲劳性能,因此必须得到有效控制。对铝合金塑性成形粗晶的研究主要集中在2×××、6×××、7×××系热处理可强化型铝合金以及5×××系热处理不可强化型铝合金,研究内容已经覆盖塑性成形工艺、热处理制度、微观组织演变、数值仿真模拟等方面。为了明晰铝合金塑性成形构件粗晶现象的研究现状,为相关研究提供参考,对铝合金塑性成形粗晶现象的研究进展进行了梳理。首先,分析了材料成分、变形温度、变形速度、固溶温度、固溶时间和模具结构对晶粒异常长大的影响;其次,从晶粒取向分布、应变诱导储能和第二相钉扎作用的角度总结了晶粒异常长大的机理;再次,归纳了包括改变坯料初始状态、合理的锻造技术和中间形变热处理等有效抑制粗晶产生的方法;最后对未来的研究方向进行了展望。

锂离子电池铝塑膜建模研究

为了准确建立软包锂离子电池有限元模型,进行了开裂准则适用性研究。开发了铝塑膜单向拉伸、等双向拉伸、杯突实验专用夹具并对铝塑膜进行相应测试,采用弹塑性有限元模型模拟相应的实验,并分别应用韧性断裂准则、剪切断裂准则、Mus chenborn-Sonne成形极限图(MSFLD)准则模拟铝塑膜的开裂行为。由模拟结果知:三个断裂准则都能较好地模拟单向拉伸和等双向拉伸实验中铝塑膜的开裂行为,而只有韧性断裂准则能够较好地模拟杯突实验中铝塑膜的开裂行为。该研究结果可为建立软包锂离子电池模型提供参考。

PREDICTION OF PATH-DEPENDENT FAILURE IN ALUMINUM SHEET METALS UNDER FORMING OPERATIONS

An approximate macroscopic yield criterion for anisotropic porous sheet metals is adopted in a failure prediction methodology that can be used to investigate the failure of sheet metals under forming operations. This failure prediction methodology is developed based on the Marciniak-Kuczynski approach by assuming a slightly higher void volume fraction inside randomly oriented imperfecte analysis. Here, a nonproportional deformation history including relative rotation of principal stretch directions is identified in a selected critical element of an aluminum sheet from a FEM fender forming simulation. Based on the failure prediction methodology, the failure of the critical sheet element is investigated under the non-proportional deformation history. The results show that thiven non-proportional deformation history.

Influence of Mechanical Behavior between the Grains on Stress Fluctuation of Aluminum Alloy Thick Plate

The research on fluctuation and inhomogeneity of internal stress of aluminum alloy thick plate is theoretical and technological base for stress control technology. By using X-ray diffraction technique and mechanical test method, aluminum alloy with typical fine sub-grains, coarse recrystallized grains, and second phase was analyzed; the interactive mechanical model between grains was built for analysis of variation of internal stress within the local micro structure by imitating the actual distribution of grains. The experimental result shows that the mechanical model can effectively explain the reason for fluctuation of microscopic stress, which also proves that the inhomogeneous distribution of metal organization is the cause for the complex distribution of microscopic stress. The model can well describe stress distribution of thick plate caused by thermal deformation. Besides, it well describes mechanism of stress fluctuation.

高阻隔铝塑袋-集装袋自动化复合工艺及装备研发

目的针对高阻隔性铝塑袋与集装袋复合成型,传统制备工艺效率低下以及加工精度标准差等问题,研发了高阻隔包装袋复合新工艺,并设计了将二者自动复合成型的专用机械装备。方法基于模块化设计的原则,通过对生产线的各个工段进行细致的三维建模研究,各部分达到最佳协同效果,之后进行样机调试优化。结果解决了大型柔性袋自动输送加工难题,经试验,新工艺与原工艺相比连接强度提升2~3倍、生产效率提升5倍,中线偏差精度控制在10mm之内。结论该自动复合成型装备结构合理,保证加工质量的前提下大大解放劳动力,为柔性包装行业及其他类型生产线设计提供可参考案例。

Theoretical analysis of texture evolution in cold rolling process of single crystal aluminum

The crystal plasticity finite element method(CPFEM),which incorporates the crystal plasticity constitutive law into the finite element method,was developed to investigate the rolling processes of the cubic oriented and Goss oriented Al single crystal. The simulation results show that after rolling the crystal predominantly rotates around the transverse direction(TD) for both orientations. The rotations around the rolling direction(RD) and the normal direction(ND) are negligible. The reduction plays a significant role in the texture evolution. The TD rotation angle increases with increasing reduction. The deformation bands exist in the rolled specimens with the cubic initial orientation. Compared with the cubic oriented specimens,the TD rotation angles in the Goss oriented specimens are very small.

国产6061-T6铝合金的修正塑性本构模型

铝合金材料已广泛地应用于各种工程结构中。能准确描述铝合金在复杂应力状态下的塑性本构关系,对铝合金结构在复杂工况下的分析和设计具有重要意义。传统的von Mises屈服准则忽略了应力状态对金属塑性的影响,并不适用于复杂应力状态下的铝合金材料。通过试验证明了应力三轴度和Lode角均会对6061-T6铝合金的塑性行为产生影响,并在此基础上提出了适用于国产6061-T6铝合金在复杂应力状态下的塑性本构模型,并校准了全过程硬化规律和新屈服准则。通过试验和数值结果对比可知,该塑性本构模型可以精确地模拟国产6061-T6铝合金在复杂应力状态下的弹塑性行为。

超声喷丸对6061铝合金表面性能及拉伸性能影响

为研究超声喷丸对6061铝合金表面性能及拉伸性能的影响。采用光学显微镜、三维形貌仪、显微硬度仪、电子拉伸试验机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析不同喷丸时间下6061铝合金试样的微观组织、表面形貌、表面粗糙度、显微硬度、拉伸性能及拉伸断口形貌。喷丸处理后,试样表面发生塑性变形,晶粒得到细化,表面显微硬度由105Hv增加到144.1Hv,硬化层厚度约500μm,表面粗糙度随喷丸时间先增加后减小;相比于未喷丸试样,喷丸处理后试样的拉伸性能有不同程度改善。试验结果表明,超声喷丸处理能有效改善6061铝合金的表面性能和拉伸性能,不同时间的喷丸处理效果存在差异,喷丸时间为180s时,试样拉伸性能较好。

固态法制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究进展

颗粒增强铝基复合材料具备优异的综合性能,可用作结构-功能一体化构件,在新能源汽车、航空航天、核电和兵器装备等领域的应用潜力巨大。不同铝基体、颗粒增强体和制备方法对铝基复合材料的力学性能与物理性能的影响至关重要。近年来,科研工作者在颗粒增强铝基复合材料及其高性能制备方法上开展了大量工作,并取得一定进展。本文通过综述1xxx系、6xxx系等铝基体,氧化物、碳化物等颗粒增强体,粉末冶金法、大塑性变形法等固态法制备方法,力学性能、耐腐蚀性能等服役性能的最新研究进展,系统分析了不同制备方法的优势与目前存在的不足,以期为高性能颗粒增强铝基复合材料的选择、制备与应用提供参考。

基于改进DeepLabv3+的铝塑泡罩包装表面缺陷检测方法研究

针对传统语义分割模型用于铝塑泡罩包装缺陷检测存在小目标缺陷检测精度低、复杂纹理背景下边缘分割效果差、检测速度慢的问题,文章提出一种改进的铝塑泡罩包装表面缺陷检测方法。主干特征提取网络采用轻量级MobileNetV2网络替代原始的Xception网络,大幅减少模型参数量;在特征提取模块和空洞空间金字塔池化(atrous spatial pyramid pooling,ASPP)模块中串联高效通道注意力(efficient channel attention,ECA)模块,加快全局特征融合,降低细节信息丢失,从而提高模型对小目标缺陷的分割精度;最后,在DeepLabv3+的解码器中加入边界细化模块,提升模型在铝塑表面复杂纹理背景下对缺陷区域边缘的分割精度。在自建药板图片数据集上进行的验证实验结果表明,所提方法模型与传统DeepLabv3+、PSPNet、HRNet等模型相比,平均交并比(mean intersection over union,MIoU)最大提高14.50%,单图预测时间最大减少92.71 ms,参数量最大减少47.67 MiB。文章方法具有较高的识别正确率和效率,可以实现铝塑泡罩包装表面缺陷的快速检测,具有较强的应用性。

无模无铆连接接头的塑性变形行为及工艺参数研究

为克服传统无铆连接工艺模具结构复杂、对中要求高等不足,提出了一种新型无模无铆连接工艺,并针对2 mm厚AA5052-H32铝合金板材开展了无模无铆接头塑性变形行为及工艺参数的研究。通过单轴拉伸实验和参数拟合获取了铝合金材料模型,并以此为材料数据建立了无模无铆接头成形过程有限元模型。此外,还分析了成形过程中板料的等效塑性应变、等效应力和材料流动情况,研究了冲头工艺参数对接头塑性变形行为的影响规律。实验与仿真结果表明,所建立的有限元模型具有较好的精度,[JP3]可以有效预测接头的成形过程,接头的颈部厚度、互锁值和凸起高度的预测误差均在10%以内,分别为9.4%、1.8%和0.1%;冲头直径、冲头圆角半径、冲头高度和冲头拔模斜度4种冲头工艺参数对接头的塑性变形行为和最终的接头形状有重要影响。

软包装锂电池铝塑膜各向异性及应力模型研究

目的研究铝塑膜的性能各向异性,并构建其与各层基材性能关系的数学模型。方法通过拉伸试验系统研究铝塑膜各层基材的各向异性特征及应力应变行为,采用层状复合材料的混合定律,构建铝塑膜的强度与基材强度的关系模型。结果聚丙烯膜强度各向异性指数最低为1.5,尼龙膜延伸率各向异性指数最低为−0.8,铝箔的强度和延伸率各向异性指数分别为4.0和−8.7,铝塑膜复合膜的强度和延伸率各向异性指数与铝箔接近,是影响铝塑膜各向异性的关键基材。结论基于混合定律采用线性回归分析方法构建的铝塑膜应力模型与实际测试结果吻合良好,在工程领域可以用作铝塑膜基材选型的参考。

辊板式铝塑泡罩包装机的开发

目的铝塑泡罩包装机分为DPA系列(辊辊型)、DPP(B)系列(平板或板板型)、DPH(T)系列(辊板型)3种类型,针对过去的泡罩包装机存在着一些如封合后会弯曲、影响美观以及效率低下等问题,需要加大力度对泡罩包装机进行设计开发,使其达到国际先进水平。方法DPH(T)系列辊板式铝塑泡罩包装机在辊辊式和平板式铝塑泡罩包装机的技术基础上优化并组合,DPH(T)系列辊板式铝塑泡罩包装机采用平板式吹塑成型(也叫正压成型)和辊式封合技术;新研发的DPH辊板型铝塑泡罩包装机采用摆线运动规律来改善凸轮的动力特性。结果DPH(T)系列铝塑泡罩包装机生产效率高、运行平稳、结构合理、操作简单、性能可靠、消除了刚性和柔性冲击;DPH(T)系列铝塑泡罩包装机广泛用于药品、食品等的包装。结论DPH(T)系列铝塑泡罩包装机综合性能得到了改善和提高,并且有些机型目前已经达到了国际先进水平。

食品接触用多层复合包装中迁移物质的非靶向筛查和风险评价

目的以食品接触用纸/铝/塑复合包装为研究对象,结合应用非靶向高通量筛查技术和安全风险评价方法,全面研究这类多层复合包装在接触食品过程中的迁移风险。方法采用顶空气相色谱-串联质谱、气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱和液相色谱-四级杆飞行时间质谱全面筛查食品接触用纸/铝/塑复合包装在不同迁移条件下的挥发性、半挥发性和非挥发性迁移物质,基于商业数据库、实验室自建库及行业信息解析物质化学结构及可能来源,利用内标半定量迁移水平,结合国内外食品接触材料法规和安全风险评估方法进行符合性评价及风险评价。结果20批纸/铝/塑复合食品包装在体积分数为4%的乙酸模拟物中未发现迁移风险,在体积分数为95%的乙醇模拟物中共计检出35种物质,可能源于溶剂、抗氧剂、爽滑剂、低聚物、抗氧剂氧化/降解产物等物质。其中,33种物质经法规评估及毒理学评估,显示风险较低;其余2类聚烯烃低聚物因结构难以确定、缺乏毒理学研究建议持续关注毒理学研究进展及国内外法律法规动态。结论通过结合应用非靶向高通量筛查技术和安全风险评估方法研究表明,在通常的使用条件下,纸/铝/塑多层复合包装用于盛装果汁等水性食品时不存在安全风险,但接触高乙醇含量或油脂类食品时建议关注聚烯烃类低聚物的迁移安全性。