Estimation of Displacement and Extension due to Reverse Drag of Normal Faults: Forward Method

In the case of reverse drag of normal faulting, the displacement and horizontal extension are determined based on the established equations for the three mechanisms: rigid body, vertical shear and inclined shear. There are three sub-cases of basal detachment for the rigid body model: horizontal detachment, antithetic detachment and synthetic detachment. For the rigid body model, the established equations indicate that the total displacement on the synthetic base (Dt2) is the largest, that on the horizontal base (Dt1) is moderate, and that on the antithetic base (Dt3) is the smallest. On the other hand, the value of (Dt1) is larger than the displacement for the vertical shear (Dt4). The value of (Dt1) is larger than or less than the displacement for the inclined shear (Dt5) depending on the original fault dip δ0, bedding angle θ, and the angle of shear direction β. For all original parameters, the value of Dt5 is less than the value of Dt4. Also, by comparing three rotation mechanisms, we find that the inclined shear produces largest extension, the rigid body model with horizontal detachment produces the smallest extension, and the vertical shear model produces moderate extension.

An efficient method for constructing a random insertional mutant library for forward genetics in Nannochloropsis oceanica

Insertional mutation,phenotypic evaluation,and mutated gene cloning are widely used to clone genes from scratch.Exogenous genes can be integrated into the genome during non-homologous end joining(NHEJ)of the double-strand breaks of DNA,causing insertional mutation.The random insertional mutant library constructed using this method has become a method of forward genetics for gene cloning.However,the establishment of a random insertional mutant library requires a high transformation efficiency of exogenous genes.Many microalgal species show a low transformation efficiency,making constructing random insertional mutant libraries difficult.In this study,we established a highly efficient transformation method for constructing a random insertional mutant library of Nannochloropsis oceanica,and tentatively tried to isolate its genes to prove the feasibility of the method.A gene that may control the growth rate and cell size was identified.This method will facilitate the genetic studies of N.oceanica,which should also be a reference for other microalgal species.

Exploring the Relationship Between Patent Forward Citation and Stock Return Rate Using Empirical Data of China Stock Market

A novel indicator called price-citation was proposed.Based on the company integrated patent database of China listed companies of common stocks(A-shares)with the stock price and the stock return rate data,more than two thousand of A-shares from 2017 to 2020 were selected.The effect of the traditional patent forward citation and the price-citation for discriminating the stock return rate was thoroughly analyzed via ANOVA.The A-shares of forward citation counts above the average showed higher stock return rate means than the A-shares having patents but receiving no forward citations.The price-citation,combining both the financial and patent attributes,defined as the multiplication of the current stock price and the currently receiving forward citation count,showed its excellence in discriminating the stock return rate.The A-shares of higher price-citation showed significantly higher stock return rate means while the A-shares of lower price-citation showed significantly lowest stock return rate means.The price-citation effect had not been changed by COVID-19 though COVID-19 affected the social and economic environment to a considerable extent in 2020.

Performance for Device-to-Device Communication with Three-Time-Slot Two-Way Amplify-and-Forward Relay Protocol

Multi-hop device-to-device(D2D) communication can significantly improve the system performance. This paper studied the outage performance of D2 D communication assisted by another D2 D user using three-timeslot two-way amplify-and-forward relaying protocol over Rayleigh fading channels. Considering the co-channel interference from cellular user at the D2 D node,the approximate expression for the overall outage probability was derived. Furthermore,a power allocation optimum method to minimize the outage probability was developed,and the closed form expression for the optimal power allocation coefficient at the relay was derived. Simulation results demonstrate accuracy of the derived outage probability expressions. Simulation results also demonstrate that the outage performance can be improved using the proposed optimal power allocation method.

3D forward modeling and response characteristics of low-resistivity overburden of the CFS-PML absorbing boundary for ground-well transient electromagnetic method

This study used the stable and convergent Dufort-Frankel method to differentially discretize the diffusion equation of the ground-well transient electromagnetic secondary field.The absorption boundary condition of complex frequency-shifted perfectly matched layer(CFS-PML)was used for truncation so that the low-frequency electromagnetic wave can be better absorbed at the model boundary.A typical three-dimensional(3D)homogeneous half-space model was established and a low-resistivity cube model was analyzed under the half-space condition.The response patterns and drivers of the low-resistivity cube model were discussed under the influence of a low-resistivity overburden.The absorption boundary conditions of CFS-PML significantly affected the low-frequency electromagnetic waves.For a low-resistivity cube around the borehole,its response curve exhibited a single-peak,and the extreme point of the curve corresponded to the center of the low-resistivity body.When the low-resistivity cube was directly below the borehole,the response curve showed three extreme values(two high and one low),with the low corresponding to the center of the low-resistivity body.The total field response of the low-resistivity overburden was stronger than that of the uniform half-space model due to the low-resistivity shielding effect of electromagnetic waves.When the receiving-transmitting distance gradually increased,the effect of the low-resistivity overburden was gradually weakened,and the response of the low-resistivity cube was strengthened.It was affected by the ratio of the overburden resistivity to the resistivity of the low-resistivity body.

THE REGULARIZED SOLUTION APPROXIMATION OF FORWARD/BACKWARD PROBLEMS FOR A FRACTIONAL PSEUDO-PARABOLIC EQUATION WITH RANDOM NOISE

This paper deals with the forward and backward problems for the nonlinear fractional pseudo-parabolic equation ut+(-Δ)^(s1)ut+β(-Δ)^(s2)u=F(u,x,t)subject o random Gaussian white noise for initial and final data.Under the suitable assumptions s1,s2andβ,we first show the ill-posedness of mild solutions for forward and backward problems in the sense of Hadamard,which are mainly driven by random noise.Moreover,we propose the Fourier truncation method for stabilizing the above ill-posed problems.We derive an error estimate between the exact solution and its regularized solution in an E‖·‖Hs22norm,and give some numerical examples illustrating the effect of above method.

Opportunistic Relaying Schemes for Amplify and Forward Bidirectional Relay Channels with Multi antenna Sources

We consider a two-way relay network where the Amplify-and-Forward (AF) protocol is adopted by all relays in this paper.The network consists of two multi-antenna source nodes and multiple distributed single-antenna relays.Two opportunistic relaying schemes are proposed to efficiently utilize the antennas of the source nodes and the relay nodes.In the first scheme,the best relay is selected out by a max-min-max criterion before transmitting.After that,at each source,only the antenna with the largest channel gain between itself and the best relay is activated to transmit and receive signals with full power.In the second scheme,assisted by the best relay which is selected by the typical max-min criterion,both source nodes use all their antennas to exchange data,and match filter beamforming techniques are employed at both source nodes.Further analyses show that all schemes can achieve the full diversity order,and the conclusions are not only mathematically demonstrated but numerically illustrated.System performance comparisons are carried out by numerical methods in terms of rate sum and outage probability,respectively.The beamforming assisted scheme can be found to be superior to the antenna selection scheme when accurate Channel State Information (CSI) is available at the transmitters.Otherwise,the latter is very suitable.

Does Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Relay Improve OFDM/OFDMA Ergodic Capacity？

The ergodic information rate for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing/ Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access with amplify-and-forward(AF)relaying systems in the presence of frequency offsets is evaluated.Unlike previous work,per-subcarrier adaptive power allocation is performed on each relay to optimize the system ergodic information rate.For a given frequency offset and total number of relays M,the AF ergodic information rate is proven to be a monotonically increasing function of a(the ratio of the power allocated to the source node and the total transmit power),implying that the maximum ergodic information rate can be obtained at α=1(i.e.,there is no cooperative relay).Furthermore,the proof of "cooperative relays cannot improve the AF ergodic information rate in a quasi-static wireless channel" is also provided in this letter.

A 24−30 GHz 8-element dual-polarized 5G FR2 phased-array transceiver IC with 20.8-dBm TX OP1dB and 4.1-dB RX NF in 65-nm CMOS

This article presents an 8-element dual-polarized phased-array transceiver(TRX)front-end IC for millimeter-wave(mm-Wave)5G new radio(NR).Power enhancement technologies for power amplifiers(PA)in mm-Wave 5G phased-array TRX are discussed.A four-stage wideband high-power class-AB PA with distributed-active-transformer(DAT)power combining and multi-stage second-harmonic traps is proposed,ensuring the mitigated amplitude-to-phase(AM-PM)distortions across wide carrier frequencies without degrading transmitting(TX)power,gain and efficiency.TX and receiving(RX)switching is achieved by a matching network co-designed on-chip T/R switch.In each TRX element,6-bit 360°phase shifting and 6-bit 31.5-dB gain tuning are respectively achieved by the digital-controlled vector-modulated phase shifter(VMPS)and differential attenuator(ATT).Fabricated in 65-nm bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS),the proposed TRX demonstrates the measured peak TX/RX gains of 25.5/21.3 dB,covering the 24−29.5 GHz band.The measured peak TX OP1dB and power-added efficiency(PAE)are 20.8 dBm and 21.1%,respectively.The measured minimum RX NF is 4.1 dB.The TRX achieves an output power of 11.0−12.4 dBm and error vector magnitude(EVM)of 5%with 400-MHz 5G NR FR2 OFDM 64-QAM signals across 24−29.5 GHz,covering 3GPP 5G NR FR2 operating bands of n257,n258,and n261.

Enhancing Data Forwarding Efficiency in SIoT with Multidimensional Social Relations

Effective data communication is a crucial aspect of the Social Internet of Things(SIoT)and continues to be a significant research focus.This paper proposes a data forwarding algorithm based on Multidimensional Social Relations(MSRR)in SIoT to solve this problem.The proposed algorithm separates message forwarding into intra-and cross-community forwarding by analyzing interest traits and social connections among nodes.Three new metrics are defined:the intensity of node social relationships,node activity,and community connectivity.Within the community,messages are sent by determining which node is most similar to the sender by weighing the strength of social connections and node activity.When a node performs cross-community forwarding,the message is forwarded to the most reasonable relay community by measuring the node activity and the connection between communities.The proposed algorithm was compared to three existing routing algorithms in simulation experiments.Results indicate that the proposed algorithmsubstantially improves message delivery efficiency while lessening network overhead and enhancing connectivity and coordination in the SIoT context.

A fast forward computational method for nuclear measurement using volumetric detection constraints

Owing to the complex lithology of unconventional reservoirs,field interpreters usually need to provide a basis for interpretation using logging simulation models.Among the various detection tools that use nuclear sources,the detector response can reflect various types of information of the medium.The Monte Carlo method is one of the primary methods used to obtain nuclear detection responses in complex environments.However,this requires a computational process with extensive random sampling,consumes considerable resources,and does not provide real-time response results.Therefore,a novel fast forward computational method(FFCM)for nuclear measurement that uses volumetric detection constraints to rapidly calculate the detector response in various complex environments is proposed.First,the data library required for the FFCM is built by collecting the detection volume,detector counts,and flux sensitivity functions through a Monte Carlo simulation.Then,based on perturbation theory and the Rytov approximation,a model for the detector response is derived using the flux sensitivity function method and a one-group diffusion model.The environmental perturbation is constrained to optimize the model according to the tool structure and the impact of the formation and borehole within the effective detection volume.Finally,the method is applied to a neutron porosity tool for verification.In various complex simulation environments,the maximum relative error between the calculated porosity results of Monte Carlo and FFCM was 6.80%,with a rootmean-square error of 0.62 p.u.In field well applications,the formation porosity model obtained using FFCM was in good agreement with the model obtained by interpreters,which demonstrates the validity and accuracy of the proposed method.

Broadband Dual-Input Doherty Power Amplifier Design Based on a Simple Adaptive Power Dividing Ratio Function

In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency points can be characterized by a polynomial.And in the practical test,the coefficients of SSF can be determined by measuring a small number of data points of input power.Same as other dualinput DPAs,the proposed approach can also achieve high output power and back-off efficiency in a broadband operation band by adjusting the power distribution ratio flexibly.Finally,a 1.5-2.5 GHz highefficiency dual-input Doherty power amplifier is implemented according to this approach.The test results show that the peak power is 48.6-49.7d Bm,and the 6-d B back-off efficiency is 51.0-67.0%,and the saturation efficiency is 52.4-74.6%.The digital predistortion correction is carried out at the frequency points of 1.8/2.1GHz,and the adjacent channel power ratio is lower than-54.5d Bc.Simulation and experiment results can verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.

Harmonic balance simulation of the influence of component uniformity and reliability on the performance of a Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifier

A Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifier(JTWPA),which is a quantum-limited amplifier with high gain and large bandwidth,is the core device of large-scale measurement and control systems for quantum computing.A typical JTWPA consists of thousands of Josephson junctions connected in series to form a transmission line and hundreds of shunt LC resonators periodically loaded along the line for phase matching.Because the variation of these capacitors and inductors can be detrimental to their high-frequency characteristics,the fabrication of a JTWPA typically necessitates precise processing equipment.To guide the fabrication process and further improve the design for manufacturability,it is necessary to understand how each electronic component affects the amplifier.In this paper,we use the harmonic balance method to conduct a comprehensive study on the impact of nonuniformity and fabrication yield of the electronic components on the performance of a JTWPA.The results provide insightful and scientific guidance for device design and fabrication processes.

Optimal power allocation for amplify-and-forward in single relay non-cooperative systems

For a single-relay amplify-and-forward (AF) non-cooperative system,an optimal power proportionbetween source and relay is considered.Aiming to minimize end-to-end bit error rate (BER) and maximizeattainable rate,both large-scale path loss and small-scale Rayleigh fading are taken into account.Aclosed form expression to allocate power in optimal proportion at source is obtained.Simulation resultsshow that the proposed scheme to distribute power can minimize BER under any channel conditions.

Greedy Algorithm Applied to Relay Selection for Cooperative Communication Systems in Amplify-and-Forward Mode

Using a relaying system to provide spatial diversity and improve the system performance is a tendency in the wireless cooperative communications. Amplify-and-forward （AF） mode with a low complexity is easy to be implemented. Under the consideration of cooperative communication systems, the scenario includes one information source, M relay stations and N destinations. This work proposes a relay selection algorithm in the Raleigh fading channel. Based on the exhaustive search method, easily to realize, the optimal selection scheme can be found with a highly complicated calculation. In order to reduce the computational complexity, an approximate optimal solution with a greedy algorithm applied for the relay station selection is proposed. With different situations of the communication systems, the performance evaluation obtained by both the proposed algorithm and the exhaustive search algorithm are given for comparison. It shows the proposed algorithm could provide a solution approach to the optimal one.

Performance analysis of amplify-and-forward cooperative diversity with multiple-antenna nodes via analog network coding

Network coding (NC), which works in the network layer, is an effective technology to improve the network throughput, by allowing the relay to encode the information from different users and ensuring the destination to retrieve the desired information. Employing network coding technique in a cooperative network can improve the network performance further. In this paper, we introduce analog network coding (ANC) to a simple two-user cooperative diversity network, which adopts amplify-and-forward (AF) mode and all nodes use multiple antennas. The impact of the number of antenna on the system achievable rate is investigated. And the bit error rate (BER) performances of the traditional relay cooperative network and the cooperative network based on analog network coding under different propagation conditions are discussed. The simulation results show that the performance of the traditional cooperative network has improved significantly due to the employ of network coding.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TWO-WAY AMPLIFY-AND-FORWARD RELAYING SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE INTERFERERS AT THE RELAY

In this paper,we investigate the performance of the two-way Amplify-and-Forward(AF) relaying systems in an interference-limited Rayleigh fading environment.More specifically,assuming the presence of Rayleigh faded multiple interferers at the AF relay and noisy sources,an approximate closed-form expression for the Overall Outage Probability(OOP) and an integral expression for the average Symbol Error Probability(SEP) are derived.The analysis results are verified through com-parison with the Monte Carlo simulation results.

Asymptotic analysis of multi-branch two-way amplify-and-forward relaying in Nakagami-m fading with arbitrary fading parameter

Two-way relay networks have received lots of attention, thanks to its ability to overcome the loss in the spectral efficiency due to half-duplex transmission. Asymptotic performance analysis can provide valuable insights in- to practical system designs. However, this is a gap in two-way relay network. In this paper, the asymptotic performance is studied for multi-branch dual-hop two-way amplify-and-forward （AF） relaying networks in independently but not necessarily identically distributed （i.n.i.d.） Nakagami-m fading channels, with arbitrary m 〉 5. The approximate prob- ability density function （PDF） of the instantaneous dual-hop link power at high SNR region is derived. Then we present the asymptotic outage probability expression, and analyze the diversity order and coding gain. Simulations are per- formed to verify the tightness of the presented analysis at medium and high SNR regions.

Application Strategy of BIM Technology in the Forward Design of Bridges

Bridge engineering is highly specialized and has spatial characteristics,which puts forward higher requirements for design work.The advancement of information technology has provided ample tools to facilitate bridge design work,with building information modeling(BIM)technology being one of them.BIM technology ensures the efficiency and quality of the forward design of bridges,while also reducing construction costs.This article starts with defining the concept of BIM technology,followed by a discussion on its advantages in bridge design and application process,which serves as a reference for other bridge designers.

Parameter Optimization for Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Systems with Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation Scheme

Cooperative diversity is a promising technology for future wireless networks. In this paper, we consider a cooperative communication system operating in an amplify-and-forward (AF) mode with a pilot symbol as-sisted modulation (PSAM) scheme. It is assumed that a linear minimum mean square estimator (LMMSE) is used for the channel estimation at the receiver. A simple and easy-to-evaluate asymptotical upper bound (AUB) of the symbol-error-rate (SER) is derived for uncoded AF cooperative communication systems with quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations. Based on the AUB, we propose a criterion for the parameter optimization in the PSAM scheme. We discuss how the pilot spacing and the length of the Wiener ?lter should be chosen under the constraint of a tradeoff between pilot overhead, estimation accuracy, and receiver complexity. We also formulate an power allocation problem for the considered system. It is shown that the power allocation problem can optimally be solved by means of a gradient search method. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the correctness of the theoretical results and to demonstrate the benefits of the parameter optimization.