Effects of propofol on ammonium chloride-exposed astrocyte morphology and aquaporin-4 expression

Ammonia induces astrocyte swelling, which is strongly associated with overexpression of aquaporin-4. However, the mechanisms by which ammonia induces astrocyte swelling, and subsequently upregulating aquaporin-4 expression, remain unknown. In the present study, astrocytes were cultured in vitro and exposed to ammonium chloride （NH4CI）, followed by propofol protein kinase C agonist, or antagonist, respectively. Astrocyte morphology was observed by light microscopy, and aquaporin-4 expression was detected by western blot analysis. Results showed that propofol or protein kinase C agonist significantly attenuated the degree of NH4CI-induced astrocyte swelling and inhibited increased aquaporin-4 expression. Propofol treatment inhibited aquaporin-4 overexpression in cultured astrocyte induced by NH4CI; protein kinase C pathway activation is potentially involved.

Dissolution kinetics of low grade complex copper ore in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution

The leaching kinetics of Tang-dan refractory low grade complex copper ore was investigated in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution.The concentration of ammonia and ammonium chloride,the ore particle size,the solid-to-liquid ratio and the temperature were chosen as parameters in the experiments.The results show that temperature,concentration of ammonia and ammonium chloride have favorable influence on the leaching rate of copper oxide ores.But,leaching rate decreases with increasing particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio.The leaching process is controlled by the diffusion of the lixiviant and the activation energy is determined to be 23.279 kJ/mol.An equation was also proposed to describe the leaching kinetics.

Thermodynamics of solubility of Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3 in ammonia-ammonium chloride-ethylenediamine(En)-water system

In order to decrease the evaporating rate of ammonia and increase the solubility of copper in the solution,ethylenediamine was added into the ammonia-ammonium chloride system to leach the copper-containing oxide ores.The thermodynamic model was constructed and the solubility of malachite Cu2(OH)2CO3 in the ammonia-ammonium chloride-ethylenediamine(En)-water system was calculated using the exponential computation method based on both mass balance and charge balance.It is found that the solubility of copper can be increased and the free ammonia concentration can be decreased by submitting partial ammonia with ethylenediamine.The lower free ammonia concentration in the solution is a guarantee to the lower evaporating rate of ammonia.The conditions of malachite Cu2(OH)2CO3 converting to atacamite Cu(OH)1.5Cl0.5 were also studied.A group of experiments were designed to validate the veracity of the results of the thermodynamic calculation.It is found that the thermodynamic model is reliable and it can guide the leaching process.

FTIR analysis of adsorption of poly diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride on kaolinite

The flocculation behavior of ultrafine kaolinite suspension was investigated through settlement tests and FTIR method was employed to probe the adsorption mechanism of flocculant on kaolinite. The results show that the maximum settling rate of kaolinite occurs at pH value of 3.33,which is close to the point of zero charge(PZC) of kaolinite (3.5). This result is in good agreement with the double electric layer theory. Kaolinite suspension reaches the largest settling rate at a low concentration of 39 g/t for poly diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride(PDADMA) flocculant,whereas for polyacrylamides(PAM) the dosage is required to be 500 g/t. When macromolecule polymer is adsorbed on surface,kaolinite particles may be flocculant due to the bridging effect. There are cation flocculant characteristic bands on the spectrum of kaolinite but no obvious shifting. Thus,the adsorption of poly diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium chloride on kaolinite surface is physical adsorption.

Flotation of kaolinite and diaspore with hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride

Tertiary amine was synthesized from fatty amine and formaldehyde. And then the synthesized tertiary amine was used to react with benzyl chloride to synthesize hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1627) at ambient pressure. Using the synthesized 1627 as collector,the flotation properties of diaspore and kaolinite were investigated by single mineral and mixed mineral test. The flotation mechanism of diaspore,kaolinite and 1627 was discussed based on FTIR spectra. The results show that the mass ratio of aluminum to silicate achieves 15.02 and the recovery of alumina in concentrate is 43.07% using 1627 as a collector. The 1627 is found to be a more effective and a promising collector for reverse flotation to remove aluminum-silicate minerals from bauxite.

Preparation and characteristic research of anhydrous magnesium chloride with dehydrated ammonium carnallite

Taking the saline lake bischofite and NH4Cl that was removed with the ammonia method and continuously followed by filtration as raw materials with a molar ratio of 1∶1 of MgCl2 to NH4Cl, ammonium carnallite was synthesized. And then the ammonium carnallite was dehydrated to some extent at 160℃ for 4 h. Ammonium carnallite reacted with ammonia at 240℃ for 150 min and the ammonation ammonium carnallite was produced. Finally, the ammonation ammonium carnallite was calcined at 750℃ into anhydrous magnesium chloride containing only 0.1%（mass fraction） of MgO. On the other hand, dehydrated ammonium carnallite was mixed with the solid ammonium chloride at mass ratio 1∶4 at high temperature and with the differential pressure of NH3 above 30.5kPa. The dehydrated ammonium carnallite of mixture was dehydrated at 410℃, and then calcined at 700℃ into anhydrous magnesium chloride with only 0.087%（mass fraction） of MgO. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy analysis results prove that anhydrous magnesium chloride obtained by both methods hasn’t mixed phases, the particle is large and even has good dispersion, which is suitable for preparation of metal magnesium in the electrolysis.

Thermal decomposition behaviour of polyacrylamidomethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in red mud separation process

In order to provide references for selecting highly efficient red mud flocculants, the behaviour of polyacryl- amidomethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (PATAC) in red mud separation process was investigated. PATAC was employed as a flocculant for red mud separation from the caustic aluminate liquor at 95 ℃. The used red mud was generated from Chinese diaspore bauxite in Bayer process of alumina production. And the changes of PATAC before or after being treated in caustic solution at 95 ℃ were studied by thermogravimetry (TG) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis. The results show that PATAC fails in effectively flocculating red mud and PATAC is readily converted to a quaternary ammonium hydroxide (PATAH) in caustic solution. PATAH can be decomposed to a new polymer (HPATAH) even at 95 ℃. Furthermore, there is an intramolecular hydrogen bond formed in the HPATAH polymer chain with two functional groups of —CH2—OH and —CONH2. Therefore, the poor flocculation property of PATAC for red mud separation can be attributed to the thermal decomposition of PATAC in the caustic red mud slurry at 95 ℃ and the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond in the polymer chain of HPATAH during the thermal decomposition, which causes the absorbable functional groups of PATAC to decrease greatly.

Dissolution Kinetics of Calcined Ulexite in Ammonium Chloride Solutions at High Solid-to-Liquid Ratios

The dissolution kinetics of calcined ulexite in ammonium chloride solutions at high solid-to-liquid ratios were investigated. In the experiments, calcination temperature, solution concentration, reaction temperature, and pre-hydration were chosen as parameters. It was observed that the dissolution rate increased with increasing calcination temperature, solution concentration, and reaction temperature, whereas it was not affected by pre-hydration. Employing graphical and statistic methods, the dissolution rate, based on homogeneous reaction model, can be given as: (1-X(B2O3))-1-1= k(c(NH4Cl))1.982t. The activation energy for the dissolution of the ulexite sample calcined at 160 ℃ was found to be 84.04 kJ·mol-1.

Antibacterial Properties of Starch Blending with Glycidyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Sorbate Used in Medical Dressings

Starch is easy to breed bacteria,which affects its performance and application in medical dressings.In this research,antibacterial starch was prepared by physical blending method with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride(GTA)and potassium sorbate as antibacterial agents.The antibacterial activities of GTA,potassium sorbate,GTA-starch and potassium sorbate-starch were investigated with the purpose of understanding the growth of bacteria in starch system.Results showed that GTA had good antibacterial activity,and the bacteriostasis rate of 0.05 g/mL GTA against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)was 96.55%.The antibacterial properties of starch increased with an increase of mass fraction of potassium sorbate and then decreased with the continuously increasing of mass fraction of GTA.GTA-starch with30%GTA showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of Escherichia coli(E.coli)and S.aureus were 26.48%and20.26%,respectively;50%potassium sorbate in potassium sorbatestarch showed the best antibacterial activities,the bacteriostasis rate of E.coli and S.aureus were 67.68%and 74.75%,respectively.

Mannich-Type Reaction of Aldimines with 2-Silyloxydienes Catalyzed by Ammonium Chloride

Reaction of imines with 2-silyloxydiene catalyzed by ammonium chloride has been perfectly proceeded under environmentally friendly conditions to give Mannich-type product selectively. The reaction would proceed via Mannich-type mechanism, not cyclization/ring-opening process. Cyclopropanation of the corresponding Mannich-type product gave the precursor of prasugrel skeleton in high yield.

PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in the activation of RAW 264.7 cells induced by hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan

We previously demonstrated that 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan(HACC)promoted the production of nitric oxide(NO)and proinflammatory cytokines by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPK)and Janus kinase(JAK)/STAT pathways in RAW 264.7 cells,indicating good immunomodulatory activity of HACC.In this study,to further investigate the immunomodulatory mechanisms of HACC,we determined the roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/Akt,activating protein(AP-1)and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)in HACC-induced activation of RAW 264.7 cells by the western blotting.The results suggest that HACC promoted the phosphorylation of p85 and Akt.Furthermore,c-Jun and p65 were also increased after the treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with HACC,indicating the translocation of NF-κB and AP-1 from cytoplasm to nucleus.In addition,as scanning electron microscopy(SEM)analysis shows,the cell morphology changed after HACC treatment.These findings indicate that HACC activated MAPK,JAK/STAT,and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways dependent on AP-1 and NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells,ultimately leading to the increase of NO and cytokines.

Application of Dodecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride in Bacteriostatic Laundry Detergent

Bacteriostatic laundry detergent was prepared with application of dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (1227). In accordance with relevant standards applied in Chinese detergent industry, the effect of 1227 on sensory and physiochemical quality indices, detergency and foaming performance of laundry detergent were comprehensively investigated,and antimicrobial performance as well as practical application performance including skin irritation of laundry detergent formulated with 1227 was emphatically examined and compared with that of market product with similar functions. Results indicated that, in formulation without anionic surfactant, all indices of self-prepared bacteriostatic laundry detergent can meet requirements specified in relevant standards. The foaming power of self-prepared bacteriostatic laundry detergent was lower and easier to rinse than bacteriostatic laundry detergent product in market. Using aqueous solution of 1% mass fraction of self-prepared bacteriostatic laundry detergent containing 2%of 1227, the antibacterial rate for 20 min on both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus separately reached 100%, which was much better than that of the bacteriostatic laundry detergent product from market. The action effectiveness of the self-prepared bacteriostatic laundry detergent can be maintained for a longer time period and shows no obvious irritation effect to human skin.

Effect of Artesunate vs Memantine in Aluminum Chloride Induced Model of Neurotoxicity in Rats

Alzheimer disease is one of the commonest neurological diseases which is characterized by amyloid plaques accumulation in multiple brain regions. This study investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of artesunate on aluminum induced neurotoxicity vs memantine in rats. 40 male albino Wistar rats were divided randomly into 4 groups as follow: Group 1 negative control, group 2 positive control group induced by ammonium chloride, group 3 rats treated by NH4Cl + artesunate solution, group 4 rats treated by NH4Cl + memantine S.C. spatial Memory and Learning were evaluated using Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were measured in cerebral cortex tissue homogenate. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) concentrations were measured in rat cerebral cortex tissue homogenate using rat enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Real-time qRT-PCR) for Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and iNOS gene expression was measured in rat cerebral cortex. Slices from cerebral cortex were studied by histopathological examination. Artesunate significantly decreased MDA level and inhibited iNOS, caspase and upregulated Bcl-2 gene expression in cerebral cortex. ART increased significantly antioxidant level GSH, and decreased significantly TNF-alpha and IL-B levels. It reduced significantly 1ry retention latency, 2ry retention latency and initial acquisition latency. It also improved brain histopathology and decreased amyloid plaque deposition. ART exerted neuroprotective effect through oxidative stress correction and enhancement of antiapoptotic markers in neuronal cells of the cerebral cortex.

接枝交联双重改性淀粉IStD絮凝性能研究

以玉米淀粉(St)为原料,环氧氯丙烷(EPI)为交联剂,甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为接枝单体,两步法合成了接枝交联双重改性淀粉基絮凝剂IStD。测试了投药量、pH、高岭土质量分数、絮凝温度和絮凝时间对IStD絮凝性能的影响。结果表明,当高岭土质量分数为2%,投药质量浓度为14 mg/L,pH=7,絮凝温度为25℃,絮凝时间为1 h时,上清液的透光率可达91.7%。通过观察投药前后水体中高岭土颗粒的分散状态,初步探讨了IStD的絮凝机理。结果表明在絮凝过程中,同时存在电中和与吸附架桥作用,以电中和作用为主。当IStD和CPAM复配用于处理生活废水时,透光率和COD去除率都能达到90%以上,具有一定的实用价值。

丙烯酰胺/甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵的水分散聚合物制备

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为共聚单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,自制聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(PDMC)为分散剂,在硫酸铵水溶液中采用水分散聚合法,制备了丙烯酰胺/甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵共聚水分散体.考察了分散聚合过程中体系黏度变化,引发剂用量、硫酸铵的用量、分散剂的用量对共聚物黏度、分子量、颗粒尺寸的影响,并对其结构进行了鉴定.实验发现,在30℃,AM、DMC总单体质量分数为15%,DMC与AM物质的量比为1∶9,过硫酸铵浓度范围为0.70×10^(-4)~2.8×10^(-4)mol/L,硫酸铵质量分数范围为26.51%~28.1%,分散剂PDMC质量分数范围为1.1%~1.3%条件下,可以制备出黏度低、稳定性好的丙烯酰胺/甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵共聚水分散体.

聚丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵的合成

以偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐(V-50)为引发剂,丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵(DMBC)为聚合单体,采用自由基水溶液聚合法,在氮气氛围中制备了阳离子型聚丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵(PDMBC)。用单因素法考察了单体质量分数、引发剂用量、反应温度以及反应体系pH对聚合物黏度和相对分子质量的影响。对反应条件进行了优化,当反应温度为42℃时,可以合成出相对分子质量100万以上的聚丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵。

丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵共聚水分散体的制备

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵(DMBC)为共聚单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,自制聚甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(PDMC)为分散剂,在硫酸铵水溶液中采用水分散聚合法,制备了丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵共聚水分散体。考察了反应温度、硫酸铵浓度、单体配比、链转移剂浓度、分散剂用量、引发剂用量对共聚物黏度、相对分子质量、颗粒尺寸的影响。实验发现,制备丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰氧乙基二甲基苄基氯化铵共聚水分散体较优配方为:温度65℃,硫酸铵质量分数为27.6%,AM、DMBC总单体质量分数为15%,DMBC∶AM(质量比)=(0.297~0.363)∶1,链转移剂用量为0.078 g/L,分散剂质量分数2.7%~3.6%,过硫酸铵质量分数范围为4.38×10^(-4)~5.84×10^(-4)mol/L。

硫化氢汽提塔塔顶管线腐蚀及应对措施

硫化氢汽提塔塔顶管线产生腐蚀的主要原因是塔顶管线水平管段在塔顶物料转入水平段时出现流速降低,再加上塔顶注入的缓蚀剂主要落在管线的中下部,使得水平管段中上部腐蚀速率变快,而氯化氢、氯化铵盐结晶吸潮和保温等因素形成的低温则促进了水平管段的腐蚀。通过使用缓蚀剂喷头、注水、良好的保温和操作参数的优化可降低汽提塔顶管线腐蚀速率。

一种新型义齿粘结剂使用效果观察及性能分析

为提高牙科用粘结剂的粘接效果和抗菌性能,试验通过树脂基质、纳米氟化钠和二癸基二甲基氯化铵,制备了一种具有抗菌性能的新型义齿粘结剂,并对二癸基二甲基氯化铵添加量和应用效果进行研究。结果表明,二癸基二甲基氯化铵的添加可以使义齿粘结剂亲水性能和抗菌性能提高,粘接性能下降。当二癸基二甲基氯化铵添加量从1.5%增大到7.5%时,水接触角从80.3°减小到60.5°,剪切粘接强度从15.3 MPa降低到12.2 MPa。二癸基二甲基氯化铵添加量为1.5%或3.0%比较适宜。在应用效果方面,含有3%二癸基二甲基氯化铵和3%纳米氟化钠的新型义齿粘结剂有着良好的粘接性能和抗菌性能。

含钛高炉渣氯化铵焙烧活化试验

针对钒钛磁铁矿高炉冶炼副产的含钛高炉渣成分复杂、难以处理特点,采用氯化铵焙烧活化—浸出提质处理工艺进行钙铝镁等杂质金属元素的脱除,获得钛富集物。考察焙烧和浸出过程中各参数对杂质脱除的影响。结果表明,在焙烧温度450℃、焙烧时间1 h、氯化铵配比40%、原料-0.074 mm占比83%,盐酸浓度9%、液固比5、浸出时间4 h、浸出温度90℃的优化条件下,含钛高炉渣中钙、铝、镁脱除率分别达到73.22%、90.04%、91.39%,钛损失率仅有0.34%,达到选择性脱除炉渣中杂质元素,提高含钛高炉渣品质的目的。