Damage smear method for rock failure process analysis

Damage smear method(DSM)is adopted to study trans-scale progressive rock failure process,based on statistical meso-damage model and finite element solver.The statistical approach is utilized to reflect the mesoscopic rock heterogeneity.The constitutive law of representative volume element(RVE)is established according to continuum damage mechanics in which double-damage criterion is considered.The damage evolution and accumulation of RVEs are used to reveal the macroscopic rock failure characteristics.Each single RVE will be represented by one unique element.The initiation,propagation and coalescence of meso-to macro-cracks are captured by smearing failed elements.The above ideas are formulated into the framework of the DSM and programed into self-developed rock failure process analysis(RFPA)software.Two laboratory-scale examples are conducted and the well-known engineering-scale tests,i.e.Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s(AECL’s)Underground Research Laboratory(URL)tests,are used for verification.It shows that the simulation results match with other experimental results and field observations.

Damage detection with image processing: a comparative study

Large structures,such as bridges,highways,etc.,need to be inspected to evaluate their actual physical and functional condition,to predict future conditions,and to help decision makers allocating maintenance and rehabilitation resources.The assessment of civil infrastructure condition is carried out through information obtained by inspection and/or monitoring operations.Traditional techniques in structural health monitoring(SHM)involve visual inspection related to inspection standards that can be time-consuming data collection,expensive,labor intensive,and dangerous.To address these limitations,machine vision-based inspection procedures have increasingly been investigated within the research community.In this context,this paper proposes and compares four different computer vision procedures to identify damage by image processing:Otsu method thresholding,Markov random fields segmentation,RGB color detection technique,and K-means clustering algorithm.The first method is based on segmentation by thresholding that returns a binary image from a grayscale image.The Markov random fields technique uses a probabilistic approach to assign labels to model the spatial dependencies in image pixels.The RGB technique uses color detection to evaluate the defect extensions.Finally,K-means algorithm is based on Euclidean distance for clustering of the images.The benefits and limitations of each technique are discussed,and the challenges of using the techniques are highlighted.To show the effectiveness of the described techniques in damage detection of civil infrastructures,a case study is presented.Results show that various types of corrosion and cracks can be detected by image processing techniques making the proposed techniques a suitable tool for the prediction of the damage evolution in civil infrastructures.

Laboratory acoustic emission study for earthquake generation process

Since the similarity in size distribution of earthquakes and acoustic emissions （AE） was found in the 1960s, many laboratory studies have been motivated by the need to provide tools for the prediction of mining failures and natural earthquakes. This paper aims, on the one hand, to draw an outline of laboratory AE studies in the last 50 years, which have addressed seismological problems. Topics include the power laws in which the similarity between AEs and earthquakes is involved and progress that has been made in AE technology and laboratory AE study. On the other hand, this study will highlight some key issues intensively discussed, especially in the last three decades, such as aspects related to the pre-failure damage evolution, fault nucleation and growth in brittle rocks and discuss factors governing these processes.

Prediction of fracture limits of Ni-Cr based alloy under warm forming condition using ductile damage models and numerical method

The stretch forming and the deep-drawing processes were carried out at 300 and 673 K to determine the safe forming and fracture limits of IN625 alloy.The experimentally obtained strain-based fracture forming limit diagram(FFLD)was transformed into a stress-based(σ-FFLD)and effective plastic strain(EPS)vs triaxiality(η)plot to remove the excess dependency of fracture limits over the strains.For the prediction of fracture limits,seven different damage models were calibrated.The Oh model displayed the best ability to predict the fracture locus with the least absolute error.Though the experimentally obtained fracture limits have only been used for the numerical analysis,none of the considered damage models predicted the fracture strains over the entire considered range of stress triaxiality(0.33<η<0.66).The deep drawing process window helped to determine wrinkling,safe and fracture zones while drawing the cylindrical cups under different temperature and lubricating conditions.Further,the highest drawing ratio of 2 was achieved at 673 K under the lubricating condition.All the numerically predicted results of both stretch forming and deep drawing processes using the Hill 1948 anisotropic yielding function were found to be good within the acceptable range of error.

Detection of the support damage of spatial steel structures under earthquakes based on shaking table test

There are always some local damages in spatial steel structures induced by strong earthquakes, such as welding cracks of steel nodes,anchor loose of supports etc.If these local damages of spatial steel structures occur,there will be serious dangers to the structural safety.In order to detect the position of local damage under earthquake quickly and accurately,the method of support damage diagnosis of spatial steel structures under earthquakes is studied by using wavelet packet decomposition,data fusion and cluster analysis.Furthermore,a scale model of spatial steel structure was tested on a seismic simulation shaking table to detect the position of damaged support.Results show that the damaged support position can be detected accurately by using the method proposed in this paper,which has practical applications to the damage detection of spatial steel structures.

Static and Dynamic Damage Analysis of Mass Concrete in Hydropower House of Three Gorges Project

This paper establishes a 3D numerical model for 15# hydropower house of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) and performs a nonlinear static and dynamic damage analysis. In this numerical model, a coupling model of finite and infinite elements for simulating infinite foundation of hydropower station is adopted. A plastic-damage model based on continuum damage mechanics, which includes the softening and damage behavior under tension is considered for the concrete material. The dynamic equilibrium equations of moti...

Numerical simulation for 1975 Haicheng and 1999 Xiuyan earthquake processes by DDA+FEM

In this paper, using discontinuous deformation analysis, we simulate numerically the processes of the 1975 Haicheng earthquake and the 1999 Xiuyan earthquake in the tectonic environment of North China where blocks restrict each other by DDA+FEM. Based on the research on the distribution of foreshocks and recent aftershocks of Xiuyan earthquake and the results from our study and other study on Haicheng earthquake, we present a tectonic block model of Haicheng and Xiuyan earthquakes. The results from numerical simulation include the variation of principal stress field released by these two earthquakes, contour patterns of maximum shear stress change, variation patterns of displacement vectors before and after the earthquakes and variation of the earthquake fault slip with time, which agree basically with the focal mechanisms, macroscopic isoseismal and horizontal displacement characters from observations.

Instability Analysis of Damaged Pile Due to Static or Dynamic Overload

Instability of a damaged pile due to a statically or dynamically applied overload is studied in this work using the finite element method. A damage parameter from such a pile is calculated using fracture mechanics concepts. The parameter is used to modify the beam element at the cracked or damaged location. Soil samples were obtained from the site of the pile and were subjected to laboratory tri-axial tests to obtain shear strength parameters c and . Other soil parameters such as Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio were also obtained from the tri-axial tests. These were used to calculate shear strength and sub-grade modulus k for the soil. The parameters , E, and k were later used together with the damage parameter in the finite element simulation of the strength of the damaged pile using Eigen value analyses. The layered soil modulus is approximated by taking the mean value and is denoted by . The discrete element matrices are assembled into a system Eigen-value equation, the solution of which provides the stability or instability loads for the damaged pile. The results obtained for a pile without damage, that is, when =0 , are in good agreement with those published in the literature. It has also been found that higher soil resistance is needed to support the damaged pile. It is concluded that the proposed model is a good candidate for use in the analysis and repair of damaged piles due to earthquake overload by soil stabilization methods.

Investigating Evacuation Trends and Restoration Processes from Serious Earthquake Damage in Japan

Japan has experienced many large-scale natural disasters, such as earthquakes, typhoons accompanied by heavy rain, and landslides. Based on data for the damage caused by four recent major earthquakes in Japan, we investigate the trends in the number of evacuees and evacuation centres after these disasters as well as the restoration processes for public utilities such as electricity, gas, water, and communication lines. We compare the restoration speeds and trends of the damaged infrastructure systems. We also propose various mathematical models to approximate the recovery trends using both evacuee-related data and damage recovery process data. These results can be used to design natural disaster mitigation policies not only in Japan, but also in other countries. The results of various statistical data analyses and mathematical modelling techniques are applied to provide policy suggestions.

Building damages in Deyang city by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 caused huge casualties, economic losses, and building damages , which are analyzed. The results show that damages of houses designed according to the current seismic code were significantly smaller than those without such design, suggesting that the code has achieved the desired goal of seismic fortification. Buildings of different kinds of structures showed large differences in damages ： Houses with steel-frames and shear walls or steel structures suffered the least damages ; those with frames or with brick-and-concrete structures suffered more; old cottages, the most.

Nonlinear Response of Tunnel Portal under Earthquake Waves with Different Vibration Directions

Tunnel portal sections often suffer serious damage in strong earthquake events.Earthquake waves may propagate in different directions,producing various dynamic responses in the tunnel portal.Based on the Galongla tunnel,which is located in a seismic region of China,three-dimensional seismic analysis is conducted to investigate the dynamic response of a tunnel portal subjected to earthquake waves with different vibration directions.In order to simulate the mechanic behavior of slope rock effectively,an elastoplastic damage model is adopted and applied to ABAQUS software by a self-compiled user material(UMAT)subroutine.Moreover,the seismic wave input method for tunnel portal is established to realize the seismic input under vertically incident earthquake waves with different vibration directions,e.g.,S waves with a vibration direction perpendicular or parallel to the tunnel axis and P waves with a vibration direction perpendicular to the tunnel axis.The numerical results indicate that the seismic response and damage mechanisms of the tunnel portal section are related to the vibration direction of the earthquake waves.For vertically incident S waves running perpendicular to the tunnel axis,the hoop tensile strain at the spandrel and arch foot and the hoop shear strain at the vault and arch bottom are the main contributors to the plastic damage of the tunnel.The strain is initially concentrated around the tunnel foot and spandrel,before shifting to the tunnel vault and bottom farther away from the tunnel entrance.For vertically incident S waves running parallel to the tunnel axis,very large hoop shear strain and plastic damage appear at the tunnel haunches.This strain first increases and then decreases with distance from the tunnel entrance.For vertically incident P waves running perpendicular to the tunnel axis,the maximum damage factor of the slope rock and the maximum plastic strain of the tunnel are significantly lower than for S waves.Moreover,with increasing distance from the tunnel entrance,the plastic damage to the tunnel lining rapidly decreases.

Slotted Hole Effect on Damage Mechanism of Gymnasium Building with RC Frame and Steel Roof

On the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, gymnasium buildings exhibited the unexpected structural damages, which prevented a use as evacuation shelters in during- and post-disaster periods. The major failure occurring on the connection between the RC column top and steel roof as well as the cracks in the RC column base was observed during the emergent inspection. According to the earlier studies, it was implied that the presence of the slotted hole possibly deteriorates the seismic capacity;however, the length of slotted hole was fixed at a certain value. Facing this concern, this research attempts to clarify the influence of the slotted hole length through a comprehensive parametric study by pushover and seismic response analyses. In conclusion, it has been discovered that the slotted hole deteriorates the seismic capacity for the connection failure up to almost 50% of that without slotted hole. Moreover, the discrepancy of characteristics obtained by the static and dynamic analyses is originated by means of the presence of slotted hole. This slotted hole effect should be noted by structural engineers and researchers to provide the adequate seismic diagnosis and strengthening.

Influence of Soil-Structure Interaction Models on the Dynamic Responses of An Offshore Wind Turbine Under Environmental Loads

Offshore wind turbines(OWTs) suffer wind, wave and earthquake loads. The investigation of OWTs' dynamic response under environmental loads is essential for structural safety assessment. The soil-structure interaction(SSI)significantly affects the responses of OWT under environmental loads. However, there is few systematic research about the difference in the dynamic response of different SSI models under environmental loads. In order to solve the problem, the OWT is modeled by shell element, and several SSI models are built. The wind, wave and earthquake loads are taken into account. Moreover, the dynamic response, fatigue and buckling analysis are performed by ANSYS. The results indicate that SSI cannot be ignored in the dynamic response of the OWT under wind and wave loads. The SSI can decrease the displacement response of the OWT by 19% under wind and wave loads and reduce the fatigue damage of the pile. Multi-layer SSI can strongly influence the OWT's dynamic response under wind and wave loads or earthquake-only load. The vertical earthquake load increases the dynamic response in three directions.Besides, in order to simulate real environment, multi-layer SSI, soil damping and vertical SSI must be considered to evaluate the displacement response of the OWT under wind, wave and earthquake loads. The earthquake and gravity loads can cause more obvious response of the OWT than that of only wind and wave loads. The top and bottom of the tower are prone to occur buckling.

泸县6.0级地震城市建筑群震害模拟与震害机理分析

结合建筑群震害调查与精细化数值仿真等手段,对城市建筑群的震害机理进行研究。首先,建立了泸县6.0级地震中泸县县城的建筑群震害仿真模型,并采用现场震害调查数据,从典型小区、城市整体两个层面,对模型的有效性进行验证。基于震害仿真模型,选取4条具有不同持时和频谱特性的地震动,比较不同地震动对泸县建筑群的破坏力特征,研究不同地震动破坏力随时间和峰值加速度(PGA)的演化特征。研究结果表明:地震动的频谱特性对不同层数、不同类型建筑具有选择性破坏作用,进而影响城市建筑群损伤程度与分布;不同地震动在不同时刻破坏力差异很大,进而导致建筑群损伤发展速度差异明显,前期破坏力较低的地震动仍可能对在后期对建筑群产生严重破坏;对地震动的PGA进行归一化,当PGA较小时,不同地震动造成的建筑群损伤程度接近,随着PGA的放大,不同地震动作用下建筑群损伤差异不断增大,其损伤指数差异可达数倍。

泸定地震中典型隔震建筑震害分析

为落实国务院744号令关于在“两区八类建筑”中推广使用隔震技术的要求,推动隔震技术的健康发展,对位于泸定地震震中的两栋隔震建筑的震害情况进行了调查。分析了某教学行政楼中隔震层的阻尼器及连接件、支墩震害原因,介绍了某宿舍楼的隔震支座震损情况,对两栋建筑隔离缝等构造处理的不合理导致震损的不足之处进行了全面、系统总结。提出了隔震建筑设计应全专业协调,避免过多设置隔离缝将建筑分割过于零碎;与阻尼器连接支墩需进行剪扭验算;穿越隔震层的设备管道的柔性连接应设置U形段预留变形长度,宽度较大的隔离缝应注意防掉落及通行需求的设计及构造等改进意见。并对隔震结构的施工,产品的检验、验收及建设单位责任提出了相关要求。

解析试函数单元的非线性化及工程应用

解析试函数单元将弹性控制方程的解析解引入到单元位移场中,导致位移场与弹性参数相关,限制了其在弹塑性分析中的应用。该文提出了构造解析试函数单元的弹性参数保持常数的策略,使其适用于弹塑性分析。通过土柱弯曲的弹塑性分析结果表明:用于构造解析试函数单元的弹性模量的取值对计算结果没有影响;泊松比的取值对结果影响较大,而当其与材料弹性泊松比一致时精度较高,计算误差小于等参单元、比例边界有限元和非协调元。将解析试函数单元的非线性化方法应用于大开地铁的震害模拟,结果表明:在自由度较少的情况下,非线性化解析试函数单元的模拟结果更接近实际震害,具有良好的应用前景。

功能可恢复强脊框架结构抗震性能研究

基于强脊机制、损伤控制和可更换等理念,提出新型震后功能可快速恢复强脊框架结构体系。为考察功能可恢复强脊框架结构抗震性能及震后可恢复性能,运用Sap2000软件对5个结构模型进行推覆分析,重点研究强脊框架结构的损伤机制、损伤演化、变形特征、抗震性能和震后可恢复性能等。提出不同水平地震作用下结构残余变形两阶段计算分析方法,以此评估结构震后的可恢复性能。计算结果表明,强脊系统可有效控制结构侧向变形,结构的层间位移角和损伤分布均匀,有效避免薄弱层破坏机制的形成,提升结构的抗震性能和抗倒塌性能。强脊系统能有效调动整体结构部件的能力储备,使结构具有更好的整体性。设置强脊系统的框架结构刚度、承载力、耗能能力等均得到明显提升,推覆曲线未出现承载力软化行为。经合理分级损伤设计,在强脊框架中设置可更换耗能件在地震中起到第一道防线作用,有效减小主体结构损伤和残余变形,显著提升结构的震后可恢复性能。

钢筋混凝土网格剪力墙双参数地震损伤模型及损伤分析

为了研究钢筋混凝土网格剪力墙在地震作用下的损伤演化规律,对已有钢筋混凝土构件双参数地震损伤模型进行修正,提出了适用于网格剪力墙的地震损伤模型;利用灰色关联方法,对网格剪力墙试验信息进行分析,确定关键设计参数,给出损伤模型中的组合系数计算公式。研究了剪跨比、轴压比、竖肢宽度和横肢高度等参数对网格墙损伤的影响,得到网格剪力墙主要影响参数与损伤演化的关系。基于所提出的损伤模型,计算了网格剪力墙的损伤指数,根据网格剪力墙构件破坏程度将其划分为基本完好、轻微破坏、中度破坏、严重破坏和倒塌失效5个损伤等级,标定了不同损伤等级的损伤指数区间。

钢结构梁柱加固节点框架损伤演化过程数值模拟分析

为研究不同因素对钢结构梁柱加固节点框架演化过程损伤的影响,选择4个钢结构梁柱加固节点框架试件作为实验对象,在其他条件不变基础上,改变试件轴压比、钢盖板厚度以及混凝土强度,用ABAQUS软件对钢结构梁柱加固节点框架进行模拟,观察损伤演化过程的应力云图情况,并对屈服位移与峰值位移进行统计。结果表明:轴压比以及钢盖板厚度对受力性能影响不大,混凝土强度对受力性能影响较大,并且随着混凝土强度的增加,钢结构梁柱加固节点框架的承载力也在增加,在节点框架设计时,应适当增加混凝土强度,提高节点框架承载力。

甘肃积石山M_(S)6.2地震高烈度区震害特征及机理分析

2023年12月18日甘肃积石山县发生M_(S)6.2地震,地震导致震中附近受灾严重,尤其以典型民居震害最为普遍和严重,对于研究典型民居震害机理具有警示意义。为研究典型民居的震害机理,通过震后第一时间的震害现场调查,获得典型民居破坏的第一手资料。针对破坏最为普遍的砖木房屋和砖混房屋作出宏观震害分析,并建立三维有限元数值模型,分析地震作用下两类房屋应力、应变的响应特性,揭示典型民居的地震破坏机理,并给出抗震建议。结果显示,地震作用下砖木房屋和砖混房屋主要以墙体破坏为主,在门窗部位及结构连接处均存在应力集中或应变增大现象,是造成民居震害的重要原因,加强对应力集中部位的抗震措施是减轻灾害的重要途径。研究结果对农村新建房和地震灾后重建具有指导意义。