The application of amino acid-based surfactant in dishwasher detergent was studied in this paper. The foam and oil-removing performance of amino acid surfactants in alkaline condition were test to discuss feasibility ...The application of amino acid-based surfactant in dishwasher detergent was studied in this paper. The foam and oil-removing performance of amino acid surfactants in alkaline condition were test to discuss feasibility of amino acid-based surfactant from natural origin as the alternative to traditional nonionic surfactants from petroleum origin in dishwasher detergent. Comparative study was conducted through using various amino acid-based surfactants and nonionic surfactants respectively, together with enzymes and peroxide to formulate dishwasher detergents, and their application properties such as foam performance and detergency were also evaluated when washing different tableware in automatic dishwasher. The results showed that among all tested amino acid surfactants, glutamate surfactants showed low foaming and high oil-removing ability in alkaline condition, and excellent decontamination ability in dishwashing tests.展开更多
Compound Formula Rehmannia has been shown to be clinically effective in treating Parkinson＇s disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a model of P...Compound Formula Rehmannia has been shown to be clinically effective in treating Parkinson＇s disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a model of Parkinson＇s disease dyskinesia in rats, and treated these animals with Compound Formula Rehmannia. Compound Formula Rehmannia inhibited the increase in mRNA expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits 1 and 2 and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter genes, and it inhibited the reduction in expression of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B1, an inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter gene, in the corpus striatum. In addition, Compound Formula Rehmannia alleviated dyskinesia symptoms in the Parkinson＇s disease rats. These experimental findings indicate that Compound Formula Rehmannia alleviates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson＇s disease by modulating neurotransmitter signaling in the corpus striatum.展开更多
It is not too much to say that molecular biology, including genome research, has progressed based on the determination of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. However, these ap-proaches are limited to the analysis of r...It is not too much to say that molecular biology, including genome research, has progressed based on the determination of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. However, these ap-proaches are limited to the analysis of relatively small numbers of the same genes among spe-cies. On the other hand, by graphical presenta-tion of the ratios of the numbers of amino acids present to the total numbers of amino acids presumed from the target gene(s) or genome or those of the numbers of nucleotides present to the total numbers of nucleotides calculated from the target gene(s) or genome, we can readily draw conclusions from extraordinarily huge data sets integrated by human intelli-gence. 1) Assuming polymerization of amino acids or nucleotides in a simulation analysis based on a random choice, proteins were formed by simple amino acid polymerization, while nucleotide polymerization to form nucleic acids encoding specific proteins needed certain specific control. These results proposed that protein formation chronologically preceded codon formation during the establishment of primitive life forms. In the prebiotic phase, amino acid composition was a dominant factor that determined protein characteristics;the “Amino Acid World”. 2) The genome is constructed homogeneou- sly from putative small units displaying similar codon usages and coding for similar amino acid compositions;the unit is a gene assembly en-coding 3,000 - 7,000 amino acid residues and this unit size is independent not only of genome size, but also of species. 3) In codon evolution, all nucleotide alterna-tions are correlated, not only in coding regions, but also in non-coding regions;the correlations can be expressed by linear formulas;y = ax + b, where “y” and “x” represent nucleotide con-tents, and “a” and “b” are constant. 4) The basic pattern of cellular amino acid compositions obtained from whole cell lysates is conserved from bacteria to Homo sapiens, and resembles that calculated from complete genomes. This basic pattern is characterized by a “star-shape” that changes slightly among species, and changes in amino acid composi-tion seem to reflect biological evolution. 5) Organisms can essentially be classified according to two codon patterns. Biological evolution due to nucleotide sub-stitutions can be expressed by simple linear formulas based on mathematical principles, while natural selection must affect species pre- servation after nucleotide alternations. There-fore, although Darwin’s natural selection is not directly involved in nucleotide alternations, it contributes obviously to the selection of nu-cleotide alternations. Thus, Darwin’s natural selection is doubtless an important factor in biological evolution.展开更多
Ab initio calculations were performed using the Gaussian 03 software package to obtain the optimized structure, interaction energy and infrared spectrum of ionic liquids （ILs） containing a tetraalkylphosphonium cati...Ab initio calculations were performed using the Gaussian 03 software package to obtain the optimized structure, interaction energy and infrared spectrum of ionic liquids （ILs） containing a tetraalkylphosphonium cation and an amino acid anion. In order to investigate the effect of the presence of nitrogen in the cation, the tetraalkylphosphonium cation was replaced by a tetraalkylammonium cation, while amino acids were retained as anions in the ionic liquid. The amino acids studied here included glycine, alanine, serine, lysine, and glutamine. Optimized structures of several ILs in the gas phase were determined at the levels of Hartree-Fock （HF/6-3＋G（d）） and 1density functional theory （B3LYP/6-3 1＋＋G（d,p））. At high-level estimations, MP2/6-31＋G（d） and MP2/6-31＋＋G（d,p）, the interaction energies between the cations and anions of the ILs were determined. In order to investigate the effect of alkyl-chain length on interaction energy, the alkyl groups were varied from methyl to ethyl and propyl in the tetraalkylphosphonium functional groups. This procedure revealed that there is a considerably stronger interaction between the alkylphosphonium cations and amino acids than between alkylammonium cations and amino acids. Vibrational spectroscopy of ILs shows that a significant -OH vibration peak occurs at 4124 cmt in serine-containing ILs, and a prominent C=O vending peak occurs at 1626 cm^-1 in amino acids.展开更多
文摘The application of amino acid-based surfactant in dishwasher detergent was studied in this paper. The foam and oil-removing performance of amino acid surfactants in alkaline condition were test to discuss feasibility of amino acid-based surfactant from natural origin as the alternative to traditional nonionic surfactants from petroleum origin in dishwasher detergent. Comparative study was conducted through using various amino acid-based surfactants and nonionic surfactants respectively, together with enzymes and peroxide to formulate dishwasher detergents, and their application properties such as foam performance and detergency were also evaluated when washing different tableware in automatic dishwasher. The results showed that among all tested amino acid surfactants, glutamate surfactants showed low foaming and high oil-removing ability in alkaline condition, and excellent decontamination ability in dishwashing tests.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30672684,30973722Science and Technology Support Traditional Chinese Drug Research and Development Project of Shanghai,No.F50102+1 种基金Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Fund of Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau,No.2012J009AAnnual Research Budget of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in 2013,No.2013JW25
文摘Compound Formula Rehmannia has been shown to be clinically effective in treating Parkinson＇s disease and levodopa-induced dyskinesia; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a model of Parkinson＇s disease dyskinesia in rats, and treated these animals with Compound Formula Rehmannia. Compound Formula Rehmannia inhibited the increase in mRNA expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits 1 and 2 and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter genes, and it inhibited the reduction in expression of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B1, an inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter gene, in the corpus striatum. In addition, Compound Formula Rehmannia alleviated dyskinesia symptoms in the Parkinson＇s disease rats. These experimental findings indicate that Compound Formula Rehmannia alleviates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson＇s disease by modulating neurotransmitter signaling in the corpus striatum.
文摘It is not too much to say that molecular biology, including genome research, has progressed based on the determination of nucleotide or amino acid sequences. However, these ap-proaches are limited to the analysis of relatively small numbers of the same genes among spe-cies. On the other hand, by graphical presenta-tion of the ratios of the numbers of amino acids present to the total numbers of amino acids presumed from the target gene(s) or genome or those of the numbers of nucleotides present to the total numbers of nucleotides calculated from the target gene(s) or genome, we can readily draw conclusions from extraordinarily huge data sets integrated by human intelli-gence. 1) Assuming polymerization of amino acids or nucleotides in a simulation analysis based on a random choice, proteins were formed by simple amino acid polymerization, while nucleotide polymerization to form nucleic acids encoding specific proteins needed certain specific control. These results proposed that protein formation chronologically preceded codon formation during the establishment of primitive life forms. In the prebiotic phase, amino acid composition was a dominant factor that determined protein characteristics;the “Amino Acid World”. 2) The genome is constructed homogeneou- sly from putative small units displaying similar codon usages and coding for similar amino acid compositions;the unit is a gene assembly en-coding 3,000 - 7,000 amino acid residues and this unit size is independent not only of genome size, but also of species. 3) In codon evolution, all nucleotide alterna-tions are correlated, not only in coding regions, but also in non-coding regions;the correlations can be expressed by linear formulas;y = ax + b, where “y” and “x” represent nucleotide con-tents, and “a” and “b” are constant. 4) The basic pattern of cellular amino acid compositions obtained from whole cell lysates is conserved from bacteria to Homo sapiens, and resembles that calculated from complete genomes. This basic pattern is characterized by a “star-shape” that changes slightly among species, and changes in amino acid composi-tion seem to reflect biological evolution. 5) Organisms can essentially be classified according to two codon patterns. Biological evolution due to nucleotide sub-stitutions can be expressed by simple linear formulas based on mathematical principles, while natural selection must affect species pre- servation after nucleotide alternations. There-fore, although Darwin’s natural selection is not directly involved in nucleotide alternations, it contributes obviously to the selection of nu-cleotide alternations. Thus, Darwin’s natural selection is doubtless an important factor in biological evolution.
文摘Ab initio calculations were performed using the Gaussian 03 software package to obtain the optimized structure, interaction energy and infrared spectrum of ionic liquids （ILs） containing a tetraalkylphosphonium cation and an amino acid anion. In order to investigate the effect of the presence of nitrogen in the cation, the tetraalkylphosphonium cation was replaced by a tetraalkylammonium cation, while amino acids were retained as anions in the ionic liquid. The amino acids studied here included glycine, alanine, serine, lysine, and glutamine. Optimized structures of several ILs in the gas phase were determined at the levels of Hartree-Fock （HF/6-3＋G（d）） and 1density functional theory （B3LYP/6-3 1＋＋G（d,p））. At high-level estimations, MP2/6-31＋G（d） and MP2/6-31＋＋G（d,p）, the interaction energies between the cations and anions of the ILs were determined. In order to investigate the effect of alkyl-chain length on interaction energy, the alkyl groups were varied from methyl to ethyl and propyl in the tetraalkylphosphonium functional groups. This procedure revealed that there is a considerably stronger interaction between the alkylphosphonium cations and amino acids than between alkylammonium cations and amino acids. Vibrational spectroscopy of ILs shows that a significant -OH vibration peak occurs at 4124 cmt in serine-containing ILs, and a prominent C=O vending peak occurs at 1626 cm^-1 in amino acids.
