Basic Steps in Chemical Dissociation of Gaseous Molecules Using an Even-Odd Rule, a Specifically Adapted Periodic Table and a Covalent Bonding Rule

When writing equations of chemical dissociation, students and scholars are taught two fundamental rules to balance the equation. On both sides of the equation, the types of elements and their quantity are conserved, as well as the global electrical charge. This paper introduces additional methods during dissociation of gaseous compounds, to precisely describe how electrical charges locally move and how bonding structures are modified. Specific rules revolving around electrons pairs displacements are developed and applied to about 150 dissociations of small gaseous molecules using atoms from the three first rows of the periodic table. Results obtained tend to demonstrate the relevance of these tools for chemists.

Multi-Stage Fluid Charging and Critical Period of Hydrocarbon Accumulation of the Sinian Dengying Formation in Central Sichuan Basin

Objective The natural gas exploration of the Sinian reservoirs in the central Sichuan Basin has made a significant breakthrough in recent years, and has thus attracted much attention among geologists. The Sichuan Basin is known to have complicated geological settings, which has experienced multiple stages of tectonic evolution, fluid charging and hydrocarbon accumulation. This research aims to determine the geochemical characteristics of each stage of fluids, the features and time interval of fluid activity in different geologic periods, and further to restore the critical period and geological age of the hydrocarbon accumulation.

Coupling relationship between reservoir diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation in Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation of Dongling,Changling fault depression,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in the southern Songliao Basin is the typical tight oil sandstone in China.In order to better predict the petrophysical properties of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation,Songliao Basin,Northeast China,the diagenesis and porosity evolution was investigated using a suite of petrographic and geochemical techniques including thin section analysis,scanning electron microscopy,mercury intrusion and fluid inclusion analysis,on a set of selected tight sandstone samples.Combined with the histories of burial evolution,organic matter thermal evolution and hydrocarbon charge,the matching relationship between reservoir porosity evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation history is analyzed.The result showed that the tight sandstone reservoirs characterized of being controlled by deposition,predominated by compaction,improved by dissolution and enhanced by cementation.The hydrocarbon accumulation period was investigated using a suite of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history,microfluorescence determination and temperature measurement technology.According to the homogenization temperature of the inclusions and the history of burial evolution,Yingcheng Formation has mainly two phases hydrocarbon accumulation.The first phase of oil and gas is charged before the reservoir is tightened,the oil and gas generated by Shahezi source rocks enter the sand body of Yingcheng Formation,influenced by the carrying capability of sand conducting layer,oil and gas is mainly conducted by the better properties and higher connectivity sand body and enriched in the east,which belongs to the type of densification after hydrocarbon accumulation.The second phase of oil and gas charge after densification,which belongs to the type of densification before the hydrocarbon accumulation.

Hydrocarbon enrichment characteristics and difference analysis in the TZ1-TZ4 well block of the Tarim Basin

The reservoirs in the TZ1-TZ4 well block of the Tarim Basin are complex, and the hydrocarbon enrichment shows differences. The three Carboniferous oil layers are characterized by ＂oil in the upper and lower layers and gas in the middle＂ in profile and ＂oil in the west and gas in the east＂ in plane view. In order to discuss the complex reservoir accumulation mechanisms, based on the petroleum geology and reservoir distribution, we studied the generation history of source rocks, the fault evolution and sealing, the accumulation periods and gas washing, and reconstructed the accumulation process of the TZ1-TZ4 well block. It is concluded that the hydrocarbon enrichment differences of oil layers CIII, CII and CI were caused by multiple sources and multi-period hydrocarbon charging and adjustment. The CII was closely related to CIII, but CI was formed by reservoir adjustment during the Yanshan period and was not affected by gas washing after it was formed. During the Himalayan period, different degrees of gas washing in the east and west led to hydrocarbon enrichment differences on the plane. The Carboniferous accumulation process of two-stage charging and one-stage adjustment is summarized： oil charging during the late Hercynian period is the first accumulation period of CIII and CII; oil reservoirs were adjusted into CI in the Yanshan period; finally gas washing in the Himalayan period is the second accumulation period of CIII and CII, but CI was not affected by gas washing. This complex accumulation process leads to the hydrocarbon enrichment differences in the TZ1-TZ4 well block.

西安出土蒙元傅元明墓志考释

傅元明为蒙元前期汉人世侯刘黑马麾下重要将领,其墓志志文所载傅元明及其子侄职官,为探讨蒙元前期“都总管万户府”下职官设置情况提供了重要线索。志主生平及家族迁徙,也对研究宋金元时期社会变迁具有较大价值。志文撰书者为《类编长安志》作者骆天骧,本文对其在司天台的任职经历及其所书碑石做了补充梳理。

考虑风电接入的电动汽车有序充电策略研究

为了降低风电并网和无序负荷对配电网稳定运行的不利影响,提出一种考虑风电接入的电动汽车充电优化调度模型。在综合考虑风电并网和用户侧原始负荷需求的基础上,建立考虑风电接入的峰谷时段优化模型,使用隶属度函数来划分峰谷时段并指定分时电价,同时引入负荷波动率进一步提高模型精确度,以配电网负荷均方差最小和用户充电耗费成本最低为控制目标,综合电网和用户利益创建多目标优化模型,并采用改进粒子群算法进行求解。结果表明,所提出的考虑风电接入的有序充电策略可以在有效减轻配电网负荷波动和减少用户充电成本的同时,促进消纳更多的风电资源,验证了所提策略的有效性。

松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶余油层致密油气充注期次及其成藏贡献

为了明确松辽盆地三肇凹陷泉头组扶余油层致密油气充注期次及其成藏贡献,综合利用薄片鉴定、包裹体测温、荧光光谱等方法,对扶余油层微观油包裹体及其伴生盐水包裹体进行了研究,并结合储层埋藏史对该地区油气充注期次及其成藏贡献进行了探讨。研究结果表明:三肇凹陷扶余油层油气具有多期充注成藏特征,总体上表现为两期原油充注成藏,第1期发生在嫩江组末期77~74 Ma期间,对应于第1幕充注;第2期发生在明水组末期67~65 Ma期间,对应第2幕、第3幕和第4幕充注。三肇凹陷扶余油层第2期(明水组末期)致密油充注对现今油藏贡献率为83%,第1期(嫩江组末期)致密油充注贡献率为17%;可见明水组末期充注的原油对今油藏的贡献更大。

Depolarization mitigated in ferroelectric Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)ultrathin films(<5 nm)on Si substrate by interface engineering

(Hf,Zr)O_(2)offers considerable potential for next-generation semiconductor devices owing to its nonvolatile spontaneous polarization at the nanoscale.However,scaling this material to sub-5 nm thickness poses several challenges,including the formation of an interfacial layer and high trap concentration.In particular,a low-k SiO_(2)interfacial layer is naturally formed when(Hf,Zr)O_(2)films are directly grown on a Si substrate,leading to high depolarization fields and rapid reduction of the remanent polarization.To address these issues,we conducted a study to significantly improve ferroelectricity and switching endurance of(Hf,Zr)O_(2)films with sub-5 nm thicknesses by inserting a TiO_(2)interfacial layer.The deposition of a Ti film prior to Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)film deposition resulted in a high-k TiO_(2)interfacial layer and prevented the direct contact of Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)with Si.Our findings show that the high-k TiO_(2)interfacial layer can reduce the SiO_(2)/Si interface trap density and the depolarization field,resulting in a switchable polarization of 60.2μC/cm^(2)for a 5 nm thick Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)film.Therefore,we propose that inserting a high-k TiO_(2)interfacial layer between the Hf_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_(2)film and the Si substrate may offer a promising solution to enhancing the ferroelectricity and reliability of(Hf,Zr)O_(2)grown on the Si substrate and can pave the way for next-generation semiconductor devices with improved performance.

GB/T 12703.1《纺织品静电性能试验方法第1部分:电晕充电法》新旧国家标准对照

对GB/T 12703.1—2021《纺织品静电性能试验方法第1部分:电晕充电法》(以下简称新标准)进行分析解读,并与GB/T 12703.1—2008《纺织品静电性能试验方法第1部分:静电压半衰期》(以下简称旧标准)的试验原理、适用范围、调湿、试验环境、试验仪器、试样前期准备、调湿预处理和试验报告等方面进行了比较,以此来分析新旧版本的差异。

Anomalous Laterally Stressed Kinetically Trapped DNA Surface Conformations

Up to now,the DNA molecule adsorbed on a surface was believed to always preserve its native structure.This belief implies a negligible contribution of lateral surface forces during and after DNA adsorption although their impact has never been elucidated.High-resolution atomic force microscopy was used to observe that stiff DNA molecules kinetically trapped on monomolecular films comprising one-dimensional periodically charged lamellar templates as a single layer or as a sublayer are oversaturated by sharp discontinuous kinks and can also be locally melted and supercoiled.We argue that kink/anti-kink pairs are induced by an overcritical lateral bending stress(>30 pNnm)inevitable for the highly anisotropic 1D-1D electrostatic interaction of DNA and underlying rows of positive surface charges.In addition,the unexpected kink-inducing mechanical instability in the shape of the template-directed DNA confined between the positively charged lamellar sides is observed indicating the strong impact of helicity.The previously reported anomalously low values of the persistence length of the surface-adsorbed DNA are explained by the impact of the surface-induced low-scale bending.The sites of the local melting and supercoiling are convincingly introduced as other lateral stress-induced structural DNA anomalies by establishing a link with DNA high-force mechanics.The results open up the study in the completely unexplored area of the principally anomalous kinetically trapped DNA surface conformations in which the DNA local mechanical response to the surface-induced spatially modulated lateral electrostatic stress is essentially nonlinear.The underlying rich and complex in-plane nonlinear physics acts at the nanoscale beyond the scope of applicability of the worm-like chain approximation.

The Electronegativity and the Global Hardness Are Periodic Properties of Atoms

The electronegativity and the hardness are two popular and useful theoretical descriptors of chemistry and physics successfully used by both physicists and chemists in correlating chemico-physical properties of atoms, molecules and condensed matter physics. We have tried to explore the fundamental nature of the hardness and electronegativity of atoms and have observed that their fundamental nature is basically lying in electrostatics and manifest as the electron attracting power emanating from the nucleus of the atom. We have tried to correlate the periodic nature of variation of the electronegativity and the hardness to the electron attracting power of the nucleus from which they are originated and developed. We have developed the formulae for evaluating both electronegativity and hardness and found that they have the direct correlation with the effective nuclear charge of the atoms and hence their periodicity.

面向强周期振动干扰的涡街流量计系统研制

涡街流量计是流体振动型流量仪表,易受管道振动、流场扰动等影响,在小流量条件下测量误差较大,尤其在强振动干扰下涡街信号被淹没,无法准确测量。本文研制抗强周期振动干扰的涡街流量计系统,采用带有电压负反馈的差动式电荷放大器,提高小流量信号的放大能力;提出基于频移策略的频率方差算法,减少强周期振动干扰的影响。首先通过频移策略降低相近频率的影响,然后根据流量信号与周期振动干扰的频带宽度不同,通过计算和比较频率方差,判定流量信号频率。研制了涡街流量计信号处理系统并实验,结果表明,研制的系统扩展了量程下限,且在强周期振动干扰条件下可以准确提取信号,精度提升1个数量级。

电动汽车的有序充电管理及其对配电网的影响分析

电动汽车以无序充电方式接入配电网时与网内基础用电负荷叠加,会形成峰上加峰的现象,不利于配电网的稳定运行。针对上述问题,首先对私家车充电负荷进行建模,采用蒙特卡罗抽样模拟电动汽车无序行为下的充电负荷曲线。然后提出一种新型的多时段动态充电价格机制,引导车主有序充电,并以配电网负荷波动最小为目标函数,优化电动汽车充电行为。最后在IEEE33节点配电网中,分别分析有序和无序充电负荷并网时电动汽车充电费用、配电网电压偏移率及网损,结果表明所提策略可有效兼顾用户利益和配电网的稳定运行。

南羌塘坳陷古油藏原油生物降解作用及意义

对南羌塘坳陷古油藏开展了有机地球化学分析,从生物标志化合物特征和地质条件探讨古油藏生物降解特征及成藏期次。研究表明,古油藏储层样品抽提物的正构烷烃分布完整,但色谱基线发生不同程度抬升,形成“鼓包”现象,指示古油藏遭受了一定程度的生物降解作用;古油藏族组分碳同位素发生“倒转”和普遍检出的25-降藿烷也证实了古油藏经历了中等-严重的生物降解。然而,古油藏储层样品饱和烃色谱图显示出正构烷烃较为完整,指示古油藏储层可能经历两期原油充注,第一次原油遭受了生物降解,第二期原油保留相对完整的正构烷烃。古油藏储层经历了两次原油充注,与南羌塘坳陷富有机质页岩经历了两次生排烃的过程是一致。

用于评估油纸绝缘热老化状态的极化/去极化电流特征参量

极化/去极化电流法能灵敏反映介质的绝缘状态,已被应用于变压器油纸绝缘的水分评估中,但通过该方法定量分析油纸绝缘的老化状态尚未见研究报道。为此,对油纸绝缘开展了110°C加速热老化试验,测量了不同老化时间下油纸绝缘样品的极化/去极化电流。通过分析极化/去极化电流特性的变化,提出了一种反映油纸绝缘热老化状态的新特征参量—去极化电量。研究结果表明,试品的去极化电流随老化程度加深不断增大,但其增大趋势微弱,而提出的去极化电量曲线则对试品绝缘老化状态反应极为敏感,且从该曲线中提取的系数A和最大值C这2个特征参量与绝缘纸聚合度满足一阶动力学模型关系式,可以用作评估油纸绝缘热老化程度的特征参量。

电力变压器油纸绝缘含水量定量评估的时域介电特征量

水分是影响变压器油纸绝缘性能的一个重要因素。为了评估变压器主绝缘中的含水量,从而对变压器的绝缘状态及剩余寿命进行可靠预测,本文利用时域介电响应技术的极化/去极化电流法(Polarization and Depolarization Current,PDC)对变压器油纸绝缘含水量进行了深入研究。首先,在实验室内制备了不同含水量的油浸渍绝缘纸板样品,然后,利用Matlab程序仿真了样品的实测PDC图谱并获取了扩展Debye模型参数。最后,提出了两个能够量化油浸渍绝缘纸板油纸绝缘含水量的新特征量——极化电量斜率Kp与稳定极化电量Qp-5000。分析结果表明:特征量Kp与Qp-5000对纸板样品的含水量变化非常敏感。该特征量与纸板含水量存在指数函数关系。因此,Kp和Qp-5000可以用于变压器油纸绝缘含水量的定量评估。

变频电机用聚酰亚胺薄膜电老化特性研究

为研究变频电机用耐电晕型聚酰亚胺材料耐局部放电老化机理,采用电导电流法分别测量了普通聚酰亚胺薄膜(100HN)和耐电晕型聚酰亚胺薄膜(100CR)电晕老化前、经10kV/mm、20kV/mm电晕强度8h老化后的电老化阈值。结果表明,2种薄膜的电老化阈值随电老化强度的增加而减小,且耐电晕型薄膜的电老化阈值始终高于普通膜的阈值;在2种薄膜的空间电荷限制电流区内,耐电晕型薄膜的电流增长率较大,说明其中含有更多的浅陷阱,测试结果与其170°C下退极化电流测试结果一致。这些浅陷阱有效调节了聚酰亚胺薄膜中电场的分布,改善其耐电晕性能。

油气成藏期探讨

成藏期是一个时间段,一个油气藏由多次充注形成。烃包裹体的存在是油气运聚的直接证据,利用流体包裹体均一温度分布图所对应的时间可以确定出成藏期。均一温度直方图分为连续分布型和非连续分布型两类:前者表示连续性的充注一期成藏;后者表示非连续性的充注多期成藏。成藏期是成藏史研究的一部分,新生代油气的成藏史比较短,多为一期成藏;古生代油气的成藏史比较长,可能有多个成藏期。但古老油气藏大部分都已破坏消失,只有那些不断有油气充注或是晚期成藏的才能被保存下来,而目前它们未必具有多期成藏的特征,只有作成藏史研究才能对它们进行评价。

矿用乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘电热老化状态评估

针对乙丙橡胶电缆在电热作用下的绝缘老化特性研究较少的问题,对矿用乙丙橡胶电缆进行了电热联合老化试验,分析了乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘在不同老化时间下的极化/去极化电流特性,提出了反映绝缘老化程度的特征参量——老化指数和去极化电量。结果表明,随着老化时间的增加,乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘表面颜色由白色逐渐加深变为棕色,老化后期绝缘外层生成白色粉末状物质,绝缘内形成较多孔洞;绝缘的极化电流和去极化电流均随老化时间的增加逐渐增大,其中去极化电流在老化前期变化明显,在老化后期变化较小;分别根据极化电流和去极化电流计算得到的老化指数和去极化电量均随老化时间的增加而增大,可作为评估乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘老化状态的特征参量。

等离子体改性纳米粒子对聚酰亚胺复合薄膜陷阱特性影响

聚酰亚胺（Polyimide,PI）纳米复合薄膜以其优越的绝缘性能广泛应用于变频牵引电机匝间绝缘。为研究纳米粒子表面改性对复合薄膜陷阱特性以及绝缘特性的影响,利用大气压空气等离子体对纳米粒子表面进行改性,采用原位聚合法制备聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜,通过去极化热刺激电流（thermally stimulated depolarization current,TSDC）分析薄膜内陷阱能级密度分布,利用电声脉冲法（pulsed electro acoustic method,PEA）得到了薄膜的空间电荷分布情况,并测试得到方波脉冲下复合薄膜的绝缘寿命。研究结果表明,纳米粒子经过等离子体改性后,聚酰亚胺纳米复合薄膜陷阱能级峰位移向低能级,浅陷阱密度由7.15×1019（1/m3）增至9.99×1019（1/m3）,而深陷阱密度由7.63×1019（1/m3）降至5.33×1019（1/m3）,浅陷阱密度的增加有效抑制了薄膜内空间电荷的积累,空间电荷密度最大值由6.93C/m3降至3.59C/m3,同时聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的绝缘寿命提高了28.06%;讨论分析了纳米粒子表面改性对聚酰亚胺复合薄膜内陷阱分布影响,并揭示了陷阱特性对薄膜空间电荷分布以及绝缘寿命的影响机理。