Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes Induced by Ammonium Nitrogen in Rice Using mRNA Differential Display

RNAs isolated from ammonium- and nitrate-treated rice leaves were used to screen differentially expressed genes through mRNA differential display. A total of 72 bands appeared significant differences and some of them were further confirmed by reverse Northern and Northern blot. The results showed that two genes, A-02 （Oryza sativa drought stress related mRNA） and A-03 （Zea mays partial mRNA for TFIIB-related protein） were highly up-regulated in the ammonium-fed rice leaves. The enzyme assays showed that the activities of the two anti-oxidative enzymes, catalase and peroxidase, and the content of a non-enzymic antioxidant, glutathione, were significantly higher in the ammonium-fed rice leaves than those in the nitrate-fed ones, indicating that the ammonium nutrition might be beneficial for rice plants to improve the stress resistance during growth and development.

Transformation of ammonium nitrogen and response characteristics of nitrifying functional genes in tannery sludge contaminated soil

High concentrations of ammonium nitrogen released from tannery sludge during storage in open air may cause nitrogen pollution to soil and groundwater.To study the transformation mechanism of NH_(4)^(+)-N by nitrifying functional bacteria in tannery sludge contaminated soils,a series of contaminated soil culture experiments were conducted in this study.The contents of ammonium nitrogen(as NH_(4)^(+)-N),nitrite nitrogen(as NO_(2)^(−)-N)and nitrate nitrogen(as NO_(3)^(−)-N)were analyzed during the culture period under different conditions of pollution load,soil particle and redox environment.Sigmodial equation was used to interpret the change of NO_(3)^(−)-N with time in contaminated soils.The abundance variations of nitrifying functional genes(amoA and nxrA)were also detected using the real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR method.The results show that the nitrification of NH_(4)^(+)-N was aggravated in the contaminated silt soil and fine sand under the condition of lower pollution load,finer particle size and more oxidizing environment.The sigmodial equation well fitted the dynamic accumulation curve of the NO_(3)^(−)-N content in the tannery sludge contaminated soils.The Cr(III)content increased with increasing pollution load,which inhibited the reproduction and activity of nitrifying bacteria in the soils,especially in coarse-grained soil.The accumulation of NO_(2)^(−)-N contents became more obvious with the increase of pollution load in the fine sand,and only 41.5%of the NH_(4)^(+)-N was transformed to NO_(3)^(−)-N.The redox environment was the main factor affecting nitrification process in the soil.Compared to the aerobic soil environment,the transformation of NH_(4)^(+)-N was significantly inhibited under anaerobic incubation condition,and the NO_(3)^(−)-N contents decreased by 37.2%,61.9%and 91.9%under low,medium and high pollution loads,respectively.Nitrification was stronger in the silt soil since its copy number of amoA and nxrA genes was two times larger than that of fine sand.Moreover,the copy numbers of amoA and nxrA genes in the silt soil under the aerobic environment were 2.7 times and 2.2 times larger than those in the anaerobic environment.The abundance changes of the amoA and nxrA functional genes have a positive correlation with the nitrification intensity in the tannery sludge-contaminated soil.

Natural Nitrogen-15 Abundance of Ammonium Nitrogen and Fixed Ammonium in Soils

The present article deals with the natural nitrogen-15 abundance of ammonium nitrogen and fixed ammonium in different soils.Variations in the natural ^15N abundance of ammonium nitrogen mineralized in soils under anaerobic incubation condition were related to soil pH.The δ ^15N of mineralizable N in acid soils was lower but that in neutral and calcareous soils was higher compared with the δ ^15N of total N in the soils.A variation tendence was also found in the δ ^15N of amino-acid N in the hydrolysates of soils.The natural ^15N abundance of fixed ammonium was higher than that of total N in most surface soils and other soil horizons,indicating that the increase of δ ^15N in the soil borizons beneath subsurface horizon of some forest soils and acid paddy soils was related to the higher δ ^15N value of fixed ammonium in the soil.

Influencing Factors of Ammonium Nitrogen Removal by Composite Phosphate and Magnesium

It is necessary to adjust reaction pH when a single kind of PO3-4 is used as phosphorus source to remove NH+4-N in a chemical precipitation process.However,this tedious step could be avoided in experiments that use the buffering effect of the composite phosphate and employ PO3-4 and HPO2-4 as phosphorus sources.pH was controlled by properly changing the proportion of PO3-4 to HPO2-4.The influences of pH,material proportion and different addition modes of magnesium on NH+4-N removal efficiency were investigated,with NH+4-N concentration in influent being 200mg/L.It showed that the ratio of HPO2-4:PO3-4 was concerned with phosphorus and NH+4-N removal.Under the condition that the total amount of phosphate is definite,the removal efficiency of NH+4-N decreased with the enhancement of HPO2-4 concentration,while the efficiency of phosphorus increased.When increasing PO3-4 concentration,it benefited the removal of NH+4-N,but the remaining phosphorus was high.The results showed that NH+4-N concentration decreased from the initial 200mg/L to 39.14mg/L with the remaining PO3-4 at 5.14mg/L if the ratio of HPO2-4:PO3-4 remained at 1:3.

Migration of ammonium nitrogen in ion-absorbed rare earth soils during and post in situ mining: a column study and numerical simulation analysis

Ion-absorbed rare earth mines,leached in situ,retain a large amount of ammonium nitrogen(NH4–N)that continuously releases into the surrounding environments.However,quantitative descriptions and predictions of the transport of NH4–N across mining area with hill slopes are not fully established.Here,laboratory column experiments were designed with an inclined slope(a sand box)to examine the spatial temporal transport of NH4–N in soils collected from the ionic rare earth elements(REE)mining area.An HYDRUS-2D model simulation of the experimental data over time showed that soils had a strong adsorption capacity toward NH4–N.Chemical non-equilibrium model(CNEM)could well simulate the transport of NH4–N through the soil-packed columns.The simulation of the transport-adsorption processes at three flow rates of leaching agents revealed that low flow rate enabled a longer residence time and an increased NH4-N adsorption,but reduced the extraction efficiency for REE.During the subsequent rainwater washing process,the presence of slope resulted in the leaching of NH4–N on the surface of the slope,while the leaching of NH4–N deep inside the column was inhibited.Furthermore,the high-intensity rainfall significantly increased the leaching,highlighting the importance of considering the impact of extreme weather conditions during the leaching process.Overall,our study advances the understanding of the transport of NH4–N in mining area with hills,the impact of flow rates of leaching agents and precipitation intensities,and presents as a feasible modeling method to evaluate the environmental risks of NH4–N pollution during and post REE in situ mining activities.

Modeling assessment for ammonium nitrogen recovery from wastewater by chemical precipitation

Chemical precipitation to form magnesium ammonium phosphate（MAP） is an effective technology for recovering ammonium nitrogen（NH4＋-N）.In the present research,we investigated the thermodynamic modeling of the PHREEQC program for NH4＋-N recovery to evaluate the effect of reaction factors on MAP precipitation.The case study of NH4＋-N recovery from coking wastewater was conducted to provide a comparison.Response surface methodology（RSM） was applied to assist in understanding the relative significance of reaction factors and the interactive effects of solution conditions.Thermodynamic modeling indicated that the saturation index（SI） of MAP followed a polynomial function of pH.The SI of MAP increased logarithmically with the Mg2＋/NH4＋ molar ratio（Mg/N） and the initial NH4＋-N concentration（CN）,respectively,while it decreased with an increase in Ca2＋/NH4＋ and CO32？/NH4＋ molar ratios（Ca/N and CO32？/N）,respectively.The trends for NH4＋-N removal at different pH and Mg/N levels were similar to the thermodynamic modeling predictions.The RSM analysis indicated that the factors including pH,Mg/N,CN,Ca/N,（Mg/N）×（CO32？/N）,（pH）2,（Mg/N）2,and（CN）2 were significant.Response surface plots were useful for understanding the interaction effects on NH4＋-N recovery.

Experimental Study on the Distribution of Soil Nitrate and Ammonium Nitrogen under Controlled Drainage

A field experimental project was set up to assess the effects of controlled drainage on the distribution and concentration of nitrogen in the soil at the Irrigation and Drainage Experimental Station under Four-Lake Engineering Administration of Jingzhou City, Hubei Province. Two plots drain runoff by controlled drainage system, with an area of 0.1 hm^2 （20 m×50 m） each. The third one with an area of 0.04 hm^2 （8 m×50 m） has a conventional subsurface drainage system. Under this experimental condition, the study draws the following conclusions： ① The controlled drainage system has a remarkable effect on the diminishing ratios of nitrate nitrogen between neighboring layers. It is presented that the diminishing ratio increases with the raising height of drain outlet. Controlled drainage system also reduces the transference of nitrate nitrogen in topsoil.② Different from nitrate nitrogen, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen is stable along the longitudinal section of soil, which is little affected by the controlled drainage system. It indicates that the concentration of ammonium nitrogen decreases according to the lowering of controlling height of the drain outlet.

Soil acidification of alfisols influenced by nitrate and ammonium nitrogen level in tea plantation

Nitrogen is an important fertilizer in tea production,but it is also an important factor in tea garden soil acidification.The relationship between absorption and transport of different forms of nitrogen in the tea plant and soil acidification is still unknown.In order to explore the different characteristics of absorption,utilization and distribution of nitrogen,stable isotope 15N tracer technique was used to measure the absorption,utilization and allocation of nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3-)15N)and ammonium nitrogen(NH4-15N)under the same nitrogen application amount of tea tree seedlings as experimental materials.The results showed that the tea seedlings had the same pattern of nitrogen application:tissue nitrogen content increased after fertilization,remarkable rising at 7 d and the absorption speed increased quickly after 28 d,finally reached its maximum at 56 d.The nitrogen use efficiency of two nitrogen sources in two kinds of soil varied not significantly.The maximum NUE of NO_(3-)^(15)N reached 12.66%,and at the same time NH_(4)-^(15)N utilization rose up to 11.54%.According to the absorption of soil nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizer in the two kinds of soil,it is concluded that the soil nitrogen cannot meet the growth needs of tea tree and extra nitrogen supply was required.The declined soil pH indicated that fertilizer should be used in moderation,which can not only satisfy the growth of tea tree but also to restrict soil acidification.

Effects of soil nitrate:ammonium ratio on plant carbon:nitrogen ratio and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings

Can soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influence plant carbon： nitrogen ratios of the early succession plant？ Can plant carbon： nitrogen ratios limit the plant growth in early succession？ To address these two questions, we performed a two-factor （soil nitrate： ammonium ratio and plant density） randomized block design and a uniform-precision rotatable central composite design pot experiments to examine the relationships between soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of Artemisia sphaerocephala seedlings. Under adequate nutrient status, both soil nitrate： ammonium ratios and plant density influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios and growth rate of A. sphaerocephala seedlings. Under the lower soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, with the increase of soil nitrate： ammonium ratios, the growth rates of plant height and shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly; with the increase of plant carbon： nitrogen ratios, the growth rates of shoot biomass of A. sphaerocephala seedlings decreased significantly. Soil nitrate： ammonium ratios affected the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings by plant nitrogen but not by plant carbon. Thus, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios influenced the carbon： nitrogen ratios of A. sphaerocephala seedlings, and hence influenced its growth rates. Our results suggest that under adequate nutrient environment, soil nitrate： ammonium ratios can be a limiting factor for the growth of the early succession plant.

Difference in Nitrogen Starvation-Inducible Expression Patterns among Phylogenetically Diverse Ammonium Transporter Genes in the Red Seaweed <i>Pyropia yezoensis</i>

Nitrogen deficiency induces senescence and the expression of genes encoding ammonium transporters (AMTs) in terrestrial plants where the AMT family is subdivided into AMT1 and AMT2 subfamilies. Nitrogen starvation in the red seaweed Pyropia yezoensis causes senescence-like discoloration. In this study, we identified five genes in P. yezoensis encoding AMT domain-containing proteins, which were phylogenetically categorized into the AMT1 subfamily. We also found a gene encoding a Rhesus protein (Rh) that was related to, but diverged from, AMTs. Moreover, our phylogenetic analysis showed that AMT domain-containing proteins from micro- and macro-algae belonged to either the AMT1 or Rh subfamily, indicating the absence of AMT2 in algae. Gene expression analyses revealed the presence of gametophyte- and sporophyte-specific AMT1 genes that were up-regulated transiently and continually, respectively, under nitrogen-deficient conditions. In addition, up-regulated sporophyte-specific gene expression was suppressed when nitrogen was resupplied. Accordingly, an expansion of the ancient AMT gene has produced AMT1 functional variants differing in temporal and nitrogen starvation-inducible expression patterns during the life cycle of P. yezoensis. These findings help elucidate the unique nutrition starvation responses involving functionally diverse AMT1 and Rh subfamilies in red seaweed.

Nitrogen Fertilization as Ammonium or Nitrate-N on <i>Hippeastrum hybridum</i>Bulb Growth

Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum), a native of Central and South America, is a bulbous ornamental flowering plant in the Amaryllidaceae family. However, the correct balance of NH4 to NO3-nitrogen in a fertilizer mix for Hippeastrum plants is largely unknown. Nitrogen was applied 2x weekly following irrigation at either 0.6 g (high), 0.3 g (medium) or 0.15 g (low) total N every four months. Nitrogen was supplied in different combinations of NO3 and/or NH4. Nitrate:NH4-N ratios were either 100% NO3:0% NH4 (100NO3), 70% NO3:30% NH4 (70NO3), 50% NO3:50% NH4 (50NO3) (second group only), 30%NO3:70%NH4 (30NO3), or 0% NO3/100% NH4 (100NH4). Growth in bulb diameter after one year of fertilizer treatments not only increased from 0.15 to 0.6 g N (low to high level), but also differed with the form of N supplied to the plant. The largest diameter bulbs were produced in the 70NO3 and 50NO3 high N treatments. Within any NO3/NH4-N ratio grouping, fertilization at the high N rate resulted in larger diameter bulbs. No significant differences existed between treatments in the number of bulbs produced. Bulb growth was greater with a portion of N supplied as NO3 than with NH4-N alone. These results indicate that application of N as a mixture of NH4 and NO3 at 0.6 g per 4 months produces the largest increase in bulb diameter.

生物炭包膜尿素的制备及其固氮潜力的研究

为了探究生物炭包膜尿素的缓释性能及对土壤固氮的影响,以300、500和700℃下制备的杨木生物炭为包膜材料制备了3种生物炭包膜尿素,采用间歇土柱淋溶试验对氮素的释放特征进行分析。结果表明,杨木生物炭对铵态氮和硝态氮具有较好的吸附性能,低温下制备的生物炭对铵态氮吸附效果更好;与尿素相比,施用生物炭包膜尿素土壤的总氮淋溶量减少了9.73%~14.67%,铵态氮淋溶量减少了25.28%~30.36%,硝态氮淋溶量减少了10.34%~18.38%;在同等施氮水平下,生物炭包膜尿素相较于尿素可以显著增加土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的含量。其中,土壤中铵态氮含量增加了66.4%~200.1%,土壤硝态氮的含量增加了477.9%~537.6%。因此,生物炭用作肥料的包膜材料具有广阔的应用前景。

不同铵态氮肥配施对麦茬水稻生长、氮素利用及产量的影响

碳铵施用可促进稻田秸秆腐解和秧苗生长,但碳铵易分解和不能造粒使其应用受限,研究碳铵替代铵态氮肥将促进该技术的生产应用。基于2年小区定位试验和统计分析,以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置总施氮量20%碳铵+30%复合肥(V1)、20%氯化铵+30%复合肥(V2)、20%磷酸二铵+30%复合肥(V3)、20%硫酸铵+30%复合肥(V4)等5个不同的速效氮肥+复合肥的铵态氮肥筛选试验,研究不同铵态氮肥对麦茬水稻生长、氮素利用及产量的影响。结果表明:处理V2产量达10.34×10^(3)kg/hm^(2),较其他处理均达到显著增产的效果,处理V1、V3、V4间产量差异不显著;处理V2的平均穗粒数、叶面积指数和干物质积累量显著高于其他处理;施肥后12 d,处理V2的铵态氮含量显著性大于其他处理,硝态氮含量显著大于除处理V4外的其他处理,处理V2的pH低于其他处理,达显著水平;处理V2较其他处理显著提升茎蘖数7.48%~20.9%,处理V2与其他速效铵态氮肥处理相比显著地提升了氮素积累量、氮素表观利用率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力。可见氯化铵配施可降低土壤pH,增加土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的含量,增加水稻平均穗粒数,提高氮素利用效率,具有平衡秸秆腐解和作物产量关系的作用。

缓控释肥配施脲铵运筹对水稻产量、氮素利用效率和土壤养分的影响

通过田间试验,以传统配方肥+尿素一基两追施肥模式(CG)为对照,研究了以脲甲醛类缓控释肥(NC)和木质素类缓控释肥(MC)为基肥、脲铵为分蘖或穗分化追肥的缓控释肥+脲铵一基一追施肥模式对水稻产量、氮吸收累积、氮素利用效率以及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:缓控释肥+脲铵一基一蘖施肥模式水稻产量与CG处理相比无明显差异,但脲甲醛类缓控释肥+脲铵(NC-S)和木质素类缓控释肥+脲铵一基一穗(MC-S)处理分别比CG处理明显增产3.96%和6.01%,主要原因为NC-S和MC-S处理每穗粒数分别比CG处理明显增加16.7%和17.6%;与CG处理相比,脲甲醛类缓控释肥+脲铵(NC-F)和木质素类缓控释肥+脲铵一基一蘖(MC-F)处理成熟期地上部氮累积分别比CG处理增加2.50%和5.89%,NC-S和MC-S处理分别比CG处理明显增加10.0%和11.6%;NC-S和MC-S处理氮素利用效率(NUE)分别比CG处理高3.96%和6.01%。缓控释肥+脲铵一基一追施肥模式增加了水稻氮吸收效率(NupE)和表观氮肥回收效率(ANR),其中MC-S处理的NupE明显比CG处理高11.6%,NC-S和MC-S处理的ANR分别比CG处理明显高25.4%和29.3%。缓控释肥+脲铵一基一追施肥模式土壤碱解氮含量明显比CG处理增加6.58%~10.7%,其中,一基一穗施肥模式增加比例更大;另外,土壤有机质含量比CG处理增加1.11%~7.56%。由此可见,缓控释肥+脲铵一基一穗施肥模式更有利于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率,增加土壤肥力。

核桃铵态氮转运蛋白基因JrAMT2的功能分析

【目的】研究高效利用氮素基因铵态氮转运蛋白基因JrAMT2,对核桃Juglansregia的品种改良、快速生长及产量形成有重要意义。【方法】以核桃JrAMT2过表达幼苗为实验材料,对JrAMT2基因进行生物信息学分析。通过基因表达量和表型测定对核桃JrAMT2过表达植株生长发育、氮素吸收、叶绿素质量分数、叶绿素荧光进行理化分析。【结果】JrAMT2基因在核桃JrAMT2过表达植株中稳定表达。与野生型相比,核桃JrAMT2过表达株系的株高、节间长、生物量等生长参数显著提高(P<0.05),核桃幼苗的株高、节间长增加,最高可增加68.2%和50.3%,植株地上部分、地下部分生物量显著增加,地上部分最高可增加56.26%(鲜质量)和56.26%(干质量),地下部分最高可增加344.38%(鲜质量)和354.33%(干质量);核桃JrAMT2过表达株系地下部分对铵态氮及硝态氮的吸收显著提高(P<0.05),最高可提高114.1%和70.3%,其中JrAMT2基因介导了铵态氮从地下部分到地上部分的运输,地上部分铵态氮质量分数显著增加(P<0.05),最高可增加59.1%;核桃JrAMT2过表达植株叶绿体表面积与单层细胞表面积比率、叶绿素质量分数显著增加(P<0.05),最高可增加22.94%和74.3%;对叶绿素荧光参数分析,核桃JrAMT2过表达植株叶片放氧复活体活性、量子产额、电子传递效率均显著提高(P<0.05)。【结论】核桃JrAMT2基因在核桃幼苗生长发育、氮素吸收和光合作用中均有积极显著调控的作用,为进一步研究核桃快速繁育提供一定的理论依据,且为筛选优良品种奠定一定基础。

土壤温度和含水量变化对南亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤性质的影响

研究森林土壤铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)和硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)质量分数的年际动态及其对环境变化的影响,对预测森林生态系统的结构和功能具有重要作用。应用南亚热带常绿阔叶林连续10 a的土壤理化性质监测,揭示土壤有效氮质量分数对土壤温度和水分的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N质量分数年际间变化对干湿季节性敏感,湿季NH_(4)^(+)-N质量分数为9.41~15.59 mg·kg^(-1)、NO_(3)^(-)-N质量分数为24.50~36.18 mg·kg^(-1),干季NH_(4)^(+)-N质量分数为6.48~10.19 mg·kg^(-1)、NO_(3)^(-)-N质量分数为22.75~30.09 mg·kg^(-1),干湿季差异显著。(2)土壤温度和含水量对NH_(4)^(+)-N质量分数变异解释率为57%,对NO_(3)^(-)-N质量分数变异解释率为28%,NH_(4)^(+)-N质量分数与气温显著正相关,湿季降水量与NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N质量分数呈负相关关系;干季降水量与NH_(4)^(+)-N质量分数正相关,但与NO_(3)^(-)-N质量分数负相关;干季低温条件下,土壤含水量与NH_(4)^(+)-N质量分数负相关。(3)土壤温湿度、土壤养分质量分数的变化显著影响土壤NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N累积;湿季全氮和易氧化碳分别是NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N累积的主导因子;干季土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮为主导因子。

负载铵态氮对生物炭钝化土壤中镉性能的影响

设置室内土壤试验和模拟吸附试验,以探究负载铵态氮对生物炭钝化镉能力的影响,并研究负载铵态氮影响生物炭钝化土壤中镉能力的机理.结果表明,相较于仅施加生物炭和生物炭/氯化铵混施的土壤,施加负载铵态氮的生物炭可以显著降低土壤中二乙三胺五乙酸提取态镉的含量约19.20%和23.34%(P<0.05).模拟吸附实验结果指出,负载铵态氮使生物炭对低浓度镉(0.10mg/L)的吸附能力显著提高约11.70%(P<0.05),这是由于负载铵态氮可以减弱生物炭的疏水性并显著提高其比表面积和微孔总体积约14.82%和25.00%(P<0.05).施加负载铵态氮的生物炭可以改善土壤微生物生境、驱动微生物群落结构改变并刺激Paenibacillus属和Bradyrhizobium属等功能微生物富集,这亦是负载铵态氮提高生物炭钝化土壤中镉能力的重要原因.负载铵态氮可以提高生物炭钝化土壤中镉的能力,负载铵态氮的生物炭是一种极具潜力的土壤调理剂.

雄安新区不同农用地类型土壤水氮时空变化

本文探究土壤水氮的时空变化规律,为控制雄安新区地下水污染提供理论依据,对建设“蓝绿雄安”具有重要意义。在雄安新区以耕地、林地和菜地3种农用地为研究对象,测定土壤含水率、硝态氮、铵态氮以及容重等土壤指标,分析不同农用地的土壤含水率、硝态氮和铵态氮时空变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明:在土层垂向上,土壤含水率随土层深度先增加后减小最后趋于稳定。耕地和菜地土壤硝态氮含量随土层深度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势。耕地、林地和菜地土壤铵态氮含量均随着土层深度增加逐渐减小。在时间上,耕地含水率波动较大,林地受季节影响变化较小。菜地含水率随时间变化比较平稳,10月后明显下降。林地和菜地土壤硝态氮含量随时间先增加后减小,耕地则随时间呈正弦波动。菜地土壤铵态氮含量随时间逐渐降低,林地土壤铵态氮含量变化小且含量最小。3种农用地土壤含水率均与土壤容重呈负相关,与降水量和灌溉呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。耕地土壤容重与土层深度极显著相关(P<0.01)。耕地和菜地土壤硝态氮和铵态氮均与土层深度、降水量以及灌溉量呈显著负相关。3种农用地土壤硝态氮与铵态氮均呈显著正相关。耕地和菜地的水氮含量分布对地下水污染影响更大,因此合理灌溉施用氮肥,改善土壤性质,有助于保护雄安新区地下水环境。

斜生栅藻对全氟辛酸和Zn^(2+)联合胁迫的生理生化响应

【目的】探究全氟辛酸(PFOA)与重金属锌(Zn^(2+))单一及联合暴露对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的急性毒性效应和作用机制,为全氟化合物(Perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)和重金属在水生生态系统中的联合风险评估提供理论基础。【方法】将1×10^(6)mL^(-1)斜生栅藻分别在0~16 mg/L Zn^(2+)、0~350 mg/L PFOA单一处理组及0~1.5 TU联合处理组暴露96 h,分析暴露条件对斜生栅藻的细胞浓度、藻细胞叶绿素a(Chl a)、总蛋白(TP)含量、抗氧化系统、细胞外部形态、转化氨氮能力、Zn^(2+)与PFOA去除率等指标的影响。【结果与结论】处理96 h,Zn^(2+)与PFOA单一胁迫抑制斜生栅藻生长的半最大效应质量浓度(96 h-EC_(50))分别为14.17 mg/L和198.98 mg/L;二者联合胁迫96 h-EC_(50)为0.97 TU,作用模式为部分相加作用。Zn^(2+)和PFOA单一及联合胁迫下,藻细胞Chl a含量和TP含量均显著下降(P<0.05),表明藻细胞光合作用受阻;活性氧(ROS)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著上升(P<0.05),促使细胞膜通透性增强,线粒体膜电位降低;T-AOC和SOD活性也因ROS的过度积累而呈现升高趋势。扫描电镜结果表明,联合胁迫会破坏藻细胞的外部形态。暴露液中总氮和氨氮含量都随污染物暴露浓度的增加而增加,联合暴露组与对照组相比差异更为明显;硝态氮含量始终保持低水平。斜生栅藻对PFOA的去除率仅有2%,对Zn^(2+)去除率为37.5%且随暴露浓度的增加而逐渐降低,表明斜生栅藻可以有效去除锌污染,但对全氟辛酸污染去除效果欠佳。