An Analysis of Water Environment Factors and an Evaluation of Water Quantity of Liangzi Lake

The experiments of single factor evaluation method, principal component analysis and voronoi area weighting factor method on the sample data of Liangzi Lake in October 2012 combined with the national surface water environment quality standards can get the map of comprehensive water quality distribution by Kriging interpolation. The analysis shows, the grades of comprehensive water quality gained by three methods are all only class III or class IV, and the quality of water is different from east and west that the water quality of east is better. However, the percent of IV class water is higher in the result of single factor evaluation method means class IV is the main grade of water quality. The result of principal component analysis shows the percent of class Ⅲ water is higher than other classes. The result of voronoi area weighting factor method shows the percent of IV class is higher than other classes. CODMn is the main factor that influences the method of singal factor evaluation and reduces the grade of water quality overall. The effect of single factor is reduced by principal component analysis, and the analysis on water quality is more accurate. The voronoi area weighing factor method reduces the effect of single factor and extends the content, can make a comprehensive evaluation on water quality.

Influential Factors of Water Productivity of Maize in Oasis of Arid Areas——A Case Study of Linze County

[Objective] The aim was to research influential factors of water productivity of maize in oasis in arid areas. [Method] In middle reach of Heihe River in Linze County of Zhangye City, maize, a major crop in irrigated area in the oasis, was studied and nine influential factors were chosen through grey relation analysis. [Result] According to grey relation analysis, top five factors influencing water produc- tivity of maize during 1995-2009 were as follows： applied quantity of chemical fertil- izers〉labour input〉seeds〉mulch amount〉pesticide amount, which indicated that controllable factors, instead of uncontrollable ones, dominate in influence of water productivity of maize in oasis in arid areas. [Conclusion] With water resource limited, investment of controllable factors in high-efficient agricultural production should be the major strategy to improve water productivity of maize in oasis of arid areas.

Influencing factors and mechanism of water absorption process of iron ores during sintering

The appropriate content and distribution of sinter moisture play an important role in the granulation of iron ores. In this study, the effects of porosity, size distribution, and particle shape on the water absorption rate （WAR） of four types of iron ores were analyzed by using the immersion method and capillary water absorption method. In addition, the mechanism underlying the water absorption process in iron ores was unraveled. It is found that the WARs of iron ores decrease quickly with the increase in water absorption time at the initial stages of water absorption. With further increase in absorption time, the WARs decrease gradually, until near 0. Iron ores with higher porosity, smaller particle size, and plate-like structure have the higher WARs. Compared with pores in the single-particle iron ore, voids among particles in the multi-particle iron oxide play an important role at the initial stages of water absorption. The water absorption mechanism of all single-particle and multi-particle iron ores analyzed in this study includes four steps, wherein the first three steps play a significant role in the sintering pro-cess.

Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in Water Quality Models and Water Environment Management

The impacts of changes of various parameters and stochastic factors on water quality models were studied. The impact of deviation of the degradation coefficient on the model results was investigated. The degradation coefficient was decomposed into the exact part and the deviation part, and the relationship between the errors of the water quality model results and the deviation of the degradation coefficient was derived. The impact of changes in the initial concentration on the model results was discussed. A linear relationship between the initial concentration changes and errors in the model results was obtained, and relevant recommendations to the water quality management were made based on the results. The impacts of stochastic factors in the water environment on the water quality model were analyzed. A variety of random factors which may affect the water quality conditions were attributed to one stochastic factor and it was further assumed to be the white noise. The solutions to the water quality model including the stochastic process were obtained by solving the stochastic differential equation. Simulation results showed that the decay trend of the concentration of the solute would not be changed, and that the results would fluctuate around the expectation centered at each corresponding displacement

Interpretation of water quality parameters for Villages of Sanganer Tehsil, by using Multivariate Statistical analysis

In this study, the factor analysis techniques is applied to water quality data sets obtained from the Sanganer Tehsil, Jaipur District, Rajasthan (India). The data obtained were standardized and subjected to principal components analysis (PCA) extraction to simplifying its interpretation and to define the parameters responsible for the main variability in water quality for Sanganer Tehsil in Jaipur District. The PCA analysis resulted in two factors explaining more than 94.5% of the total variation in water quality data set. The first factor indicates the variation in water quality is due to anthropogenic sources and second factor shows variation in water quality due to organic sources that are taking place in the system. Finally the results of PCA reflect a good look on the water quality monitoring and interpretation of the surface water.

Potential hydraulic connectivity of coal mine aquifers based on statistical analysis of hydrogeochemistry

Mining activities interfere with the natural groundwater chemical environment,which may lead to hydrogeochemical changes of aquifers and mine water inrush disasters.This study analyzed the hydrochemical compositions of 80 water samples in three aquifers and developed a water source identification model to explore the control factors and potential hydraulic connection of groundwater chemistry in a coal mine.The results showed that the hydrochemical types of the three aquifers were different.The main hydrochemical compositions of the loose-layer,coal-bearing,and limestone aquifers were HCO_(3)·Cl-Na,SO_(4)·HCO_(3)-Na,and SO_(4)-Na·Ca,respectively.The correlation,Unmix,and factor an-alyses showed that the hydrochemical composition of groundwater was controlled by the dissolution of soluble minerals(such as calcite,dolomite,gypsum,and halite)and the weathering of silicate minerals.The factor score plot combined with Q-mode cluster analysis demon-strated no remarkable hydraulic connection among the three aquifers in the study area.The water source identification model effectively identified the source of inrush water.Moreover,the mixing ratio model rationally quantified the contributions of the three aquifers to inrush water.

Influencing Factors of Fabric-Skin Adhesion Based on Gray Correlation Analysis Method

Fabric-skin adhesion was objectively described by the indices of the maximum adhesion force F_(max) , the maximum separation distance L_(max) ,and adhesion work W as well as the adhesion force-separation distance curve. Firstly,gray correlation analysis method was adopted to investigate the correlation levels between adhesion indices,and secondly the relative importance of fabric structural parameters to fabric-skin adhesion,as well as the correlation levels between skin adhesion, water absorption, and wicking properties of the fabric. The results prove that W exhibits clear correlations with both F_(max) and L_(max) , yet the relevance between F_(max) and L_(max) is weak. Fabric adhesion indices are most associated with fabric mass and least with fabric thickness,whereas fabric wicking and water absorption present closest correlation with fabric thickness. Therefore, it is concluded that the relevance between fabric wicking, water absorption, and skin-adhesion properties are rather comprehensive than straight.

Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Quality Parameters for Harrana and Azraq Basins, Jordan

Groundwater quality parameter (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl, SO42−, HCO3−, NO3− , B, Fe, Sr, Mn, Al, Ba, SiO2, pH, and BTEX) relationships of 36 wells from the Harrana area and 24 wells from Azraq area are examined to classify the wells water quality. Statistical analyses of the quality parameters have been conducted. Factor analyses are applied to extract five factors from the water quality parameters of Area 1;Factor 1 accounts for more than 38% of the variance among water quality. Cations including B, Na+, Mg2+, and K+ with anions including Cl− and SO42− were loaded significantly. It represents the variation in the geological formations penetrated by the wells. For Azraq wells, five factors were extracted. Factor 1 accounts for more than 50% of the variance in water quality. Six of water quality parameters were loaded on Factor 1. These parameters included cations represented by B, Na+, and Mg2+ in addition to Cl− and SO42− as anions. Cluster analysis classified the Harrana wells into three groups, i.e., cluster I included 26 wells with minimum mean concentrations of cations and anions, while cluster III included the wells with the highest concentrations in the water quality parameters. Cluster II included eight wells with intermediate concentrations between clusters I and II. The wells in the Azraq area are clustered into three groups, i.e., cluster I included seven wells with the lowest water quality, while cluster II includes 12 wells and shows the lowest concentrations of ions. Cluster III includes five wells with intermediate concentrations of ions.

Evaluation of Social Perception on Water Issues in Cameron Highlands （Malaysia） by Principle Factor Analysis

Dealing with water resources issues requires understanding of the community perception. It is important to create a communicative partnership between community and government towards sustainable water resources management. Opinion survey is an essential step to gather the point of view from local community. However, it always generates a large and complex dataset that are difficult to be interpreted by decision maker. In order to overcome this difficulty, statistical methods are applied to develop an interpretability model for decision maker. This study demonstrated the application of Descriptive Analysis and Principle Factor Analysis （PFA） to reduce the complexity of opinion survey dataset by revealing underlying information. A total of 106 respondents were interviewed; consisting of 68 male and 38 female respondents respectively. This study first applied descriptive analysis to identify the basic score for each variable, and these variables are soil erosion （68.9%）, degradation of water quality （65.1%）, degradation of freshwater ecosystem （61.0%）, water shortage （50%）, agricultural solid waste problem （46.2%）, water borne diseases （23.6%）, illegal land clearing （21.7%）, legal land clearing （15.1%）, uncontrolled river water abstraction in upstream （54.7%））, poor solid waste management （34.0%）, low awareness of local community （61.3%）, haphazard planning and development （74.5%） and administration mistake （37.0%）. Based on the PFA result, a total of four rotated factors were extracted, representing different aspects of water related issues in Cameron Highlands. Factor 1, 2, 3 and 4 were summarised to four topics namely： （1） water environment degradation caused by illegal solid waste disposal and low awareness of community, （2） agricultural development leading to negative impacts on water resources such as water shortage and ecosystem deterioration, （3） land clearing activity leading to serious land erosion （4） human health problem due to e-coli bacterial pollution and administration mistake on land development in Cameron Highlands.

Effects of Water Stress on Leaf Water and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Sugarcane Seedling

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of water stress on leaf water and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of sugarcane seedling,as well as to provide basis for the study on sugarcane production and evaluation. [Method] Seven different sugarcane varieties were studied at the seedling stage under drought stress,and the changes of leaf water and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters under stress conditions were detected. [Result] leaf water potential,leaf relative water content and soil relative water content showed a certain amount of internal relationship,the sugarcane varieties that had more tolerant to drought had higher utilization rate of soil water; the correlation analysis and factor analysis suggested that the survival rate at seedling stage under drought stress,Fv/Fm,leaf water potential and relative water content could be used as drought resistance evaluation indicators. [Conclusion] As a relatively independent influencing factor,water potential had dominating effect on drought resistance,and the reliability of Fv/Fm as drought resistance evaluation indicator had been verified.

Evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in Danjiangkou Reservoir, China

The water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir has attracted considerable attention from the Chinese public and government since the announcement of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Diversion Project （SNWDP）, which commenced transferring water in 2014. Integrated research on the evaluation, prediction, and protection of water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was carried out in this study in order to improve environmental management. Based on 120 water samples, wherein 17 water quality indices were measured at 20 monitoring sites, a single factor evaluation method was used to evaluate the current status of water quality. The results show that the main indices influencing the water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir are total phosphorus （TP）, permanganate index （CODM,）, dissolved oxygen （DO）, and five-day biochemical oxygen demand （BODs）, and the concentrations of TP, BODs, ammonia nitrogen （NH3--N）, CODM,, DO, and anionic surfactant （Surfa） do not reach the specified standard levels in the tributaries. Seasonal Mann--Kendall tests indicated that the CODMn concentration shows a highly significant increasing trend, and the TP concentration shows a significant increasing trend in the Danjiangkou Reservoir. The distribution of the main water quality indices in the Danjiangkou Reservoir was predicted using a two-dimensional water quality numerical model, and showed that the sphere of influence from the tributaries can spread across half of the Han Reservoir if the pollutants are not controlled. Cluster analysis （CA） results suggest that the Shending River is heavily polluted, that the Jianghe, Sihe, and Jianhe rivers are moderately polluted, and that they should be the focus of environmental remediation.

Assessment of Seasonal Variation in Water Quality in River Rwizi Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques, Mbarara Municipality, Uganda

Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality characteristics is an essential aspect for evaluating water pollution due to both natural and anthropogenic influences on water resources. In this study, temporal variations of water quality in river Rwizi section within Mbarara municipality, Uganda, were assessed using multivariate statistical methods. This river section is a major source of water for the inhabitants of Mbarara municipality. Water samples from five sites were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, turbidity, temperature, TSS, TDS, alkalinity, salinity, colour, NH3-N, , total hardness, BOD, COD, DO, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. About 50% of sites recorded colour above 800 Pt Co, 60% of sites recorded turbidity above maximum permissible limit of 100 mg/l, attributable to erosion and mineral matter. pH for dry season ranged between 6.5 and 8.5 whereas for rainy season was below 6.0. All study sites recorded total Fe above 0.3 mg/l and Mn below 0.5 mg/l, attributable to chemical weathering of host rock materials as well as from industrial effluent. About 60% of sites recorded COD above 100 mg/l, 40% and 80% of study sites showed BOD above 50 mg/l in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Hardness ranged between 50 and 100 mg/l indicating that the water is moderately soft. Colour, turbidity, alkalinity, TSS, TDS, salinity, pH, hardness, Fe, Mn, NH3-N, BOD, COD, and DO were higher in rainy season, as a result of erosion, discharge of domestic and industrial waste. Mg, Ca, and were higher during dry season due to high evaporation of water from the river. PCA/FA determined that 81.2% of the total variance was explained by the first factor for the dry season and 69.2% for rain season. These results revealed that water pollution resulted primarily from domestic waste water, agricultural runoff and industrial effluents.

Application of multivariate statistical techniques in assessment of surface water quality in Second Songhua River basin,China

Multivariate statistical techniques,such as cluster analysis(CA),discriminant analysis(DA),principal component analysis(PCA) and factor analysis(FA),were applied to evaluate and interpret the surface water quality data sets of the Second Songhua River(SSHR) basin in China,obtained during two years(2012-2013) of monitoring of 10 physicochemical parameters at 15 different sites.The results showed that most of physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling sites.Three significant groups,highly polluted(HP),moderately polluted(MP) and less polluted(LP),of sampling sites were obtained through Hierarchical agglomerative CA on the basis of similarity of water quality characteristics.DA identified p H,F,DO,NH3-N,COD and VPhs were the most important parameters contributing to spatial variations of surface water quality.However,DA did not give a considerable data reduction(40% reduction).PCA/FA resulted in three,three and four latent factors explaining 70%,62% and 71% of the total variance in water quality data sets of HP,MP and LP regions,respectively.FA revealed that the SSHR water chemistry was strongly affected by anthropogenic activities(point sources:industrial effluents and wastewater treatment plants;non-point sources:domestic sewage,livestock operations and agricultural activities) and natural processes(seasonal effect,and natural inputs).PCA/FA in the whole basin showed the best results for data reduction because it used only two parameters(about 80% reduction) as the most important parameters to explain 72% of the data variation.Thus,this work illustrated the utility of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and,in water quality assessment,identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding spatial variations in water quality for effective stream water quality management.

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of Nenjiang River basin, China

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in surface water quality is important to evaluate the health of a watershed and make necessary management decisions to control current and future pollution of receiving water bodies. In this work, surface water quality data for 12 physical and chemical parameters collected from 10 sampling sites in the Nenjiang River basin during the years(2012-2013) were analyzed. The results show that river water quality has significant temporal and spatial variations. Hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) grouped 12 months into three periods(LF, MF and HF) and classified 10 monitoring sites into three regions(LP, MP and HP) based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. The principle component analysis(PCA)/factor analysis(FA) was used to recognize the factors or origins responsible for temporal and spatial water quality variations. Temporal and spatial PCA/FA revealed that the Nenjiang River water chemistry was strongly affected by rock/water interaction, hydrologic processes and anthropogenic activities. This work demonstrates that the application of HCA and PCA/FA has achieved meaningful classification based on temporal and spatial criteria.

Water discharge variability of Changjiang(Yangtze) and Huanghe(Yellow) Rivers and its response to climatic changes

Influences of large-scale climatic phenomena, such as the E1Nifio/La Nifia-Southem Oscillation （ENSO） and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）, on the temporal variations of the annual water discharge at the Lijin station in the Huanghe （Yellow） River and at the Datong station in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River were examined. Using the empirical mode decomposition-maximum entropy spectral analysis （EMD- MESA） method, the 2- to 3-year, 8- to 14-year, and 23-year cyclical variations of the annual water discharge at the two stations were discovered. Based on the analysis results, the hydrological time series on the inter- annual to interdecadal scales were constructed. The results indicate that from 1950 to 2011, a significant downward trend occurred in the natural annual water discharge in Huanghe River. However, the changes in water discharge in Changjiang River basin exhibited a slightly upward trend. It indicated that the changes in the river discharge in the Huanghe basin were driven primarily by precipitation. Other factors, such as the precipitation over the Changjiang River tributaries, ice melt and evaporation contributed much more to the increase in the Changjiang River basin. Especially, the impacts of the inter-annual and inter-decadal climate oscillations such as ENSO and PDO could change the long-term patterns of precipitation over the basins of the two major rivers. Generally, low amounts of basin-wide precipitation on interannual to interdecadal scales over the two rivers corresponded to most of the warm ENSO events and the warm phases of the PDO, and vice versa. The positive phases of the PDO and ENSO could lead to reduced precipitation and consequently affect the long-term scale water discharges at the two rivers.

Safety Evaluation of Water Environment Carrying Capacity of Five Cities in Ningxia Based on Ecological Footprint of Water Resources

[Objectives]To make safety evaluation of water environment carrying capacity of five cities in Ningxia based on ecological footprint of water resources.[Methods]With the help of the grey relational model,15 indicators were selected from the natural,economic,and social aspects,and the most influential factors in the three fields were selected.Based on the concept of ecological priority,the water resources carrying capacity of the five cities in Ningxia from 2010 to 2019 was calculated with the help of the water resources ecological footprint model.Then,the indicators of the water resources ecological footprint model were coupled with the existing indicators to establish a comprehensive evaluation indicator system.Finally,the changes of the water environment carrying capacity of the five cities in Ningxia were analyzed with the help of the principal component analysis(PCA).[Results]The ecological pressure of water resources and the ecological deficit of water resources in the five cities were relatively large.Specifically,Yinchuan City had the most obvious deficit of water resources but good carrying capacity;Zhongwei City had a large ecological deficit of water resources,poor carrying capacity,and the largest ecological pressure index of water resources;Guyuan City had low water resources ecological deficit,water resources ecological carrying capacity and water resources ecological pressure index.[Conclusions]Through the analysis of the coupling indicator system,it can be seen that the water environment carrying capacity of the five cities is in an upward trend,indicating that the water environment in each region tends to become better.

Time History Dynamic Analysis of a New Constructed Offshore Jacket Platform in Persian Gulf Due to Random Waves

API RP2AWSD is a design code in practice for design of jacket platforms in the Persian Gulf but is based on the Gulf of Mexico environmental condition. So for the sake of using this code for the Persian Gulf, it is better to perform a calibration based on this specific region. Analysis and design of jacket platforms based on API code are performed in a static manner and dynamic analysis is not recommended for such structures. Regarding the fact that the real behavior of the offshore jacket platforms is a dynamic behavior, so in this research, dynamic analysis for an offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf under extreme environmental condition is performed using random time domain method. Therefore, a new constructed offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf is selected and analyzed. Fifteen, 1-h storm, simulations for the water surface elevation is produced to capture the statistical properties of extreme sea condition. Time series of base shear and overturning moment are derived from both dynamic and static responses. By calculating the maximum dynamic amplification factor (DAF) from each simulation and fitting the collected data to Weibull distribution, the most probable maximum extreme (MPME) value for the DAF is achieved. Results show that a realistic value for DAF for this specific platform is 1.06, which is a notable value and is recommended to take into practice in design of fixed jacket platform in the Persian Gulf.

Assessment of physicochemical properties of water and their seasonal variation in an urban river in Bangladesh

To assess the magnitude of water quality decline in the Turag River of Bangladesh,this study examined the seasonal variation of physi-cochemical parameters of water,identified potential pollution sources,and clustered the monitoring months with similar characteristics.Water samples were collected in four distinct seasons to evaluate temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen(DO)concentration,five-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD 5),chemical oxygen demand(COD),electrical conductivity(EC),chloride ion(Cl^(-))concentration,total alkalinity(TA),turbidity,total dissolved solids(TDS)concentration,total suspended solids(TSS)concentration,and total hardness(TH)using standard methods.The analytical results revealed that 40%of water quality indices were within the permissible limits suggested by different agencies,with the exception of EC,Cl^(-)concentration,TA,turbidity,DO concentration,BOD 5,and COD in all seasons.Statistical analyses indicated that 52%of the contrasts were significantly different at a 95%confidence interval.The factor analysis presented the best fit among the parameters,with four factors explaining 94.29%of the total variance.TDS,BOD 5,COD,EC,turbidity,DO,and Cl?were mainly responsible for pollution loading and were caused by the significant amount of industrial discharge and toxicological compounds.The cluster analysis showed the seasonal change in surface water quality,which is usually an indicator of pollution from rainfall or other sources.However,the values of different physico-chemical properties varied with seasons,and the highest values of pollutants were recorded in the winter.With the change in seasonal tem-perature and increase in rainfall,the seasonal Turag River water followed a self-refining trend as follows:rainy season>pre-winter>summer>winter.

Evaluation of hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the lower Benue Trough,Nigeria

The aim of this work is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the lower Benue Through in Nigeria as well as to evaluate the variation in groundwater chemistry data and the suitability of the groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes.This was based on chemical analyses of 44 water samples from existing wells and boreholes in the study area.From the statistical analysis(wide ranges,median and standard deviation),it is obvious that there are significant variations in the quality/composition of groundwater in the period of sampling.The calculated SAR,Na% and RSC values indicated that the water is of excellent to good quality and is suitable for irrigation.Na and HCO3 are dominant with respect to the chemical composition of the groundwater.On the basis of water chemistry,hydrochemical indices and factor analysis the dominant controls or processes affecting the distribution of geochemical variables in the study area have been shown to be water/rock interaction which is mainly controlled by carbonate and silicate dissolution as well as anthropogenic influence to a lesser extent.Additional processes include cation exchange reactions and reverse ion exchange to a minor extent.

Latent dimensions between water use and socio-economic development: A global exploratory statistical analysis

Water use and socio-economic development are interconnected in complex ways.Causalities are not easy to identify but it is evident that a nexus between water use and socio-economic development does exist.Considering the diversity of national situations relating to these interrelated phenomena,its study should be considered from a global perspective.This article critically reviews the literature and information from official sources on the relevance of water use and circular economy in order to create a global picture,linking water with socio-economic development.Data from 195 countries were analyzed statistically.A factor analysis defined five essential latent dimensions on the nexus between water use and socio-economic development:development and basic services,population and resources,economic volume,health and well-being,and population density.Based on the identified factors,countries were classified into six groups:Global South in difficulty,global semi-periphery,advanced economy,Middle East and other Global South developing economy,global weight,and small highly developed economy.The clustering results clarify connections between water use conditions and socioeconomic development.Understanding the variety of national profiles is helpful to reveal the magnitude and urgency of dealing with the nexus between water use and socio-economic development for many countries.