Simple preparation of C(CS)/g-C_(3)N_(4)/Co carbon aerogel and its catalytic performance for ammonium perchlorate

Biomass chitosan(CS)was used as a template,graphitic phase carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))with high nitrogen content and certain catalytic activity was used as a dopant,and nano-transition metal cobalt(Co)was used as a catalytic center point.The carbon aerogel(C(CS)/g-C_(3)N_(4)/Co)with a three-dimensional network-like structure was prepared by assembling the three materials through experimental operations such as freeze-drying and high-temperature carbonization.It was demonstrated by scanning and transmission characterization that the CS in the carbon aerogel could provide more active sites for the cobalt nanoparticles,and the doping of graphite-phase carbon nitride as a template dispersed the cobalt nanoparticles and changed the conductivity of the CS.To investigate the catalytic effect of carbon aerogel on ammonium perchlorate(AP),it was investigated by differential thermal analyzer and TG thermal analysis.This carbon aerogel was very effective in catalyzing AP,and the 10 wt% content of the catalyst reduced the AP pyrolysis peak from 703.9 to 595.5 K.And to further investigate the synergistic effect of the three materials,further carbon aerogels such as C(CS)/Co,g-C_(3)N_(4)/Co were prepared and applied to catalyze AP,and the same ratio reduced the AP pyrolysis peak by 98.1℃ and 97.7℃.This result indicates a synergistic effect of the assembly of the three materials.

Micro-aluminum powder with bi-or tri-component alloy coating as a promising catalyst:Boosting pyrolysis and combustion of ammonium perchlorate

A novel design of micro-aluminum(μAl)powder coated with bi-/tri-component alloy layer,such as:Ni-P and Ni-P-Cu(namely,Al@Ni-P,Al@Ni-P-Cu,respectively),as combustion catalysts,were introduced to release its huge energy inside Al-core and promote rapid pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorate(AP)at a lower temperature in aluminized propellants.The microstructure of Al@Ni-P-Cu demonstrates that a three-layer Ni-P-Cu shell,with the thickness of~100 nm,is uniformly supported byμAl carrier(fuel unit),which has an amorphous surface with a thickness of~2.3 nm(catalytic unit).The peak temperature of AP with the addition of Al@Ni-P-Cu(3.5%)could significantly drop to 316.2℃ at high-temperature thermal decomposition,reduced by 124.3℃,in comparison to that of pure AP with 440.5℃.It illustrated that the introduction of Al@Ni-P-Cu could weaken or even eliminate the obstacle of AP pyrolysis due to its reduction of activation energy with 118.28 kJ/mol.The laser ignition results showed that the ignition delay time of Al@Ni-P-Cu/AP mixture with 78 ms in air is shorter than that of Al@Ni-P/AP(118 ms),decreased by 33.90%.Those astonishing breakthroughs were attributed to the synergistic effects of adequate active sites on amorphous surface and oxidation exothermic reactions(7597.7 J/g)of Al@Ni-P-Cu,resulting in accelerated mass and/or heat transfer rate to catalyze AP pyrolysis and combustion.Moreover,it is believed to provide an alternative Al-based combustion catalyst for propellant designer,to promote the development the propellants toward a higher energy.

The catalytic activity of transition metal oxide nanoparticles on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

The catalytic proficiency of three MONs for AP thermal decomposition was studied in this work.A chemical co-precipitation method was used for synthesis of MONs(CuZnO,CoZnO,and NiZnO)and their characterization carried out by utilizing XRD,FTIR,and SEM.The TGA/DSC technique was employed for the investigation of the catalytic proficiency of MONs on the AP.The DSC data were used for measuring activation energy of catalyzed AP by using Ozawa,Kissinger,and Starink method.The MONs were much sensitive for AP decomposition,and the performance of AP decomposition was further improved.Among all the MONs,the CuZnO exhibits higher catalytic action than others and decomposition temperature of AP is descending around 117℃ by CuZnO.The reduction in the activation energy was noticed after the incorporation of MONs in AP.

Synthesis of Co Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Effect on the Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

The monodispersed Co nanoparticles were successfully prepared by means of hydrogen plasma method in inert atmosphere. The particle size, specific surface area, crystal structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, BET equation, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and the corresponding selected area electron diffraction （SAED）. The catalytic effect of Co nanoparticles on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate （AP） was investigated by differential thermal analyzer （DTA）. Compared with the thermal decomposition of pure AP, the addition of Co nanoparticles （2%-10%, by mass） decreases the decomposition temperature of AP by 145.01-155.72℃. Compared with Co3O4 nano-particles and microsized Co particles, the catalytic effect of Co nanoparticles for AP is stronger. Such effect is attributed to the large specific surface area and its interaction of Co with decomposition intermediate gases. The present work provides useful information for the application of Co nanoparficles in the AP-based propellant.

Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate catalyzed with CuO nanoparticles

Ammonium perchlorate(APC)is the most common oxidizer in use for solid rocket propulsion systems.However its initial thermal decomposition is an endothermic process that requires 102.5 J·g^-1.This manner involves high activation energy and could render high burning rate regime.This study reports on the sustainable fabrication of CuO nanoparticles as a novel catalyzing agent for APC oxidizer.Colloidal CuO nanoparticles with consistent product quality were fabricated by using hydrothermal processing.TEM micrographs demonstrated mono-dispersed particles of 15 nm particle size.XRD diffractogram demonstrated highly crystalline material.The synthesized colloidal CuO particles were effectively coated with APC particles via co-precipitation by using fast-crash solvent-antisolvent technique.The impact of copper oxide particles on APC thermal behavior has been investigated using DSC and TGA techniques.APC demonstrated an initial endothermic decomposition stage at 242℃ with subsequent two exothermic decomposition stages at 297,8℃ and 452.8℃ respectively.At 1 wt%,copper oxide offered decrease in initial endothermic decomposition stage by 30%.The main outcome of this study is that the two main exothermic decomposition peaks were merged into one single peak with an increase in total heat release by 53%.These novel features can inherit copper oxide particles unique catalyzing ability for advanced highly energetic systems.

金属氧化物催化剂表界面效应对AP热分解性能影响进展

高氯酸铵(AP)作为固体推进剂中重要的氧化剂,其热分解性能直接影响固体推进剂的燃烧特性。使用燃烧催化剂能够降低AP的分解温度并提高其分解速率。研究总结了应用于AP热分解的纳米燃烧催化剂微观结构调控的不同手段,分析了晶面、缺陷和复合界面等微结构调控方式对其在AP热分解反应中催化活性和催化机理的影响,并探究能获得最佳催化性能的催化剂特征。结果表明,通过调整暴露晶面、元素掺杂和构建复合界面结构可以提高纳米金属氧化物燃烧催化剂的催化活性;过渡金属氧化物纳米催化剂能通过暴露指定晶面实现催化活性的提升,元素掺杂能通过产生缺陷从而提升催化效果,构建复合界面结构能够利用界面效应调控催化位点的活性,从而有效提升催化性能。过渡金属氧化物纳米催化剂在提升AP热分解性能方面表现出了良好的催化活性。

A New Nickel(Ⅱ) Coordination Compound Constructed by Pyridyl-triazole and Oxybis(Benzoic Acid): Synthesis,Crystal Structure and the Effect on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

A new energetic complex, Ni（3,4＇-Hbpt）2（Hoba）2（H20）2 （3,4＇-Hbpt = 3-（3-pyridyl）- 5-（4＇-pyridyl）-l-H-l,2,4-triazole and H2oba = 4,4＇-oxybis（benzoic acid））, has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses and X-ray powder diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the complex belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P2j/c with a = 10.2357（9）, b = 24.594（2）, c = 10.4225（9）/k, β = 114.0110（10）°, V = 2396.7（4） A3, Dc = 1.460 g/cm3,μ = 0.482 mm-1, Mr = 1053.63, F（000） = 1088, Z = 2, the final R = 0.0358 and wR = 0.0973 with I 〉 2σ（I）. Both 3,4＇-Hbpt and H2oba ligands adopt monodentate modes linking one Ni（II） ion to form a 0D motif. Furthermore, the 0D motifs are linked into a 3D supramolecular architecture with hydrogen bonds. In addition, the catalytic performance for thermal decomposition of the efficacy of ammonium perchlorate （AP） is explored by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）, which indicates that the complex is a good candidate for a promoter of the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate.

Studies on composite solid propellant with tri-modal ammonium perchlorate containing an ultrafine fraction

Composite solid propellant is prepared using tri-modal Ammonium perchlorate(AP)containing coarse,fine and ultrafine fractions of AP with average particle size(APS)340,40 and 5 mm respectively,in various compositions and their rheological,mechanical and burn rate characteristics are evaluated.The optimum combination of AP coarse to fine to ultrafine weight fraction was obtained by testing of series of propellant samples by varying the AP fractions at fixed solid loading.The concentration of aluminium was maintained constant throughout the experiments for ballistics requirement.The propellant formulation prepared using AP with coarse to fine to ultrafine ratio of 67:24:9 has lowest viscosity for the propellant paste and highest tensile strength due to dense packing as supported by the literature.A minimum modulus value was also observed at 9 wt.%of ultrafine AP concentration indicates the maximum solids packing density at this ratio of AP fractions.The burn rate is evaluated at different pressures to obtain pressure exponent.Incorporation of ultrafine fraction of AP in propellant increased burn rate without adversely affecting the pressure exponent.Higher solid loading propellants are prepared by increased AP concentration from 67 to 71 wt.%using AP with coarse to fine to ultrafine ratio of67:24:9.Higher solid content up to 89 wt.%was achieved and hence increased solid motor performance.The unloading viscosity showed a trend with increased AP content and the propellant couldn't able to cast beyond 71 wt.%of AP.Mechanical properties were also studied and from the experiments noticed that%elongation decreased with increased AP content from 67 to 71 wt.%,whereas tensile strength and modulus increased.Burn rate increased with increased AP content and observed that pressure exponent also increased and it is high for the propellant containing with 71 wt.%of AP due to increased oxidiser to fuel ratio.Catalysed composite solid propellant is prepared by using burn rate modifiers Copper chromite and Iron oxide.Addition of Copper chromite and Iron oxide has enhanced the burn rate of tri-modal AP based composite solid propellant.The catalytic propensity of copper chromite is higher than that of iron oxide.The pressure exponent increased with the catalyst concentration and the values obtained are compatible for solid rocket motor applications.

Catalytic Kinetic on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate with a New Energetic Complex Based on 3,5-Bis(3-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole

A new energetic complex,[Co（3,3？-Hbpt）（Htm）]·H_2O（1,3,3？-Hbpt = 3,5-bis（3-pyridyl）-1H-1,2,4-triazole and H_3tm = trimesic acid）,has been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,elementary analysis,IR spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicates that the complex belongs to triclinic system,space group P 1 with a = 10.0911（1）,b = 10.2573（1）,c = 10.6393（1） ？,α = 103.793（2）,β = 101.041（2）,γ = 107.918（3）o,V = 974.9（2） ？~3,Z = 2,D_c = 1.732 g·cm-3,μ = 0.941 mm^（-1）,M_r = 508.31,F（000） = 518,the final R = 0.0523 and wR = 0.0935 with I 〉 2σ（I）. In the title complex,Co（Ⅱ） ions are connected by Htm2-anions generating 1D ladder-like chains which are linked by 3,3？-Hbpt to form 1D cages. In addition,the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate（AP） with complex 1 was explored by differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）. AP is completely decomposed in a shorter time in the presence of complex 1,and the decomposition heat of the mixture is 2.531 kJ·g^（-1）,significantly higher than that of pure AP. By Kissinger＇s method,the ratio of Ea/ln（A） is 11.05 for the mixture,which indicates that complex 1 shows good catalytic activity toward the AP decomposition.

Recent progress on transition metal oxides and carbon-supported transition metal oxides as catalysts for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate

As a main oxidizer in solid composite propellants,ammonium perchlorate(AP)plays an important role because its thermal decomposition behavior has a direct influence on the characteristic of solid composite propellants.To improve the performance of solid composite propellant,it is necessary to take measures to modify the thermal decomposition behavior of AP.In recent years,transition metal oxides and carbon-supported transition metal oxides have drawn considerable attention due to their extraordinary catalytic activity.In this review,we highlight strategies to enhance the thermal decomposition of AP by tuning morphology,varying the types of metal ion,and coupling with carbon analogue.The enhanced catalytic performance can be ascribed to synergistic effect,increased surface area,more exposed active sites,and accelerated electron transportation and so on.The mechanism of AP decomposition mixed with catalyst has also been briefly summarized.Finally,a conclusive outlook and possible research directions are suggested to address challenges such as lacking practical application in actual formulation of solid composite propellant and batch manufacturing.

Change of Iodine Load and Thyroid Homeostasis Induced by Ammonium Perchlorate in Rats

Ammonium perchlorate （AP）, mainly used as solid propellants, was reported to interfere with homeostasis via competitive inhibition of iodide uptake. However, detailed mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, AP was administered at 0, 130, 260 and 520 mg/kg every day to 24 male SD rats for 13 weeks. The concentrations of iodine in urine, serum thyroid hormones levels, to- tal iodine, relative iodine and total protein, and malondialdehyde （MDA）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） activity in thyroid tissues were measured, respectively. Our results showed that high-dose perchlorate induced a significant increase in urinary iodine and serum thyroid stimu- lating hormone （TSH）, with a decrease of total iodine and relative iodine content. Meanwhile, free thyroxine （FT4） was decreased and CAT activity was remarkably increased. Particularly, the CAT activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that CAT might be en- hanced to promote the synthesis of iodine, resulting in elevated urinary iodine level. Furthermore, these findings suggested that iodine in the urine and CAT activity in the thyroid might be used as biomarkers for exposure to AP, associated with thyroid hormone indicators such as TSH. FT4.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of V-Cr-Al-O Nanospheres and Their Effect on Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

V-Cr-Al-O nanospheres were successfully synthesized using V2O5, Al(OH)3, CrO3, and H2C2O4·H2O as the starting materials by a facile one-pot hydrothermal approach. Several techniques containing X-ray powder diffraction, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the composition, morphology and redox property of V-Cr-Al-O nanospheres. The catalytic behavior of prepared nanospheres on the thermal decomposition of AP was investigated by the thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA). The experimental results show that the thermal decomposition temperature of AP in the presence of V-Cr-Al-O nanospheres is to 395 ℃(decreased by 35 ℃), which proves better catalyst for the thermal decomposition of AP.

超细AP热分解、吸湿与安全性能一体化调控技术

针对超细高氯酸铵(UF-AP)易吸湿、感度高、热分解温度偏高等问题,通过溶剂-非溶剂法制备了UF-AP,平均粒径约为7μm。采用液相沉积法制备了具有核壳结构的超细高氯酸铵@硬脂酸锰(UF-AP@MnSA)复合物,并开展了性能一体化调控研究。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱法(FT-IR)、热重分析法(TG)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和(DTG)等方法,对样品的形貌、结构和热分解性能进行了表征;并测量样品的撞击感度、摩擦感度、吸湿率和水接触角等相关参数。结果表明,当MnSA质量分数为3%时,可将UF-AP完全包覆成具有核壳结构的UF-AP@MnSA复合物;MnSA分解产物中的MnO会催化UF-AP的分解过程,随着MnSA质量分数的增加,UF-AP@MnSA复合物的低温分解阶段会被削弱,同时高温分解阶段提前,热分解放热速率显著加快;MnSA质量分数为3%时为最优选择,对应UF-AP@MnSA复合物的高温分解DTG最大为139.1%/min,特性落高(H_(50))增加了20 cm,摩擦感度的爆炸概率减小了72%,72 h吸湿率仅为0.062%,UF-AP@MnSA复合物的热分解性能、安全性能、防吸湿性能均有效提升。

The Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate-Aluminum Propellants in Presence of Metallic Zinc Particles

The thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) with Al and Zn metallic particles was studied at different heating rates in dry air atmosphere and the combustion behavior of AP/Al/Zn propellant was evaluated. The exothermic reaction kinetics was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) in non-isothermal conditions and compare with the thermal decomposition of pure AP and AP/aluminum particles analyzed in the same experimental conditions. The Arrhenius parameters were estimated according to the Ozawa and Kissinger methods. The calculated activation energies for the low and high temperature exothermic reactions were 91 and 229 kJ/mol for pure AP, 90 and 112 kJ/mol for 80 wt% AP/20 wt% Al particles. When zinc was incorporated, activation energy of 56 kJ/mol was determined for the only exothermic peak observed for 90 wt% AP/10 wt% Zn and 44 kJ/mol for 78.4 wt% AP/19.6 wt% Al/2 wt% Zn propellant composition.

Salt-Assisted Combustion Synthesis of NdCoO_3 Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Properties in Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

Highly dispersed perovskite NdCoO3 nanoparticles were prepared by a novel salt-assisted combustion process. The effects of NaCl content and calcination temperature on the characteristics of the products were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and BET surface area measurement. The facile introduction of NaCl in the conventional combustion synthesis process was found to result in the formation of well-dispersed perovskite nanoparticles and increase specific surface areas of the resultants from 1.7 to 43.2 m2·g-1. The catalytic properties of the typical NdCoO3 samples for thermal decomposition of ammonia perchlorate (AP) and their correlation with the NdCoO3 microstructure were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The DSC results indicate that the addition of the amorphous NdCoO3 nanoparticles to AP incorporates two small exothermic peaks of AP into a strong exothermic peak, decreases the temperature of the AP exothermic peak to 314.0 ℃ by reduction of 138.3 ℃ and increases the apparent decomposition heat from 515 J·g-1 to over 1441 J·g-1, showing the intense catalytic activity for thermal decomposition of AP. It is also clear that the catalytic activity of the resultant NdCoO3 is related to their microstructure. According to Kissinger′s method, the kinetics parameters of the thermal decomposition of AP catalyzed by the as-prepared NdCoO3 samples were calculated to account for the order of their catalytic activity.

Effect of the microporous structure of ammonium perchlorate on thermal behaviour and combustion characteristics

Ammonium perchlorate(AP)is the component with the highest content in composite propellants,and it plays a crucial role in propellant performance.In view of the effects of low-temperature AP thermal decomposition on thermal safety and combustion characteristics,porous ammonium perchlorate(PAP)samples with different mass losses were first prepared by thermal convection heating,and the structures were characterized and analysed.Second,the effects of decomposition degree on the thermal decomposition characteristics of PAP were studied by DSC-TG.Finally,the combustion characteristics of AP/Al binary mixtures were tested with high-speed photography and in a sealed bomb.The results showed that low-temperature decomposition of AP resulted in formation of porous structures for AP particles.The pores first appeared near the surfaces of the particles and began from multiple points at the same time.The pores increased in size to approximately 5 mm and then expanded,and finally,the AP particles were full of pores.After partial decomposition,the crystal structure of AP remained unchanged,but the low and high decomposition temperatures decreased obviously.The decomposition rate accelerated.Due to the porous structure of PAP,the combustion rate of the AP/Al system increased obviously with increasing decomposition of AP.The relationship between the combustion rate and the mass loss was approximately linear under open conditions,and it was exponential for a high-pressure environment.A computational model of the combustion process for the AP/Al binary system was established to explain the effects of pore structure and pressure on the combustion process.

基于PEI界面作用增强的AP热分解催化性能

为了改善高氯酸铵(AP)的热分解性能,基于聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)本征的正电荷和氨基基团,在与负电荷AP发生静电自组装包覆的同时,吸附铜金属催化剂于AP表面,制备了AP/PEI/Cu(ClO_(4))_(2)包覆样品,并通过DTA和TG-DSC等热分析技术研究了其热分解行为;通过SEM、XPS、XRD、IR、ICP-OES和Zeta电位等测试手段对AP/PEI/Cu(ClO_(4))_(2)包覆样品的形貌与结构进行了表征。结果表明,与原料AP相比,AP/PEI/Cu(ClO_(4))_(2)包覆样品的高温分解峰温降低了94.2℃,表观放热量增加了512.91 J/g,证实PEI/Cu(ClO_(4))_(2)对AP的热分解具有良好的催化效果;PEI的加入能增强金属催化剂和AP的界面作用,使得催化剂更均匀地分布于AP表面,从而促使金属催化剂更好地发挥热分解催化作用。

AP在氟化石墨烯表面分解机理的密度泛函理论研究

为了探讨氟化石墨烯(FG)用于AP燃烧催化的可行性,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算方法研究了HClO_(4)和NH_(3)在FG表面的分解行为,阐述了AP在FG表面分解的反应机理;对HClO_(4)分子在FG表面分解反应的反应网络中各个基元反应的活化能和反应热进行了分析。结果表明,HClO_(4)分子的主要分解路径为HClO_(4)→ClO_(3)→HClO_(3)→ClO_(2)→HClO2→ClO-→Cl-。高氯酸分解生成氯酸根的反应为该路径的速控步骤,反应活化能为1.675 eV;HClO_(4)分子分解产生的吸附在FG表面的O^(*)原子会抑制HClO_(4)分子在FG表面的进一步分解,但这些O^(*)原子能够促进NH_(3)分子在FG表面的脱氢反应并生成OH^(*)基团;OH^(*)基团易与NH_(3)分子及其脱氢产物反应,生成H_(2)O分子,使得O原子从FG表面脱附;FG表面的F原子能够迅速与NH_(3)分子中的H原子反应,反应活化能仅为0.284 eV,这促使NH_(3)脱氢并吸附在催化剂表面,避免了因为NH_(3)吸附在AP表面而引起的阻滞期。表明FG能够有效地消除AP分解过程的阻滞期,从而提高AP的燃烧性能。

A Polymerase Chain Reaction Based DNA Fingerprinting Technique: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism for Molecular Typing of Perchlorate Reducing Bacteria

Genetic profiling of environmentally important organisms is very essential for easy identification of biodegrading bacteria. In the previous study, we have reported the perchlorate biodegrading bacteria and characterized them by biochemical analysis and 16 S sequencing. We have observed a very similar isolates of Arthrobacter (Actinobacteria) degrading 4.1 mM and 4.7 mM of ammonium perchlorate [1] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F005200650066003300390038003100390037003300340037000000 . In this study, we report PCR based DNA fingerprinting technique to generate the genomic signature of these closely related group of Arthrobacter species. This study also effectively generates unique genomic signature for each of these isolates that has potential for use in molecular monitoring as well as for tracking genomic variation and rearrangements.

键合型相变材料的制备及其对细粒度AP包覆降感作用研究

随着导弹武器对安全性能要求的不断提高,为了降低细粒度高氯酸铵(AP)及其含能材料配方的机械感度,解决降感包覆剂与AP界面相互作用不足,包覆层易脱落而降感作用失效的问题,选用具有相变单元的正三十四烷醇(Tetratriacontane)作为主链,同时引入具有键合单元的戊四醇-三(3-氮丙啶基)丙酸酯(PTAP)提高界面相互作用,制备出一种键合型相变材料(Tetratriacontane-HDI-PTAP,THP)。结果表明,与石蜡类相变材料/AP界面相比,THP/AP界面的界面张力降低约50%,粘附功增加约100%,表现出了强界面作用;经THP表面包覆后,AP的撞击感度由92%~96%降至0~8%,摩擦感度由96%~100%降至0~12%,表现出了显著的低感度特征,具有优异的安全性能。