How can technology and efficiency alleviate the dilemma of economic growth and carbon emissions in China's industrial economy? A metafrontier decoupling decomposition analysis

This paper attempts to explore the decoupling relationship and its drivers between industrial economic increase and energy-related CO_(2) emissions(ICE). Firstly, the decoupling relationship was evaluated by Tapio index. Then, based on the DEA meta-frontier theory framework which taking into account the regional and industrial heterogeneity and index decomposition method, the driving factors of decoupling process were explored mainly from the view of technology and efficiency. The results show that during2000-2019, weak decoupling was the primary state. Investment scale expansion was the largest reason hindering decoupling process of industrial increase from ICE. Both energy saving and production technology achieved significant progress, which facilitated the decoupling process. Simultaneously, the energy technology gap and production technology gap among regions have been narrowed, and played a role in promoting decoupling process. On the contrary, both scale economy efficiency and pure technical efficiency have inhibiting effects on decoupling process. The former indicates that the scale economy of China's industry was not conducive to improve energy efficiency and production efficiency, while the latter indicates that resource misallocation problem may exist in both energy market and product market.

Dynamic analysis of agricultural green development efficiency in China: Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors

Green development of agriculture is important for achieving coordinated and high-quality regional development for China. Using provincial data from 1990 to 2020, this work explored the dynamics of agricultural green development efficiency of 31 provinces in China, its spatiotemporal characteristics, and its driving factors using a super-efficiency slacks-based measure(Super-SBM), the Malmquist productivity index(MPI), spatial autocorrelation, and a geographic detector. Results showed that the overall agricultural green development efficiency showed a U-shaped trend, suggesting a low level of efficiency. Although a gradient difference was visible among eastern, central, and western regions, the efficiency gap narrowed each year. Technological progress and efficiency both promoted agricultural green development efficiency, especially technological progress. Agricultural green development efficiency had significant spatial aggregation characteristics, but Moran’s Ⅰ result showed a downward trend from 2015 to 2020, indicating a risk of spatial dispersion in the later stage. The provinces with high agricultural green development efficiency were mainly concentrated in the eastern region, while those with low efficiency were concentrated in the central and western regions. Agricultural green development efficiency was influenced by various factors, which showed differences according to time and region. The impact of the labor force’s education level and technological progress increased during the study period, and significantly facilitated agricultural green development efficiency in the eastern region, while the central and western regions were still affected by the scale level and environmental regulation, reflecting the advantages of the eastern region in terms of economy and technology. In the future, strengthening agricultural scientific and technological innovation and deepening interprovincial cooperation can help further improve the level of green agricultural development. In addition, local governments should formulate more precise local agricultural support policies based on macro-level policies and local conditions.

Analysis on the Influencing Factors of Low-carbon Economy and Its Mitigation Countermeasures in Sichuan Province

[Objective]The study aimed to analyze the influencing factors of low-carbon economy and its mitigation countermeasures in Sichuan Province.[Method]Taking Sichuan Province as an example,an extended STIRPAT model was established firstly,then the impacts of population,economy and technology on carbon emissions from 2000 to 2009 were analyzed econometrically by using the principal component analysis method.Finally,some corresponding countermeasures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions were put forward.[Result]At present,population scale had the greatest influence on carbon emissions in Sichuan Province,then energy consumption per industrial added value and the proportion of industrial added value to GDP.In addition,the influence of population scale on carbon emissions was still greater than that of population structure,and technical factor also has certain explanatory power on carbon emissions.Some countermeasures,like controlling population growth,advocating low-carbon life style and consumption model,paying more attention to the strategic adjustment of industrial structure to gradually reduce the proportion of high-carbon industries,encouraging energy consumption and emissions reduction plus scientific and technological innovation in a new energy technology filed,could be adopted to reduce carbon dioxide emissions,so as to adjust to the development of low-carbon economy in Sichuan Province.[Conclusion]The research could provide references for the establishment of policies for reducing carbon emissions.

Coordinated Development of Population, Economy and Environment System and Diagnosis of Its Obstacle Factors in Nanjing

Promoting the coordinated development of regional population,economy and environment is beneficial to the realization of sustainable development.Based on the construction of evaluation index system of coordinated development of systems,the entropy weight-TOPSIS method and coupling coordination model,the coordinated development degree of population,economy and environment system in Nanjing was measured,and the temporal variation characteristics of each subsystem and their coordinated development degree form 1997 to 2016 were analyzed.The results showed that the development of population,economy system and environment system in Nanjing was generally in a continuous upward trend.Among them,the economy system developed fastest.The coordinated development degree of population,economy system and environment system in Nanjing was constantly increasing but still at a low level;the degree was only in the primary coordination phase,and its type was environment lagging.The economy subsystem and environment subsystem were important factors restricting the development of population,economy and environment in Nanjing,and the main obstacle factor was the production of industrial solid waste.The results above can provide a scientific basis for promoting the coordinated development of population,economy and environment system in Nanjing and achieving regional sustainable development.

Contribution Rate of Agricultural Informationization to Growth of Agricultural Economy in Hubei Province and Its Influencing Factors

Agricultural informationization is the objective demand for transforming the traditional agriculture and promoting the development of agricultural modernization. Using the statistical data of the gross agricultural output value of Hubei Province in 2005-2014,based on the C-D production function,it calculated the average contribution rate(2. 48%) of agricultural informationization to the growth of agricultural economy in Hubei Province,indicating that agricultural informationization can promote growth of agricultural economy. This is basically consistent with previous findings. In addition,investment in agricultural informationization and broadband access rate also influenced the growth of agricultural economy in Hubei Province. Therefore,government should further improve the infrastructure of agricultural informationization,strengthen training of farmers’ information skills,establish auxiliary mechanism for achievement feedback of information-based agricultural production,increase the contribution rate of informationization to agricultural operation and management,promote the contribution of informationization to the growth of agricultural economy,so as to increase agricultural income of farmers.

Research on Competitiveness of County Economy Based on Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis——Taking 88 Counties in Guizhou as Samples

17 indices are selected,such as the growth rate of total regional output value,the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP,per capita financial expenditure,and soil erosion rate of Guizhou Province in 2009.According to the relevant indices data of statistical yearbook and governmental website,by using the method of factor analysis and the method of cluster analysis,we assess the competitiveness of county economy in 88 counties of Guizhou Province.The results show that the competitiveness of county economy in Guizhou Province is impacted by factors of location and economic foundation.In addition,the resources environment,economic structure,economic developmental speed and other factors also impact the competitiveness of county economy in Guizhou Province.Based on these,in the light of the developmental characteristics of different counties in conjunction with different developmental advantages in different regions,we should adopt different developmental strategies according to local conditions,which is significant to rapid,healthy and sustainable development of county economy in Guizhou Province.

Regional Economic Efficiency and Its Influencing Factors of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitans in China Based on a Heterogeneity Stochastic Frontier Model

Using a heterogeneity stochastic frontier model(HSFM),we empirically investigated the economic efficiency of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from 2003 to 2016 and its influencing factors.The key findings of the paper lie in:1)in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,the overall economic and technological efficiency tended to increase in a wavelike manner,economic growth slowed down,and there was an obvious imbalance in economic efficiency between the different districts,counties and cities;2)the heterogeneity stochastic frontier production functions(SFPFs)of Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei were different from each other,and investment was still an important impetus of economic growth in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei;3)economic efficiency was positively correlated with economic agglomeration,human capital,industrial structure,infrastructure,the informatization level,and institutional factors,but negatively correlated with the government role and economic opening.The following policy suggestions are offered:1)to improve regional economic efficiency and reduce the economic gap in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,governments must reduce their intervention in economic activities,stimulate the potentials of labor and capital,optimize the structure of human resources,and foster new demographic incentives;2)governments must guide economic factors that are reasonable throughout Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and strengthen infrastructure construction in underdeveloped regions,thus attaining sustainable economic development;3)governments must plan overall economic growth factors of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and promote reasonable economic factors(e.g.,labor,resources,and innovations)across different regions,thus attaining complementary advantages between Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei.

Tasks and Priorities for Comprehensively Deepening Reform of China’s State Sector of Economy

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee ushered in a new chapter of China＇s comprehensive deepening of reform. The basic objective of comprehensively deepening reform of the state sector of economy in the new chapter is to fully integrate this sector with a sophisticated market economic system with the market playing the decisive role in resource allocation. In order to achieve this objective, China is confronted with the four major priorities of adjusting the functions and layout of the state sector of economy according to national mandates, expediting the mixed ownership reform, creating a classified and multi- tiered new system for the administration of the sector, and developing a modern corporate system for SOEs to ensure an efficient micro-level governance mechanism for the sector. （1） The functions of the different types of SOEs should be accurately defined and SOEs should be divided into the three types of public policy SOEs, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs. This classification forms the premises for reforming the state sector of economy. Based on the functions of the three types of SOEs, the directions and emphases for strategic adjustment should differ as well. （2） The mixed ownership reform should adhere to the methodological principles of combining top-down and bottom-up approaches, implementing pilot programs, and promoting coordinated progress. Practical implementation should ensure fair and standard reform procedures, reform programs consistent with laws and regulations, open and fair equity transfers, as well as fair and transparent internal distributions. The mixed ownership reform of SOEs should introduce the employee stock ownership system and adhere to the principles of compatible incentives, shared growth, and long-term development. Monopolistic sectors should be transformed into competitive market structures to create conditions for the implementation of mixed ownership for SOEs. （3） The new system for the administration of the state sector of economy should comprise three hierarchies： the Commission for the Administration of State Economy at the top level, state capital operation companies or state capital investment companies at the intermediate level and general for-profit enterprises at the bottom level, which administer public policy, functional SOEs, and commercial SOEs respectively. （4） Under the new system for the administration of the state sector of economy characterized by the three hierarchies and categories, the key for perfecting the modern corporate system of SOEs is to establish a differentiated, classified governance mechanism, i.e., different corporate governance mechanisms should be created for SOEs of different functions and roles.

Life-cycle CO_2 Emissions and Their Driving Factors in Construction Sector in China

As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stages and calculated the life-cycle CO_2 emissions of the construction sector in 30 Chinese provincial jurisdictions to understand the disparity among them.Results show that building materials production was the key stage for carbon reduction in the construction sector,followed by the building operation stage.External variables,e.g.,economic growth,industrial structure,urbanization,price fluctuation,and marketization,were significantly correlated with the emission intensity of the construction sector.Specifically,economic growth exhibited an inverted U-shaped relation with CO_2 emissions per capita and per area during the period examined.Secondary industry and land urbanization were negatively correlated with CO_2 emission intensity indicators from the construction sector,whereas tertiary industry and urbanization were positively correlated.Price indices and marketization had negative effects on CO_2 emission intensity.The policy implications of our findings are that cleaner technologies should be encouraged for cement providers,and green purchasing rules for the construction sector should also be established.Pricing tools(e.g.,resource taxes)could help to adjust the demand for raw materials and energy.

A Factor Analytic Model of Economic Growth Basing on Domestic and Foreign Resource and a Positive Study of Korean Economy

The most popular and traditional method to analyze the source of economic growth is created by Robert. M.Solow, but it has some localizations and is not very precise in some sense. In this paper, we will classify all sources of economic growth into domestic part and foreign part. Gross domestic products (GDP) growth is decomposed into labor input, domestic capital formation, imported foreign capital formation, and total factor productivity (TFP) growth. TFP growth is again divided into scale economies, capital utilization, human capital, domestic research and development (R&D)effort, and imported foreign technology. In this way,foreign resources include imported foreign capital formation and foreign technology. By model and demonstration, we analyze the impact of foreign resource to an economy, and the contribution of each factor (especially technological progress) to economic growth.

Research on the Influencing Factors of Rural Low-carbon Economic Development and Government Regulation

This paper analyses the main factors causing sluggish development of rural low-carbon economy in China as follows:the rural energy structure is irrational;the infrastructure and technology are relatively backward;system of laws,regulations and policy is not sound;fund-raising mechanism develops slowly;farmers' low-carbon awareness and ability are limited.On the basis of these unfavorable factors,from the perspective of government regulation,feasible strategies are put forward in line with the actual situation of rural low-carbon economic development in China.

Research Progress on the Causes and Influencing Factors of Air Pollution in China

At the present stage,China is facing a large number of new risks and challenges in the safety environment,all kinds of environmental pollution problems are widespread,and the atmospheric environmental problems are particularly prominent.According to the discussion and research of a large number of scholars at home and abroad,a series of factors such as the development of urbanization,economic growth and changes in industrial structure,human consumption,and a large number of large-scale enterprises with high energy consumption are the important reasons for the aggravation of air pollution in our country.Starting with the socio-economic factors closely related to human activities,this paper establishes Sustainability Evaluation using Indicators(SEI),and explores the current situation of the research on the causes of air pollution in China through literature research and summary methods.It not only provides a scientific basis for the reasonable formulation of policies and strategies,but also makes it more convenient for the government to carry out accurate governance on this basis,which is of great significance to the construction of a beautiful China.

Data as a Factor of Production Promoting the Deep Integration of the Digital Economy and the Real Economy:Theoretical Logic and Analysis Framework

Data is the primary factor of production in the digital economy,playing a role in promoting the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy and smoothing the national economic cycle.After entering the circulation system of the real economy,data is rapidly integrated into production,circulation,consumption,distribution,and other links.It optimizes resource allocation,unblocks circulation channels,promotes accurate matching of supply and demand,stimulates emerging demand,and forms a virtuous circle of digital technology application,traditional physical enterprise transformation,and technological innovation.Integrated development is an important feature of the digital economy.Data promotes the integration of factors of production,products,enterprises,industries,and markets,which fosters a circular system with deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy.To promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy,the government and business entities should take measures to improve the circular efficiency of the digital economy and the real economy.These measures include attaching importance to the role of data-driven development,improving data capacity,data development,and utilization in enterprises,exploring diverse circulation models of enterprise data,and creating typical application scenarios and industrial data spaces.

China’s Service Sector towards 2035:Outlook,Strategic Position and Policy Advice

China is setting out on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects after achieving moderate prosperity.Modern services are an important part of China’s economy,underpinning China’s development towards a great modern socialist country.Globalization,industrial development,urbanization,innovation and income growth will drive China’s service sector development.By 2035,the service sector will account for 60.98%and 59.12%of total value-added and employment,respectively,and labor productivity in the service sector will rise from 145,500 yuan/person in 2019 to 282,300 yuan/person.The Fifth Plenum of the 19th CPC Central Committee called for“basically achieving the vision of socialist modernization by 2035.”According to the CPC Central Committee’s overall arrangements for the 2035 vision,we must identify a clear strategic position and tasks for the development of modern services as a key element of the modern industrial system,enhance service sector competitiveness,and achieve service sector modernization.To achieve this strategic goal,we must promote digitalized,intelligent,platform-based,standardized,and quality-oriented service sector development.We must give play to the decisive role of the market and the macro-regulatory role of the government in spurring service innovation,industry integration and clustering,and service sector reform and openness.

Development of County Economy in Hubei Province Based on Factor Analysis

According to the 2008 Statistics Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of Hubei Province, factor analysis method is used to study on the development of county economy in Hubei Province. Result shows that there are great differences in the economic development and the development is imbalanced. The 76 counties (cities, districts) in Hubei Province are divided into three types of F>1, 0<F<1 and F<0, that is, areas with relatively developed county economy, areas with medium developed county economy and areas with less developed county economy. Finally, countermeasures to accelerate the development of county economy are put forward, such as adhering to the reform of market economy, developing private economy, speeding up the process of industrialization, making efforts to support leading enterprises, promoting the industrialized operation of agriculture, further attracting foreign investment, carrying out industrialization during the development of projects and enterprises, changing soft environment by measures, and promoting the development of county economy by innovation.

Social Security Development in China and Its Support to Economic Transition

In 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China has successfully transitioned from a closed economy to an open economy with the watershed year of reform and opening up in 1978 and modernized its social security system accordingly.This paper divides the transition of China’s social security system into seven stages before and after 1978.The traditional social security system was predicated on the dominant public ownership,a highly centralized economy,and“full employment.”It was congruous with the ownership structure,income distribution,and labor systems under the closed economy.The modern social security system is developed to meet the needs of an open economy and promotes economic development by giving play to consumption and investment,facilitating labor flow,and boosting productivity.The modern social security system requires further supply-side structural reforms to promote the high-quality development of the open economy.

Empirical Analysis on Harmonious Development of Economy in Niyang River Basin under Environmental Constraint

[ Objective] The study aimed to analyze the harmonious development of economy in Niyang River basin under environmental constraint. [ Method] According to the principles of index definition like balance, diversity, comparability and so forth, we constructed the indicator system of harmonious development of economy in Niyang River basin firstly, then empirically analyzed the status quo of harmonious development of economy in the basin by using factor analysis method. Finally, some suggestions for promoting the harmonious development of economy in Niyang River ba- sin were put forward. [ Results] Three first-class indicators, containing nine secondary-class indicators, were included in the indicator system of har- monious development of economy in Niyang River basin, namely ecological economic, rural non-agricultural development and service economic indi- cator. To promote the harmonious development of economy in Niyang River basin lies in further improving and developing its ecological economy, rural non-agricultural development and service economy. [ Condusion] The research could provide scientific references for the harmonious develop- ment of economy and protection of ecological environment in Niyang River basin.

（Dis）Economies of Scale in Business Software Systems Development and Enhancement Projects

In the software engineering literature, it is commonly believed that economies of scale do not occur in case of software Development and Enhancement Projects （D＆EP）. Their per-unit cost does not decrease but increase with the growth of such projects product size. Thus this is diseconomies of scale that occur in them. The significance of this phenomenon results from the fact that it is commonly considered to be one of the fundamental objective causes of their low effectiveness. This is of particular significance with regard to Business Software Systems （BSS） D＆EP characterized by exceptionally low effectiveness comparing to other software D＆EP. Thus the paper aims at answering the following two questions： （1） Do economies of scale really not occur in BSS D＆EP？ （2） If economies of scale may occur in BSS D＆EP, what factors are then promoting them？ These issues classify into economics problems of software engineering research and practice.

ENVIRONMENTAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL AND ITS ANALYSIS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR PART Ⅰ:MODEL RESEARCH

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Mycosis Fungoides in Relation to Environmental and Occupational Exposures: A Case-Control Study in the Tunisian Center

Introduction: The mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphomas representing about 50% of all cutaneous lymphomas. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Thus, its rising incidence rates call for an explanation. Several environmental and occupational factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. Objective: To determine the potential occupational factors correlated in the occurrence of MF. Methods: Case-control study was carried out at the teaching Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse (Tunisia) to investigate associations of MF and occupational risk factors. A questionnaire on lifetime job history was administered to 24 cases and controls. Cases were patients with MF and whose diagnosis was suspected by a dermatologist and confirmed by pathological examination. Controls were patients consulting in the occupational medicine department and matched to cases by age and gender. Bivariate analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The average age of onset of the disease was 55.41 ± 17.4 years with a sex ratio of 2.42. We found an increased risk of MF associated with tobacco consumption higher than 40 Pack-year (OR = 6.6;95% CI = 1.22 to 35.4), exercise in the textile sector (OR = 9.4;CI = 1.06 to 84.3) and exposure to diesel exhaust (OR = 9.47;95% CI = 1.06 to 84.3). Conclusion: Occupational factors could play a role in the pathogenesis of MF. Regarding our study, smoking, working in the textile industry and exposure to diesel exhaust appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of MF. Further investigation is needed to confirm these findings.