土壤水氮动态及作物生长耦合EPIC-Nitrogen2D模型

为计算农业区不同作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程,该文基于Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator（EPIC）作物模型建立了作物根系生长子模块,将其进行有限元数值离散,与土壤氮素迁移转化模型Nitrogen2D耦合,使模型能计算作物生长条件下土壤水氮迁移转化过程。该作物生长模块可计算多种胁迫下作物根系对土壤水分和氮素的动态吸收速率,及作物收获时的生物量和吸氮量。采用武汉大学灌溉排水试验场冬小麦生长条件下土壤水氮试验数据对模型进行了率定,并用于土壤水氮分布和作物生物量预测,土壤含水率、氮素的模拟值与实测值的一致性系数分别为0.86-0.97、0.52-0.98,Nash效率系数为0.59-0.90（含水率）、0.44-0.93（土壤氮素）,说明模拟结果与实测值吻合度较高。同时,分别采用该文的作物生长模块和简单根系吸收模块计算根系吸氮过程,结果显示,简单根系吸收模型会显著高估作物吸氮量,而作物生长模型则由于考虑了根系生长和各环境因子的胁迫作用,计算结果更符合作物实际吸氮过程,计算的根系吸氮量相对均方根误差为3.4%-46%。

LaSrNiO_(4-λ) with K_2NiF_4 Strcture──A Highly Active Catalyst for Direct Decomposition of Nitrogen Monoxide

A series of perovskite-like mixed oxides La2-xSrxMO4±λ(M =Cu, Co,Ni; x=0,1 ) was prepared and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction. The catalytic properties of these catalysts in NO decompositiori were tested. The results showed that LaSrNiO4-λ with K2NiF4 structure is very active and stable for the decomposition of NO.

TaNRT2.1-6B is a dual-affinity nitrate transporter contributing to nitrogen uptake in bread wheat under both nitrogen deficiency and sufficiency

Multiple nitrate transporter(NRT)genes exist in the genome of bread wheat,and it is of great importance to identify the elite NRT genes for N-efficient wheat cultivar breeding.A candidate gene association study(CGAS)of six N use efficiency(NUE)related traits(grain N concentration(GNC),straw N concentration(SNC),grain yield(GY),grain N accumulation(GNA),shoot total N accumulation(STN)and N harvest index(NHI))was performed based on SNPs in 46 NRT2 genes using a panel composed of 286 wheat cultivars.CGAS identified TaNRT2.1-6B as an elite NRT gene that is significantly associated with four(NHI,SNC,GNA and GY)of the six NUE-related traits simultaneously.TaNRT2.1-6B is located on the plasma membrane and acts as a dual-affinity NRT.The overexpression of TaNRT2.1-6B increased the N influx and root growth of wheat,whereas gene silence lines resulted in the opposite effects.The overexpression of TaNRT2.1-6B also improved GY and N accumulation of wheat under either limited or sufficient N conditions.The data provide the TaNRT2.1-6B gene and the two associated SNP markers as promising powerful tools for breeding wheat cultivars with high N uptake ability and NUE.

Low-Density Co-Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 Promotes Plant Growth and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Cultivars

Inoculation density has a marked effect on nodulation and N fixation in soybean (Glycine max L.). Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the optimal inoculation density of Bradyhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 (SAY3-7) and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 (P4) for plant growth, nodulation, and N fixation, and to investigate the effect of co-inoculation on selected soybean cultivars, using the optimal inoculation density. Nitrogen fixation, in terms of an acetylene reduction activity value, was measured using a flame ionization gas chromatograph. In this study, low-density single inoculation with P4 (105 or 106 cells mL-1) was associated with the highest plant biomass, compared with normal- and high-density single inoculation with P4 (107 or 108 cells mL-1). Moreover, low-density single or co-inoculations with SAY3-7 and/or P4 produced the highest nodule biomass and highest nitrogenase activity, compared with single or dual inoculation at other inoculation densities. Therefore, we evaluated low-density co-inoculation with P4 and SAY3-7, at the rate of 105 cells mL-1, on selected soybean cultivars. Low-density co-inoculation increased the plant biomass, compared with un-inoculated plants. The effects of single and co-inoculation on nodulation did not differ significantly for any of the cultivars, except “Yezin-9” in the first experiment and “Shan Seine” in the second experiment. Low-density inoculation with both bacteria increased N fixation by 15% - 75% for seven of the cultivars in the first experiment and by 15% - 39% for three of the cultivars in the second experiment, compared with single inoculation with SAY3-7. Based on the overall results, we concluded that low-density co-inoculation with P4 and SAY3-7 gave improved plant growth and N fixation.

Ab Initio Quantum Chemistry Study of Nitrogen Cages N_2n(n=12-18)

Ab initio quantum mechanical method has been applied to nitrogen cages N_ 2n (n=12-18). Full geometry optimization, harmonic vibrational frequency and thermodynamics data for eight structures of nitrogen cages N_ 2n (n=12-18) were performed at the HF/cc-pVDZ level. Cage N_ 24 (D_ 6d ), N_ 24 (O_h), N_ 26 (D_ 6d ), N_ 28 (T_d), N_ 30 (D_ 5h ), N_ 32 (D_ 3d ), N_ 36 (D_ 2d ) and N_ 36 (D_ 6h ) were found to be local minima on the potential energy surfaces. The computational results show that all the bond lengths of the eight structures are close to 0.145 nm and their bond energies E_ N-N are near to the experimental data of N-N single-bond. In addition, the thermochemical data of these nitrogen cages indicated that they are stable. It suggests that they are candidates for high energy density materials.

Interactive effects of irrigation and exponential fertilization on nutritional characteristics in Populus 3 euramericana cv. ‘74/76' cuttings in an open-air nursery in Beijing, China

Nutritional characteristics determine tree stock quality to a considerable extent. Exponential fertilization can induce nutrient reserves within juvenile trees, but its validity on poplar is contingent on interaction with a scientific irrigation regime due to limited water resources under global warming. In the present study, we raised 3200 Populus 9 euramericana cv. ＇74/76＇ cuttings under four irrigation regimes of 0（I0）, 60 %（I60）, 80 %（I80）, and100 %（I100） of field capacity for soil moisture content with or without（control） the employment of nitrogen（N） addition delivered as exponential fertilization at the rate of 8 g N cutting^（-1）（E8） in an open-air nursery in Beijing, China. Both height and diameter increased with the increment of soil moisture ratio or in response to exponential fertilization（EF） without any interactive effects. In general, concentrations of N, phosphorus（P）,and potassium（K） declined with time in stem but foliar N concentration did not change. Under the I100 regime, EF increased foliar N concentration relative to the control but failed to affect N concentration in stem in September, when both N concentration and N content were increased by EF under the I80 regime. Stem-K content and concentration by EF under the I80 regime also increased in September,therefore EF-treated cuttings had a higher ratio of K content in stem to that in whole plant（%ANAR）. Vector diagnosis for nutritional status indicated that EF resulted in dilution of K concentration but induced a steady-state P uptake in leaves under all irrigation regimes. Therefore, EF of N addition could promote N uptake to leaves of P. 9 euramericana cv. ＇74/76＇ cuttings, but it had a null effect on N and P reserves in stem and impaired K reserves.In conclusion, the irrigation regime of 80 % field capacity of soil moisture content was suggested for the culture of juvenile P. 9 euramericana cv. ＇74/76＇ cuttings. As the interactive meaning, EF was also suggested for its excellent promotion on both N and K uptakes.

Determination of 16 Species of OCPs in Water by Liquid-liquid Extraction-GC

[Objective] The research aimed to study the determination of 16 kinds of OCPs in water by liquid-liquid extraction -GC. [Method] The new method for determining 16 kinds of OCPs in water by liquid-liquid extraction -GC was established, and the influencing factors such as nitrogen pressure and water bath temperature were discussed. [ Result] Detection limit of the method was from 3.2 to 14.1 ng/L, the relative standard deviation was between 4.0% and 9.6%, and the average recovery ranged from 80.8% to 106.0%. By optimizing nitrogen pressure and water bath temperature in the sample pretreatment process, when nitrogen pressure was ＋0.087 kPa, and water bath temperature was ±36 ℃, recovery effect of this method was better. [ Conclusion] The determination method had accurate qualitative and quantitative results, and met detection requirement of 16 kinds of OCPs in water.

3,6-bis(2,2,2-trinitroethylnitramino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine.Structure and energy abilities as a component of solid composite propellants

The work addresses to the study of the molecular and crystal structure and properties of a new energyintensive compound 3,6-bis(2,2,2-trinitroethylnitramino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine(NBTAT),first obtained by the authors in 2020.NBTAT compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system,space group P2(1)/n,density at room temperature 1.939 g/cm^(3).The energies of crystal packing and pairwise intermolecular interactions in NBTAT and its unnitrated analogue BTAT were calculated,and their comparative analysis was carried out.The enthalpy of formation of NBTAT molecules was calculated by quantum-chemical methods using Gaussian 09,and the enthalpy of formation of NBTAT in the solid phase(618 kJ/mol)was estimated.The energy capabilities of NBTAT as an oxidizer of solid composite propellants are estimated.It is shown that in metal-free compositions NBTAT is significantly superior to ammonium perchlorate(AP),dinitramide ammonium salt(ADN),HMX,BTAT at all stages of rocket systems,and is comparable to the superdense CL-20 yielding to the latter at the lower stages and slightly winning at the upper stages.

Recent advances and challenges of nitrogen/nitrate electro catalytic reduction to ammonia synthesis

The Haber-Bosch process is the most widely used synthetic ammonia technology at present.Since its invention,it has provided an important guarantee for global food security.However,the traditional Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis process consumes a lot of energy and causes serious environmental pollution.Under the serious pressure of energy and environment,a green,clean,and sustainable ammonia synthesis route is urgently needed.Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is a green and mild new method for preparing ammonia,which can directly convert nitrogen or nitrate into ammonia using electricity driven by solar,wind,or water energy,without greenhouse gas and toxic gas emissions.Herein,the basic mechanism of the nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)to ammonia and nitrate reduction reaction(NO_(3)^(-))to ammonia were discussed.The representative approaches and major technologies,such as lithium mediated electrolysis and solid oxide electrolysis cell(SOEC)electrolysis for NRR,high activity catalyst and advanced electrochemical device fabrication for(NO_(3)^(-))RR and electrochemical ammonia synthesis were summarized.Based on the above discussion and analysis,the main challenges and development directions for electrochemical ammonia synthesis were further proposed.

电解生活垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液氨氮的动力学研究

为强化电解法处理难降解垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的效果,采用三元电极电解经生化-混凝处理后的出水,对渗滤液中氨氮的降解特征进行研究.通过分析氨氮质量浓度随电解时间的变化规律,确定反应的降解动力学特征.通过改变电流密度、pH、起始NH3-N质量浓度等不同工艺条件,考察电解法对渗滤液的NH3-N降解效果的影响规律.结果表明:经电解反应渗滤液中的NH3-N降解迅速,其降解过程符合拟零级反应动力学规律;拟零级反应速率常数k受电流密度、pH和进水NH3-N质量浓度的影响较大;建立了以该三因素为影响因子的k值经验模型,动力学模拟的NH3-N出水值与实际运行的测量值较为接近.该模型可以较好地模拟电解法进行垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液后续处理的效果.

改性沸石与脱硫石膏同步去除废水中氨氮和总磷的研究

对沸石进行高温改性后,与钢渣和脱硫石膏按一定比例混合,研究混合料对废水的氨氮和总磷的同步去除效果。结果表明,原料配比沸石∶钢渣∶脱硫石膏为4∶1∶1(质量比),pH=8,固液比为1∶6、时间为90min条件下,混合料对废水氨氮和总磷的去除效果分别达到29.41%和78.44%。实际工程实施应考虑填料分段使用,可同时实现氨氮和总磷更高效率的去除,以及固体废弃物的资源化利用。

纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮的质量控制

纳氏试剂光度法是测定水中氨氮的国家标准法,该法具有操作简单、灵敏的优点。但在实际工作中有许多因素影响纳氏试剂光度法对水中氨氮的测定结果,根据多年的实际工作经验,文章从实验室环境、反应条件、水体中的主要干扰物到数据处理与结果报出等可能影响氨氮测定结果的有关因素及注意事项进行了研究和探讨,并提出了相应的解决方法,只要切实做好监测过程中的每一个环节,严格按照质控程序进行,就能保证纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮分析结果的准确性。

纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮的质量控制

对影响纳氏试剂光度法测定水中氨氮的有关因素进行了研究和探讨,以提高测定准确度与精密度。

Denitrification characteristics of a marine origin psychrophilic aerobic denitrifying bacterium

A psychrophilic aerobic denitrifying bacterium,strain S1-1,was isolated from a biological aerated filter conducted for treatment of recirculating water in a marine aquaculture system.Strain S1-1 was preliminarily identified as Psychrobacter sp.based on the analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence,which showed 100% sequence similarity to that of Psychrobacter sp.TSBY-70.Strain S1-1 grew well either in high nitrate or high nitrite conditions with a removal of 100% nitrate or 63.50% nitrite,and the total nitrogen removal rates could reach to 46.48% and 31.89%,respectively.The results indicated that nitrate was mainly reduced in its logarithmic growth phase with a very low leve1 accumulation of nitrite,suggesting that the aerobic denitrification process of strain S1-1 occurred mainly in this phase.The GC-MS results showed that N 2 O was formed as the major intermediate during the aerobic denitrifying process of strain S1-1.Finally,factors affecting the growth of strain S1-1 and its aerobic denitrifying ability were also investigated.Results showed that the optimum aerobic denitrification conditions for strain S1-1 were sodium succinate as carbon source,C/N ratio15,salinity 10 g/L NaCl,incubation temperature 20°C and initial pH 6.5.