Effects of reduced salinity on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia N excretion rate (AER) of scallop Chlamys farreri (3.2 5.9 cm in shell height, 0.147 1.635 g in soft tissue dry weight ) were studied in...Effects of reduced salinity on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia N excretion rate (AER) of scallop Chlamys farreri (3.2 5.9 cm in shell height, 0.147 1.635 g in soft tissue dry weight ) were studied in laboratory from March 21,1997 to April 16, 1997. Under the controlled conditions of reduced salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 and ambient temperature 17℃ and 23℃, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method, respectively. Results showed that with controlled reduced salinity, the mean values of the OCR were 2.17 mg/(g.h) at 17℃, and 2.86 mg/(g.h) at 23℃and that the mean values of the AER were 178.0 μg/(g.h) at 17℃ and 147.0 μg/(g.h) at 23℃. The OCR and the AER decreased with reducing salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 both at 17℃ and 23℃. The effects of reduced salinity on the OCR and the AER of scallop C. farreri could be represented by the allometric equation and the exponential equation, respectively.展开更多
Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clam Meretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temp...Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clam Meretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temperature at 10, 15, 20, 25°C at 31.5 salinity and in incremented salinity at16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 31.5, 36.0, and 41.0 at 20°C, all for 8-10 days. From 10 to 25°C, both respiration and excretion rate were increased. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant difference (P<0.01) in physiological parameters in this temperature range except between 15 and 20°C. The highest Q10 thermal coefficient value (12.27) was acquired between 10 and 15°C, and about 1 between 15 and 20°C, indicating M. meretrix could well acclimate to tem- perature changes in this range. Salinity also had significant effects on respiration and excretion rate (P<0.05). The highest values of respiration and excretion rate of M. meretrix were recorded at 16.0 salinity (20°C). These two physiological parameters decreased as salinity increased until reached the minimum Q10 value at 31.5 (20°C), then again, these parameters increased with increasing salinity from 31.5 to 41.0. M. meretrix can catabolize body protein to cope with osmotic pressure stress when environmental salinity is away from its optimal range. No significant difference was observed between 26.0 and 36.0 in salinity (P>0.05), suggesting that a best meta- bolic salinity range for this species is between 26.0 and 36.0.展开更多
The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid group...The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q_(10)(respiration) and Q_(10)(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q_(10)(respiration), Q_(10)(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.展开更多
Polychaetes provide an excellent food resource for fi sh and represent the dominant zoobenthos in marine ecosystems. Diel variation in the rates of metabolism and ammonia-N excretion of Marphysa sanguinea were studied...Polychaetes provide an excellent food resource for fi sh and represent the dominant zoobenthos in marine ecosystems. Diel variation in the rates of metabolism and ammonia-N excretion of Marphysa sanguinea were studied. The worms were grouped according to their wet body weight into small(S; 1.24±0.06 g), medium(M; 4.00±0.30 g), and large(L; 8.54±1.08 g) categories. Their weight-specifi c metabolic rates, based on aerobic respiration( R), were measured at 16°C(±0.2°C) and classed as either routine( R_R) or standard( R_S) rates. Both respiration types decreased with increasing body weight. Respiration was described by R = a W^b, where b was-0.400 9 and-0.532 0 for R_R and R_S, respectively. Diurnal changes in R_S for each group was relatively flat, with a slightly increasing trend with time, but was relatively stable as a whole. R_R of the diurnal variation of worms was higher than R_S, but both had similar overall trends. The peak values of specifi c dynamic action(SDA)( R_(SDA)) in the S, M, and L groups were 2.704, 1.149, and 0.682 mg/(g?h), respectively. The durations of SDA were 13, 6, and 6 h, respectively and the energy expenditures of SDA were 377.98, 117.34, and 74.94 J/g, respectively. These data indicate that the metabolic rates were higher in smaller individuals, which is advantageous for their rapid growth.展开更多
The effects of water temperature on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Solenaia oleivora were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that, under controlled conditions and ambient temperatures...The effects of water temperature on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Solenaia oleivora were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that, under controlled conditions and ambient temperatures 15—30℃, the relationship between oxygen consumption rate (O) [mg/h] and dry weight of soft tissue (W) [g] can be represented by an allometric equation O=aW b, while the relationship between ammonia excretion rate (N) [μg/h] and dry weight of soft tissue (W) [g] follows also an allometric equation N=cW b. It is indicated that both metabolic rates are correlated positively with water temperature. High temperature can reduce the level of protein metabolism. The linear regression among oxygen consumption rate (O), temperature (T) and dry weight of soft tissue (W) can be described by the equation O=-0.6513+0.0532T+0.1073W, and for ammonia this relation is N=32.1626-1.0566T+1.3222W, the multiple relation coefficient was 0.9642 and 0.8921, respectively.展开更多
of temperature on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia-N excretion rate of scallop Chlamys farreri (1.7-6.2 cm in shell height) were studied in laboratory from Dec. 30 1996 to Jan. 28, 1997 . Under the controlled...of temperature on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia-N excretion rate of scallop Chlamys farreri (1.7-6.2 cm in shell height) were studied in laboratory from Dec. 30 1996 to Jan. 28, 1997 . Under the controlled conditions of ambient water temperature 10-31℃ and salinity 32, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia-N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method , respectively . Results showed that the OCR ranged from 1.20 mg/g (DW). h to 5.76mg/g (DW). h. The OCR increased with temperature from 10℃ to 23℃, but at 28℃ the OCR of mature individuals decreased, and that of different size scallops reduced at 31℃. The ammonia-N excretion rate ranged from 113.13 μg NH4-N/g (DW). h to 486.63 μg NH4 -N/g (DW). h,and increased with temperature from 10℃ to 31℃.展开更多
响应到稻田的脲申请的氨挥发损失，氮利用效率，和米饭收益在 Wangzhuang 镇上被调查， Changshu 城市，江苏省，中国。N 化肥处理，适用在三倍，是 0 (控制) ， 100， 200， 300，或 350 kg N 哈 ? 1。在脲被用于地面水以后，一个连续...响应到稻田的脲申请的氨挥发损失，氮利用效率，和米饭收益在 Wangzhuang 镇上被调查， Changshu 城市，江苏省，中国。N 化肥处理，适用在三倍，是 0 (控制) ， 100， 200， 300，或 350 kg N 哈 ? 1。在脲被用于地面水以后，一个连续气流包围方法被用来在稻田测量氨挥发。通过氨挥发的全部的 N 损失通常与 N 申请率，和申请评估的二更高的 N 增加了(300 和 350 kg N 哈 ? 1 ) 证明 N 的更高的比率通过氨挥发输了到应用 N。由在全部米饭期间，生长上演的氨挥发的全部的氨损失从 9.0% ～ 16.7% 应用 N 。增加申请率通常减少了在到在植物的 N 的种子的 N 的比率。为所有 N 处理，氮肥利用效率从 30.9% ～ 45.9%。有最高的 N 率的剩余 N 导致了米饭植物，氮肥利用的减少的率，和减少的米饭收益的住宿。从这个实验计算，最节俭的 N 化肥申请率是 227 kg 哈 ? 1 为在泰胡·莱克区域的水稻土的类型。然而，推荐适当 N 化肥申请率以便植物生长被提高，氨损失被减少能改进大米的 N 利用效率。展开更多
Ridgetail white prawn(E xopalaemon carinicauda) are of significant economic importance in China where they are widely cultured. However,there is little information on the basic biology of this species. We evaluated th...Ridgetail white prawn(E xopalaemon carinicauda) are of significant economic importance in China where they are widely cultured. However,there is little information on the basic biology of this species. We evaluated the effect of temperature(16,19,22,25,28,31,and 34°C) on the standard metabolic rates(SMRs) of juvenile and adult E. carinicauda in the laboratory under static conditions. The oxygen consumption rate(OCR),ammonia-Nexcretion rate(AER),and atomic ratio of oxygen consumed to nitrogen consumed(O:N ratio) of juvenile and adult E. carinicauda were significantly influenced by temperature( P< 0.05). Both the OCR and AER of juveniles increased significantly with increasing temperature from 16 to 34°C,but the maximum OCR for adults was at 31°C. Juvenile shrimp exhibited a higher OCR than the adults from 19 to 34°C. There was no significant difference between the AERs of the two life-stages from 16 to 31°C( P >0.05). The O:N ratio in juveniles was significantly higher than that in the adults over the entire temperature range(P <0.05). The temperature coefficient(Q 10) of OCR and AER ranged from 5.03 to 0.86 and 6.30 to 0.85 for the adults,respectively,and from 6.09–1.03 and 3.66–1.80 for the juveniles,respectively. The optimal temperature range for growth of the juvenile and adult shrimp was from 28 to 31°C,based on Q 10 and SMR values. Results from the present study may be used to guide pond culture production of E. carinicauda.展开更多
A pilot scale zeolite medium biological aerated filter(ZBAF) was designed and used to treat municipal wastewater. It showed that ZBAF could simultaneously remove chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia-N and turbidity to...A pilot scale zeolite medium biological aerated filter(ZBAF) was designed and used to treat municipal wastewater. It showed that ZBAF could simultaneously remove chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia-N and turbidity to satisfied degree at a hydraulic retention time(HRT) of 0.95 h. Their average removal efficiencies were 73.9%, 88.4% and 96.2% with the corresponding average effluent concentrations of 43.4 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L and 3.7 NTU, respectively. These effluent items met with the water quality standard of the treated water reused for cooling water. The COD removal volumetric loading rate increased proportionally with its applied volumetric loading rate with its maximum of 7.1 kg/(m 3·d). Ammonia-N removal loading rate also increased proportionally with its applied loading rate at HRT of longer than 0.95 h and the feasible maximum removal loading rate was 0.9 kg/(m 3·d). The COD loading rate did not affect the ammonia-N removal efficiency significantly when it was lower than 5.5 kg/(m 3·d). ZBAF has good application prospect for its low cost and high removal efficiency in the future.展开更多
文摘Effects of reduced salinity on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the ammonia N excretion rate (AER) of scallop Chlamys farreri (3.2 5.9 cm in shell height, 0.147 1.635 g in soft tissue dry weight ) were studied in laboratory from March 21,1997 to April 16, 1997. Under the controlled conditions of reduced salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 and ambient temperature 17℃ and 23℃, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method, respectively. Results showed that with controlled reduced salinity, the mean values of the OCR were 2.17 mg/(g.h) at 17℃, and 2.86 mg/(g.h) at 23℃and that the mean values of the AER were 178.0 μg/(g.h) at 17℃ and 147.0 μg/(g.h) at 23℃. The OCR and the AER decreased with reducing salinity from 31.5 to 15.0 both at 17℃ and 23℃. The effects of reduced salinity on the OCR and the AER of scallop C. farreri could be represented by the allometric equation and the exponential equation, respectively.
基金This work is supported by National High-Tech R & D Program of China,(863 Program) (2002AA603014)
文摘Effects of temperatures and salinities on oxygen consumption and ammonia-N excretion rate of clam Meretrix meretrix were studied in laboratory from Oct. 2003 to Jan. 2004. Two schemes were designed in incremented temperature at 10, 15, 20, 25°C at 31.5 salinity and in incremented salinity at16.0, 21.0, 26.0, 31.5, 36.0, and 41.0 at 20°C, all for 8-10 days. From 10 to 25°C, both respiration and excretion rate were increased. One-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated significant difference (P<0.01) in physiological parameters in this temperature range except between 15 and 20°C. The highest Q10 thermal coefficient value (12.27) was acquired between 10 and 15°C, and about 1 between 15 and 20°C, indicating M. meretrix could well acclimate to tem- perature changes in this range. Salinity also had significant effects on respiration and excretion rate (P<0.05). The highest values of respiration and excretion rate of M. meretrix were recorded at 16.0 salinity (20°C). These two physiological parameters decreased as salinity increased until reached the minimum Q10 value at 31.5 (20°C), then again, these parameters increased with increasing salinity from 31.5 to 41.0. M. meretrix can catabolize body protein to cope with osmotic pressure stress when environmental salinity is away from its optimal range. No significant difference was observed between 26.0 and 36.0 in salinity (P>0.05), suggesting that a best meta- bolic salinity range for this species is between 26.0 and 36.0.
基金supported by the project of National Science and Technology Supporting Plan (No. 2011BAD13B04)
文摘The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q_(10)(respiration) and Q_(10)(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q_(10)(respiration), Q_(10)(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30901107)the National Marine Public Welfare Research Project(Nos.201305002,201305043)the Project of Marine Ecological Restoration Technology Research to the Penglai 19-3 Oil Spill Accident(No.19-3YJ09)
文摘Polychaetes provide an excellent food resource for fi sh and represent the dominant zoobenthos in marine ecosystems. Diel variation in the rates of metabolism and ammonia-N excretion of Marphysa sanguinea were studied. The worms were grouped according to their wet body weight into small(S; 1.24±0.06 g), medium(M; 4.00±0.30 g), and large(L; 8.54±1.08 g) categories. Their weight-specifi c metabolic rates, based on aerobic respiration( R), were measured at 16°C(±0.2°C) and classed as either routine( R_R) or standard( R_S) rates. Both respiration types decreased with increasing body weight. Respiration was described by R = a W^b, where b was-0.400 9 and-0.532 0 for R_R and R_S, respectively. Diurnal changes in R_S for each group was relatively flat, with a slightly increasing trend with time, but was relatively stable as a whole. R_R of the diurnal variation of worms was higher than R_S, but both had similar overall trends. The peak values of specifi c dynamic action(SDA)( R_(SDA)) in the S, M, and L groups were 2.704, 1.149, and 0.682 mg/(g?h), respectively. The durations of SDA were 13, 6, and 6 h, respectively and the energy expenditures of SDA were 377.98, 117.34, and 74.94 J/g, respectively. These data indicate that the metabolic rates were higher in smaller individuals, which is advantageous for their rapid growth.
文摘The effects of water temperature on oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of Solenaia oleivora were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that, under controlled conditions and ambient temperatures 15—30℃, the relationship between oxygen consumption rate (O) [mg/h] and dry weight of soft tissue (W) [g] can be represented by an allometric equation O=aW b, while the relationship between ammonia excretion rate (N) [μg/h] and dry weight of soft tissue (W) [g] follows also an allometric equation N=cW b. It is indicated that both metabolic rates are correlated positively with water temperature. High temperature can reduce the level of protein metabolism. The linear regression among oxygen consumption rate (O), temperature (T) and dry weight of soft tissue (W) can be described by the equation O=-0.6513+0.0532T+0.1073W, and for ammonia this relation is N=32.1626-1.0566T+1.3222W, the multiple relation coefficient was 0.9642 and 0.8921, respectively.
文摘of temperature on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ammonia-N excretion rate of scallop Chlamys farreri (1.7-6.2 cm in shell height) were studied in laboratory from Dec. 30 1996 to Jan. 28, 1997 . Under the controlled conditions of ambient water temperature 10-31℃ and salinity 32, the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and ammonia-N were determined by the Winkle method and the hypobromite method , respectively . Results showed that the OCR ranged from 1.20 mg/g (DW). h to 5.76mg/g (DW). h. The OCR increased with temperature from 10℃ to 23℃, but at 28℃ the OCR of mature individuals decreased, and that of different size scallops reduced at 31℃. The ammonia-N excretion rate ranged from 113.13 μg NH4-N/g (DW). h to 486.63 μg NH4 -N/g (DW). h,and increased with temperature from 10℃ to 31℃.
基金Project supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX2-413-3)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30390080)National Basic Research Program of China (No.2005CB121108)
文摘响应到稻田的脲申请的氨挥发损失，氮利用效率，和米饭收益在 Wangzhuang 镇上被调查， Changshu 城市，江苏省，中国。N 化肥处理，适用在三倍，是 0 (控制) ， 100， 200， 300，或 350 kg N 哈 ? 1。在脲被用于地面水以后，一个连续气流包围方法被用来在稻田测量氨挥发。通过氨挥发的全部的 N 损失通常与 N 申请率，和申请评估的二更高的 N 增加了(300 和 350 kg N 哈 ? 1 ) 证明 N 的更高的比率通过氨挥发输了到应用 N。由在全部米饭期间，生长上演的氨挥发的全部的氨损失从 9.0% ～ 16.7% 应用 N 。增加申请率通常减少了在到在植物的 N 的种子的 N 的比率。为所有 N 处理，氮肥利用效率从 30.9% ～ 45.9%。有最高的 N 率的剩余 N 导致了米饭植物，氮肥利用的减少的率，和减少的米饭收益的住宿。从这个实验计算，最节俭的 N 化肥申请率是 227 kg 哈 ? 1 为在泰胡·莱克区域的水稻土的类型。然而，推荐适当 N 化肥申请率以便植物生长被提高，氨损失被减少能改进大米的 N 利用效率。
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2011BAD13B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(General Program)(No.41376165)the China Agriculture Research System CARS-47
文摘Ridgetail white prawn(E xopalaemon carinicauda) are of significant economic importance in China where they are widely cultured. However,there is little information on the basic biology of this species. We evaluated the effect of temperature(16,19,22,25,28,31,and 34°C) on the standard metabolic rates(SMRs) of juvenile and adult E. carinicauda in the laboratory under static conditions. The oxygen consumption rate(OCR),ammonia-Nexcretion rate(AER),and atomic ratio of oxygen consumed to nitrogen consumed(O:N ratio) of juvenile and adult E. carinicauda were significantly influenced by temperature( P< 0.05). Both the OCR and AER of juveniles increased significantly with increasing temperature from 16 to 34°C,but the maximum OCR for adults was at 31°C. Juvenile shrimp exhibited a higher OCR than the adults from 19 to 34°C. There was no significant difference between the AERs of the two life-stages from 16 to 31°C( P >0.05). The O:N ratio in juveniles was significantly higher than that in the adults over the entire temperature range(P <0.05). The temperature coefficient(Q 10) of OCR and AER ranged from 5.03 to 0.86 and 6.30 to 0.85 for the adults,respectively,and from 6.09–1.03 and 3.66–1.80 for the juveniles,respectively. The optimal temperature range for growth of the juvenile and adult shrimp was from 28 to 31°C,based on Q 10 and SMR values. Results from the present study may be used to guide pond culture production of E. carinicauda.
文摘A pilot scale zeolite medium biological aerated filter(ZBAF) was designed and used to treat municipal wastewater. It showed that ZBAF could simultaneously remove chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia-N and turbidity to satisfied degree at a hydraulic retention time(HRT) of 0.95 h. Their average removal efficiencies were 73.9%, 88.4% and 96.2% with the corresponding average effluent concentrations of 43.4 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L and 3.7 NTU, respectively. These effluent items met with the water quality standard of the treated water reused for cooling water. The COD removal volumetric loading rate increased proportionally with its applied volumetric loading rate with its maximum of 7.1 kg/(m 3·d). Ammonia-N removal loading rate also increased proportionally with its applied loading rate at HRT of longer than 0.95 h and the feasible maximum removal loading rate was 0.9 kg/(m 3·d). The COD loading rate did not affect the ammonia-N removal efficiency significantly when it was lower than 5.5 kg/(m 3·d). ZBAF has good application prospect for its low cost and high removal efficiency in the future.
