Pro-resolving lipid mediator reduces amyloid-β42–induced gene expression in human monocyte–derived microglia

Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including maresin 1 mediate resolution but the levels of these are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brain, suggesting that they constitute a novel target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease to prevent/stop inflammation and combat disease pathology. Therefore, it is important to clarify whether they counteract the expression of genes and proteins induced by amyloid-β. With this objective, we analyzed the relevance of human monocyte–derived microglia for in vitro modeling of neuroinflammation and its resolution in the context of Alzheimer's disease and investigated the pro-resolving bioactivity of maresin 1 on amyloid-β42–induced Alzheimer's disease–like inflammation. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data and secreted proteins in supernatants from the monocyte-derived microglia showed that the monocyte-derived microglia resembled Alzheimer's disease–like neuroinflammation in human brain microglia after incubation with amyloid-β42. Maresin 1 restored homeostasis by down-regulating inflammatory pathway related gene expression induced by amyloid-β42 in monocyte-derived microglia, protection of maresin 1 against the effects of amyloid-β42 is mediated by a re-balancing of inflammatory transcriptional networks in which modulation of gene transcription in the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway plays a major part. We pinpointed molecular targets that are associated with both neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic targets by maresin 1. In conclusion, monocyte-derived microglia represent a relevant in vitro microglial model for studies on Alzheimer's disease-like inflammation and drug response for individual patients. Maresin 1 ameliorates amyloid-β42–induced changes in several genes of importance in Alzheimer's disease, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.

FUBP3 mediates the amyloid-β-induced neuronal NLRP3 expression

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by deposition of amyloid-β,which forms extracellular neuritic plaques,and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau,which aggregates to form intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles,in the brain.The NLRP3 inflammasome may play a role in the transition from amyloid-βdeposition to tau phosphorylation and aggregation.Because NLRP3 is primarily found in brain microglia,and tau is predominantly located in neurons,it has been suggested that NLRP3 expressed by microglia indirectly triggers tau phosphorylation by upregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Here,we found that neurons also express NLRP3 in vitro and in vivo,and that neuronal NLRP3 regulates tau phosphorylation.Using biochemical methods,we mapped the minimal NLRP3 promoter and identified FUBP3 as a transcription factor regulating NLRP3 expression in neurons.In primary neurons and the neuroblastoma cell line Neuro2A,FUBP3 is required for endogenous NLRP3 expression and tau phosphorylation only when amyloid-βis present.In the brains of aged wild-type mice and a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease,FUBP3 expression was markedly increased in cortical neurons.Transcriptome analysis suggested that FUBP3 plays a role in neuron-mediated immune responses.We also found that FUBP3 trimmed the 5′end of DNA fragments that it bound,implying that FUBP3 functions in stress-induced responses.These findings suggest that neuronal NLRP3 may be more directly involved in the amyloid-β-to–phospho-tau transition than microglial NLRP3,and that amyloid-βfundamentally alters the regulatory mechanism of NLRP3 expression in neurons.Given that FUBP3 was only expressed at low levels in young wild-type mice and was strongly upregulated in the brains of aged mice and Alzheimer's disease mice,FUBP3 could be a safe therapeutic target for preventing Alzheimer's disease progression.

Enhanced autophagic clearance of amyloid-βvia histone deacetylase 6-mediated V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification protects against Alzheimer's disease in vitro and in vivo

Recent studies have suggested that abnormal acidification of lysosomes induces autophagic accumulation of amyloid-βin neurons,which is a key step in senile plaque formation.Therefore,resto ring normal lysosomal function and rebalancing lysosomal acidification in neurons in the brain may be a new treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease.Microtubule acetylation/deacetylation plays a central role in lysosomal acidification.Here,we show that inhibiting the classic microtubule deacetylase histone deacetylase 6 with an histone deacetylase 6 shRNA or thehistone deacetylase 6 inhibitor valproic acid promoted lysosomal reacidification by modulating V-ATPase assembly in Alzheimer's disease.Fu rthermore,we found that treatment with valproic acid markedly enhanced autophagy.promoted clearance of amyloid-βaggregates,and ameliorated cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown neuroprotective mechanism in Alzheimer's disease,in which histone deacetylase 6 inhibition by valproic acid increases V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification.

Jiaohong pills attenuate neuroinflammation and amyloid-βprotein-induced cognitive deficits by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor kappa-B pathway

Background:Jiaohong pills(JHP)consist of Pericarpium Zanthoxyli(PZ)and Radix Rehmanniae,two herbs that have been extensively investigated over many years due to their potential protective effects against cognitive decline and memory impairment.However,the precise mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects remain elusive.Here,research studies were conducted to investigate and validate the therapeutic effects of JHP on Alzheimer's disease.Methods:BV-2 cell inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide.AD mice were administered amyloid-β(Aβ).Behavioral experiments were used to evaluate learning and memory ability.The levels of nitric oxide(NO),tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),and interleukin-10(IL-10)were detected using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)and the phosphorylation level of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)were detected using Western blot.Nissl staining was used to detect neuronal degeneration.Results:The results demonstrated that an alcoholic extract of PZ significantly decreased the levels of NO,IL-1β,TNF-α,and iNOS;increased the expression level of IL-10;and significantly decreased the phosphorylation levels of MAPK and NF-κB.These inhibitory effects were further confirmed in the AD mouse model.Meanwhile,JHP improved learning and memory function in AD mice,reduced neuronal damage,and enriched the Nissl bodies in the hippocampus.Moreover,IL-1βand TNF-αin the cortex were significantly downregulated after JHP administration,whereas IL-10showed increased expression.Conclusions:It was found that JHP reduced neuroinflammatory response in AD mice by targeting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 13 ameliorates amyloid-β-induced neuronal damage

Previous studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 13 is downregulated in the brain of both Alzheimer’s disease mouse models and patients,and that it plays a vital role in the learning and memory.However,the underlying mechanisms of fibroblast growth factor 13 in Alzheimer’s disease remain unclear.In this study,we established rat models of Alzheimer’s disease by stereotaxic injection of amyloid-β(Aβ_(1-42))-induced into bilateral hippocampus.We also injected lentivirus containing fibroblast growth factor 13 into bilateral hippocampus to overexpress fibroblast growth factor 13.The expression of fibroblast growth factor 13 was downregulated in the brain of the Alzheimer’s disease model rats.After overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 13,learning and memory abilities of the Alzheimer’s disease model rats were remarkably improved.Fibroblast growth factor 13 overexpression increased brain expression levels of oxidative stress-related markers glutathione,superoxide dismutase,phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3β,and anti-apoptotic factor BCL.Furthermore,fibroblast growth factor 13 overexpression decreased the number of apoptotic cells,expression of pro-apoptotic factor BAX,cleaved-caspase 3 and amyloid-βexpression,and levels of tau phosphorylation,malondialdehyde,reactive oxygen species and acetylcholinesterase in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease model rats.The changes were reversed by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002.These findings suggest that overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 13 improved neuronal damage in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease through activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3βsignaling pathway.

The relationship among amyloid-βdeposition,sphingomyelin level,and the expression and function of P-glycoprotein in Alzheimer’s disease pathological process

In Alzheimer’s disease,the transporter P-glycoprotein is responsible for the clearance of amyloid-βin the brain.Amyloid-βcorrelates with the sphingomyelin metabolism,and sphingomyelin participates in the regulation of P-glycoprotein.The amyloid cascade hypothesis describes amyloid-βas the central cause of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology.Better understanding of the change of P-glycoprotein and sphingomyelin along with amyloid-βand their potential association in the pathological process of Alzheimer’s disease is critical.Herein,we found that the expression of P-glycoprotein in APP/PS1 mice tended to increase with age and was significantly higher at 9 and 12 months of age than that in wild-type mice at comparable age.The functionality of P-glycoprotein of APP/PS1 mice did not change with age but was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice at 12 months of age.Decreased sphingomyelin levels,increased ceramide levels,and the increased expression and activity of neutral sphingomyelinase 1 were observed in APP/PS1 mice at 9 and 12 months of age compared with the levels in wild-type mice.Similar results were observed in the Alzheimer’s disease mouse model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β1-42 and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells treated with amyloid-β1-42.In human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells,neutral sphingomyelinase 1 inhibitor interfered with the changes of sphingomyelin metabolism and P-glycoprotein expression and functionality caused by amyloid-β1-42 treatment.Neutral sphingomyelinase 1 regulated the expression and functionality of P-glycoprotein and the levels of sphingomyelin and ceramide.Together,these findings indicate that neutral sphingomyelinase 1 regulates the expression and function of P-glycoprotein via the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway.These studies may serve as new pursuits for the development of anti-Alzheimer’s disease drugs.

Cannabidiol-Mediated Sequestration of Alzheimer’s Amyloid-β Peptides in ADDL Oligomers

Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the most studied phytocannabinoids, is non-psychotropic and can induce protective effects on the central nervous system against acute and chronic brain injury. Interestingly, CBD inhibits processes relating to amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, though the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the CBD neurotoxicity modulation is not fully understood. In this study, using atomic force microscopy, we find that CBD promotes the aggregation of Aβ peptides, enhancing the formation of Aβ oligomers, also known as Aβ-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs). The CBD-mediated sequestration of Aβ monomers in soluble ADDLs could reduce neurotoxicity. This study highlights a possible role of CBD in modulating the formation of ADDL aggregates and provides insight into potentially neuroprotective properties of CBD in Alzheimer’s disease.

肠道菌群影响脑淀粉样血管病中淀粉样蛋白沉积的潜在机制探讨

脑淀粉样血管病(CAA)是一种以淀粉样蛋白β(Aβ)进行性沉积于皮质、皮质下及软脑膜小动脉为主要病理特点的脑小血管病,在老龄化人群中多见,常以反复脑叶出血、认知障碍为特征性临床表现。近年来,肠道菌群多样性及其相关产物已被报道可通过神经炎症、破坏血-脑屏障等多种途径参与中枢神经系统疾病的致病过程。而肠道菌群在CAA中的潜在机制目前并不明晰。已有研究表明,肠道菌群紊乱可通过诱发颅内Aβ产生和聚集、血-脑屏障渗漏、Aβ转运受体失衡引起血管壁改变,并伴随神经炎症机制,可能一定程度推动了CAA的发生和发展。作者对肠道菌群影响CAA中淀粉样蛋白沉积的可能机制进行综述,以期为CAA潜在临床治疗靶点的探索提供理论参考。

牛膝提取物含药血清对Aβ_(1-42)诱导的神经元氧化应激和凋亡的调控机制研究

目的探讨牛膝提取物含药血清对β淀粉样蛋白_(1-42)(amyloidβ-protein_(1-42),Aβ_(1-42))诱导的神经元氧化应激和凋亡的影响及作用机制。方法体外培养大鼠海马神经元,分为对照组,模型组(Aβ_(1-42)诱导神经元),牛膝低、中、高剂量组(15、30、45μg/mL的牛膝提取物含药血清作用于Aβ_(1-42)诱导的神经元),si-ZBTB20-AS1组[Aβ_(1-42)诱导转染锌指和BTB结构域蛋白20的反义RNA小干扰RNA的神经元]和si-NC组(Aβ_(1-42)诱导转染乱序无意义阴性序列的神经元)。ELISA法检测超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,RT-qPCR法检测ZBTB20-AS1表达水平,Western blot法检测细胞增殖抗原Ki67和胱天蛋白酶-3(cysteine aspartic acid specific protease-3,Caspase-3)表达水平。结果与对照组比较,模型组SOD含量、细胞存活率、Ki67蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05),MDA含量、细胞凋亡率、BTB20-AS1表达、Caspase-3蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,牛膝中、高剂量组SOD含量、细胞存活率、Ki67蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05),MDA含量、细胞凋亡率、BTB20-AS1表达、Caspase-3蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05)。与si-NC组比较,si-ZBTB20-AS1组SOD含量、细胞存活率、Ki67蛋白表达均升高(P<0.05),MDA含量、细胞凋亡率、BTB20-AS1表达、Caspase-3蛋白表达均降低(P<0.05)。结论牛膝提取物含药血清可能通过下调ZBTB20-AS1表达抑制Aβ_(1-42)诱导的海马神经元氧化应激和凋亡。

法舒地尔缓解β-淀粉样蛋白1-42诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡

背景:法舒地尔对阿尔茨海默病小鼠脑内的线粒体动力学有调节作用,并且可以抑制神经炎症,但能否调节线粒体自噬和NLRP3炎症小体进而减轻β-淀粉样蛋白毒性尚不清楚。目的:探究法舒地尔对β-淀粉样蛋白1-42诱导的人源神经母细胞瘤细胞株SH-SY5Y凋亡和线粒体自噬以及NLRP3炎症小体的调节作用。方法:将SH-SY5Y细胞接种于孔板内,细胞贴壁后分3组干预:对照组不加入任何药物,模型组加入20μmol/L β-淀粉样蛋白1-42,法舒地尔组同时加入20μmol/L β-淀粉样蛋白1-42与15 mg/L法舒地尔,干预24 h后,采用MTT法检测细胞活性,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测凋亡相关蛋白表达,免疫荧光染色和Western blot检测线粒体自噬相关蛋白表达,免疫荧光染色和Western blot检测NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白表达。结果与结论:(1)与对照组比较,模型组细胞活性降低、凋亡率升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,法舒地尔组细胞活性升高、凋亡率降低(P<0.05);(2)qRT-PCR和Western blot检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞Bax mRNA与蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),Bcl-2 mRNA与蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,法舒地尔组细胞Bax mRNA与蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),Bcl-2 mRNA与蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);(3)免疫荧光染色和Western blot检测结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组细胞PINK1、帕金森病蛋白和LC3蛋白表达降低(P<0.05),p62蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,法舒地尔组细胞PINK1、帕金森病蛋白和LC3蛋白表达升高(P<0.05),p62蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);(4)免疫荧光染色和Western blot检测结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组细胞NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1和白细胞介素1β蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,法舒地尔组细胞NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1和白细胞介素1β蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);(5)结果表明,法舒地尔可以减轻β-淀粉样蛋白1-42诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡,其机制可能与激活线粒体自噬且抑制NLRP3炎症小体激活有关。

淀粉样蛋白PET脑成像在阿尔茨海默病诊疗中的价值

阿尔茨海默病是最常见的神经退行性疾病,我国患病人数居全球首位,严重危害老年人健康,家庭照护和社会经济负担巨大。β-淀粉样蛋白PET脑成像技术可在分子水平无创、精准评估阿尔茨海默病患者脑内β-淀粉样蛋白沉积情况,是早期精准诊断及疗效评估的重要方法。

α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体与阿尔茨海默病的关系

背景:α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体在大脑皮质和海马高度表达,并在阿尔茨海默病的病理发展过程中起重要调控作用,是阿尔茨海默病治疗的潜在靶点。目的:总结α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体和阿尔茨海默病的密切关系和相互作用机制。方法:检索中国知网、PubMed数据库中相关文献,中文检索词为“α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体,阿尔茨海默病,β-淀粉样蛋白,激动剂,正变构调节剂,拮抗剂”;英文检索词为“alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,Alzheimer’s disease,beta amyloid protein,agonist,positive allosteric modulator,antagonist”,文献检索时限为各数据库建库至2024年7月,依据入选标准对检索结果进行录用或排除,最终纳入符合标准的83篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体通过与β-淀粉样蛋白的相互作用减轻β-淀粉样蛋白的神经毒性,如促进阿尔茨海默病的突触可塑性和胆碱能突触的快速传递、减轻β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的神经中枢炎症反应、抵抗神经细胞凋亡,从而对阿尔茨海默病患者的脑具有保护作用等。α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体作为阿尔茨海默病治疗靶标具有很大的潜能,但是又存在一系列问题有待解决,比如α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的脱敏性、适度活性稳定性及基因多态性等问题。筛选高特异、安全性和以α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体为核心的多靶点结合作用的药物,将成为未来阿尔茨海默病治疗研究的一个方向。

基于阿尔茨海默病β-淀粉样蛋白发病机制探讨典型中药防治概况

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种临床表现为学习记忆障碍、认知功能障碍、语言功能障碍的疾病,其发病机制复杂,其中β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)学说涵盖了氧化应激、炎症、细胞凋亡等多方面机制。该文基于Aβ机制以及相关信号通路,探讨典型中药及其有效成分预防和治疗AD的概况,以期为研发防治AD的中药提供思路和参考。

NLRP3炎症小体在阿尔兹海默症中的作用及潜在治疗靶点

阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是常见的神经退行性疾病,严重影响患者的生存质量。目前尚无有效的针对性治疗措施。AD发病机制复杂,是环境、遗传和年龄影响因素共同作用的结果。大脑中β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)沉积、微管相关蛋白tau过度磷酸化形成的神经纤维缠结及神经元丢失是AD典型病理特征,大量研究证明,Aβ、tau蛋白聚集诱导核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体含pyrin结构域蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体活化是AD炎性机制的核心环节,且以其和上下游分子为靶点的抑制剂和化合物治疗在细胞和动物模型中均发挥神经保护作用,改善空间记忆功能障碍,但临床疗效和安全性仍待研究。因此,抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化可能是AD的潜在治疗靶点。本文以NLRP3炎症小体的活化机制和影响因素及与AD关系进行综述,并总结以NLRP3炎症小体为靶点的AD治疗药物,以期为AD等NLRP3炎症小体相关疾病提供新的治疗方向。

Neural stem cells promote neuroplasticity: a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroplasticity,such as synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis,exists throughout the normal lifespan but declines with age and is significantly impaired in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.Hence,promoting neuroplasticity may represent an effective strategy with which Alzheimer’s disease can be alleviated.Due to their significant ability to self-renew,differentiate,and migrate,neural stem cells play an essential role in reversing synaptic and neuronal damage,reducing the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease,including amyloid-β,tau protein,and neuroinflammation,and secreting neurotrophic factors and growth factors that are related to plasticity.These events can promote synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis to repair the microenvironment of the mammalian brain.Consequently,neural stem cells are considered to represent a potential regenerative therapy with which to improve Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.In this review,we discuss how neural stem cells regulate neuroplasticity and optimize their effects to enhance their potential for treating Alzheimer’s disease in the clinic.

基于^(18)F-Florbetaben PET显像可视化阿尔茨海默病脑内β-淀粉样蛋白异常沉积

目的基于氟[^(18)F]贝他苯(^(18)F-FBB)淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)PET显像,分析不同认知损害严重程度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者不同脑区的Aβ异常沉积特征,以及与认知功能的相关性。资料与方法回顾性纳入2022年8月—2023年10月在复旦大学附属华山医院就诊的18例临床诊断高度可能AD患者,且^(18)F-FBB PET显像均证实存在脑内Aβ异常沉积。根据症状严重程度分为AD源性轻度认知损害(MCI)组8例和痴呆组10例,另纳入正常对照者12例。基于脑部结构相MRI和自动解剖标记模板对3组受试者额叶、外侧顶叶、外侧颞叶、前后扣带回及复合皮质脑区Aβ异常沉积标准化摄取值比值进行半定量分析,并比较组间差异,分析AD患者脑内Aβ沉积程度与简易智能测试量表、蒙特利尔认知评估评分的相关性。结果AD源性MCI和痴呆组在额叶、外侧颞叶、外侧顶叶、前后扣带回及复合皮质Aβ异常沉积的标准化摄取值比值均显著高于对照组(t=7.442~9.151,P均<0.05);但AD源性MCI与痴呆组上述脑区Aβ异常沉积的标准化摄取值比值差异无统计学意义(t=0.312~0.996,P均>0.05)。AD源性MCI和痴呆组脑内Aβ沉积程度与简易智能测试量表、蒙特利尔认知评估评分均无显著相关性(r=-0.049~0.050,P均>0.05)。结论AD源性MCI和痴呆组患者脑内Aβ异常沉积均显著高于正常对照组。但Aβ沉积无法鉴别不同认知损害程度的AD患者,在反映Aβ沉积评估AD临床症状的严重程度方面具有一定局限性。

壳寡糖对Amyloid-β_(1-42)致痴呆大鼠的学习记忆及血清抗氧化功能的影响

目的:探讨壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)对Aβ_(1-42)致痴呆大鼠学习记忆及血清抗氧化功能的影响及其作用机制。方法:采用海马区微注射Aβ_(1-42)建立阿尔茨海默病大鼠痴呆模型,并使用COS干预,通过Morris水迷宫实验观察COS对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆能力的影响,同时通过测定血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等抗氧化酶的活力以及蛋白质羰基和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量变化观察COS的抗氧化能力。结果:经行为学测试,与假手术对照组相比,模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力明显下降;COS干预后,其学习记忆功能力有所改善。同时,模型组大鼠血清中的SOD和GSH-Px活力相比较假手术组显著降低,MDA和蛋白质羰基含量显著增加;经COS干预后,与模型组相比,大鼠血清中SOD和GSH-Px活力显著上升,MDA和蛋白质羰基含量均显著减少。结论:COS对海马区微注射Aβ_(1-42)致痴呆大鼠有一定的改善和保护作用,具体的作用机制可能与COS的抗氧化作用有关。

TREM2在阿尔茨海默病中的研究进展

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病。大量证据表明,遗传因素在AD的发病机制中起重要作用。2型髓系细胞触发受体(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2,TREM2)基因是新发现的AD易感基因之一。文章搜索近年来相关高质量文献,结合课题组前期成果,从TREM2基因变异与AD易感风险,TREM2的结构、配体及信号传导,TREM2与AD病理进程,靶向TREM2的AD疗法等4个方面,对TREM2在AD中的研究现状进行了全面综述,期望能为后续AD的遗传及发病机制研究和药物研发提供理论参考。

UPLC-MS/MS法分析β淀粉样蛋白中Asp残基的外消旋化

目的:建立β淀粉样蛋白中Asp外消旋化的LC-MS/MS分析方法。方法:采用胰蛋白酶和Glu-C酶两步酶解β淀粉样蛋白,酶解产物LC-MS/MS分析的色谱条件:分离柱为InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18色谱柱(2.7μm,3.0×150 mm Agilent),流动相A为5%乙腈-0.1%甲酸水,流动相B为75%乙腈-水,梯度洗脱(0~30 min,0~28%B;30~30.01 min,28%~100%B;30.01~35 min,100%~100%B;35.0~35.01 min,100%~0%B;35.01~40 min,0%B),流速为0.3 mL/min。质谱条件:采用电喷雾离子源及正离子多反应监测模式(SRM)定量。结果:在L型多肽存在下,D型多肽的质量浓度在1~250 ng/mL内,其峰面积与多肽的质量浓度之间线性良好(r>0.999),最低定量限(LLOQ)为1 ng/mL;LLOQ、低(LQC)、中(MQC)、高浓度(HQC)日内和日间精密度RSD值均小于15%,加样回收率为85.3%~107.3%。建立的方法对D/(D+L)型淀粉样蛋白为2%~50%的混合样本中Asp1,Asp23外消旋化测定结果准确,准确度在95.35%~117%之间。联合胰蛋白酶与Glu-C成功鉴定了淀粉样蛋白中Asp7残基的外消旋化。结论:所建立的方法可用于淀粉样蛋白中Asp残基外消旋化的分析,该方法操作简便,结果准确,灵敏度高。

Humanin蛋白在Alzheimer’s病模型中神经保护作用的研究进展

研究表明,Humanin蛋白通过多种方式在抗Alzheimer’s病的过程中发挥神经保护作用。本综述从Humanin的发现、结构特征、神经保护的机制及其新型同源分泌肽Rattin的结构与功能方面介绍Humanin蛋白在Alzheimer’s病中神经保护作用的最新研究进展。