Analysis on the law of differentiating and treating insomnia by physicians based on cluster analysis of drug syndrome

Objective:To explore the general differentiation and treatment of insomnia by Professor Gao Ying through drug clustering and group correspondence analysis,and provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.Methods:Collect retrospective case data from outpatient system,use SPSS20.0 software to perform frequency and cluster analysis on high-frequency symptoms and drug data,and perform corresponding analysis on the clustered drug syndrome groups.Results:A total of 349 consultations in 204 patients were included.Cluster analysis of 35 symptoms and 40 flavors with a frequency of more than 10%resulted in a corresponding relationship between 7 symptom groups,6 drug groups and 5 drug syndrome groups.The medicine symptom group has a high degree of matching;the doctors distinguish and tre at insomnia with calming,clearing heat,nourishing yin,liver,spleen,qi and phlegm as the core treatment,with consistent decoction,two to pill,lily ground Huang Tang,Lily Zhimu Decoction,Wendan Decoction,Sini San,Xiao Chai Hu Tang,Xiaoyao San,etc.are commonly used prescriptions;the physician's experience is to add or subtract Danshen and Zao Ren drink,which has a wide range of applicability to various insomnia syndrome.Conclusion:Based on the cluster analysis of drug symptoms and group correspondence analysis,it can reveal the pathogenesis,treatment and class information hidden in the data of drug symptoms,which can reflect the general law of physicians'syndrome differentiation and treatment of insomnia.This method has a reference for the exploration of TCM clinical experience significance;The results of this study can provide feedback to guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.

Analysis on the Problems of Rational Drug Use Carrying Out by Hospital Pharmacists in China

Pharmacists are the implementers of clinical drug management, and they play an irreplaceable role in promoting the improvement of rational drug use. However, the current role of pharmacists in the supervision and protection of rational drug use has not been fully exerted. This article is aimed to investigate the current situation of pharmacists’ work of rational drug use from the perspectives of pharmacists, physicians, and patients. It is found that the professional value of pharmacists in the rational drug use has not been valued by medical institutions, physicians, and patients. Pharmacists face problems such as workload, working conditions, and doctor-patient cooperation in the rational drug use. Suggestions are made for further exerting the professional value of pharmacists in promoting the level of rational drug use. Relevant managers should pay full attention to the professional value of pharmacists, and provide corresponding system and facility guarantees for pharmacists to carry out rational drug use.

Analysis and Dynamics of Illicit Drug Use Described by Fractional Derivative with Mittag-Leffler Kernel

Illicit drug use is a significant problem that causes great material and moral losses and threatens the future of the society.For this reason,illicit drug use and related crimes are the most significant criminal cases examined by scientists.This paper aims at modeling the illegal drug use using the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative with Mittag-Leffler kernel.Also,in this work,the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the fractional-order Illicit drug use model are discussed via Picard-Lindelöf theorem which provides successive approximations using a convergent sequence.Then the stability analysis for both disease-free and endemic equilibrium states is conducted.A numerical scheme based on the known Adams-Bashforth method is designed in fractional form to approximate the novel Atangana-Baleanu fractional operator of order 0<a≤1.Finally,numerical simulation results based on different values of fractional order,which also serve as control parameter,are presented to justify the theoretical findings.

Investigation and Analysis of Rational Drug Use of Residents in Changshou District of Chongqing, China

The objective of this study was to acquire the information about residents of Changshou District’s knowledge levels and their behaviors of drug use so that implementation strategies of rational drug use can be formulated accordingly to promote and spread health education of rational drug use.Online and offline surveys were randomly conducted about rational drug use conditions of residents in Changshou District by questionnaires.Online questionnaires were sent to residents of Changshou District by Wenjuanxing,a professional platform used for surveys.Offline questionnaires were mainly distributed to residents of communities in Changshou District.All the online and offline statistics were analyzed and counted.309 questionnaires were distributed(176 online questionnaires and 133 paper questionnaires),and the effective recovery rate was 75.4%.According to investigation and survey,conditions of resident’s rational drug use were optimistic.Only 8.15%of residents who participated in the survey(or research subjects)took paracetamol tablets and Vitamin C Yinqiao tablets(also known as VC Honeysuckle Pills)at the same time when they had a cold or fever.Among 8.15%of residents,5.15%frequently took paracetamol,caffeine,and aspirin powder(also known as headache powder),80.26%checked expiration date of drugs before taking medicine,and>50%knew that drinking after taking medicines such as cephalosporin is prohibited.Common irrational problems caused by drug use were as follows:40%of research subjects took dietary supplements as drugs and 28%of them failed to know the correct usage and dosage of drugs.Proportion of drugs that were taken with irrational usage and dosage was antibiotics(64%),antibacterial(52%),drugs for patients with diabetes mellitus(36%),drugs for patients with hyperlipidemia,hypertension,and hyperglycemia(32%),vitamins(24%),drugs for the treatment of common cold and cough(20%),and others.Publicity of rational drug use should not be restricted to specific population,and knowledge of safe drug use is supposed to be actively popularized.Contents of rational drug use are as follows:Guide the public to correctly understand the functions of vitamins and dietary supplements strengthen publicity of rational use of drugs such as antibiotics,antibacterial drugs,drugs for chronic diseases,cold,and cough.Focus should be given on usage and dosage of drugs,use of antibacterial drugs,and repeated and excessive use of drugs caused by joint use of drugs with same ingredients of OTC drugs for the treatment of common cold and cough.

Analysis on Common Compatibility Contraindications of Breviscapine for Injection

[Objectives]To analyze the common compatibility contraindications of breviscapine for injection,and to provide references for clinical rational drug use.[Methods]The pH distribution of the combined drugs in the report on the compatibility contraindications of breviscapine for injection and was analyzed.[Results]Breviscapine for injection may become turbid or precipitated when mixed with drugs whose pH are lower;it can make the liquid discoloration in a strong alkaline solution.[Conclusions]Breviscapine for injection should not be combined with drugs whose pH are lower,especially drugs with pH lower than 4.2.Breviscapine for injection should not be used with drugs with strong alkaline.It is recommended to use Breviscapine for injection separately.

基于数据挖掘的中药治疗银屑病血燥证的处方规律研究

目的采用数据挖掘技术探讨中医药治疗银屑病血燥证的用药规律。方法以“银屑病”OR“白庀”为主题词,“血燥”OR“养血润燥”为自由词,采用主题词与自由词结合的方式检索中国知网(CNKI)、维普全文数据库(VIP)及万方数据知识服务平台,根据纳入及排除标准,建立原始数据库,进一步规范数据后使用Microsoft Excel 2016对药物频数及性味归经进行分析,利用统计产品与服务解决方案25(Statistical Product and Service Solutions,SPSS 25)对高频药物进行聚类分析和采用IBM数据挖掘平台SPSS Modeler 18.0对高频药物进行关联规则分析。以此筛选出高频药物,从药物性味、归经、功效等角度,观察其治疗银屑病血燥证的规律;并分析药物间的相关性;得出新的核心处方。结果(1)共收集符合标准的处方共117首,涉及中药141味。(2)高频药物排名前十:生地黄、当归、土茯苓、甘草、鸡血藤、白鲜皮、麦冬、丹参、牡丹皮、川芎;药物功效分类以清热药、补虚药、活血化瘀药、解表药为主;药性以寒性、温性为主;药味以甘、苦、辛为主;归经以肝经、心经、胃经为主。(3)关联规则得出生地黄、土茯苓,生地黄、鸡血藤,当归、麦冬,当归、何首乌等核心药对。(4)聚类分析得出聚类方4个。结论中医药治疗银屑病血燥证以“润”为大法,在“润”的基础上常配合凉血、活血、补血、养阴、祛风之品,为临床用药提供思考。

治疗中风的中药专利复方的数据挖掘规律分析

目的运用数据挖掘软件分析近20年治疗中风的中药专利复方,对其用药规律进行归纳总结。方法收集录入国家知识产权局专利公布公告网2000年1月至2022年1月公布的治疗中风的中药专利复方,构建数据库,并应用古今医案云平台(V2.3.5)、SPSS Modeler 18.0、SPSS Statistics 26.0、Microsoft Office Excel等软件对药物进行四气五味归经、功效、频次、关联规则及聚类分析。结果共收集治疗中风的专利复方826首,涉及中药1121味,其中川芎出现频次最高,达398次。药物四气以温性为主,五味以甘、辛为主,主入肝经,其次为脾经、心经。药物功效以活血化瘀及补虚为主。关联规则分析提示支持度最高的药对是红花–川芎。聚类配伍可将高频药物大致聚分为3类。结论近20年治疗中风的中药专利复方用药多甘辛温,主入肝经;中风急性期以肝阳上亢、风火上扰证多见,治以平肝熄风为主,缓解期及后遗症期以气虚血瘀证多见,治以益气活血为主,兼顾他证。

基于数据挖掘探讨《中医方剂大辞典》尿血用药规律

目的:基于数据挖掘技术分析《中医方剂大辞典》尿血方剂的用药规律。方法:根据标准筛选出《中医方剂大辞典》中治疗尿血的方剂,对其进行方药名称规范,运用Ms Excel 2016进行频数统计,IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0软件、IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0软件等进行关联分析、因子分析、聚类分析等。结果:共收集139首治疗尿血的方剂,涵盖中药140味;其中使用频次≥10次的中药涉及21味,依次为生地黄、甘草、当归、黄芩等。药物应用规律以补虚药、清热药、利水渗湿药为主,药性多寒、温、平,药味多甘、苦、辛,归经分类中,多入肝、心、肺经。选取13味高频药物(使用频次≥15次)进行关联规则分析,得到常用药对6种;因子分析提取出5个公因子,聚类分析得到5类药物组合。结论:《中医方剂大辞典》中尿血的治疗以补血活血、清热凉血、利尿通淋为主。

基于文本挖掘的药品安全监管法律法规演变研究

目的为完善我国药品安全监管法律法规体系、高效开展药品安全监管工作提供参考。方法应用Excel2010、ROSTCM 6.0、Ucinet6.645、Co-Occurrence12.6对我国药品安全监管法律法规年发文量、高频词语义网络、高频词聚类及突现等进行可视化表达分析。结果与结论将我国药品安全监管法律法规的发展划分为萌芽阶段(1984—2000年)、发展阶段(2001—2018年)和完善阶段(2019—2022年)三个阶段:第一阶段以企业药品质量管理为主,侧重事中监管;第二阶段侧重主题逐渐增多,上市前监管以药品注册为主,上市后监管以不良反应为主,侧重于事后监管,存在监管方式被动、责任主体权责模糊等弊端;第三阶段以不良反应和风险管理为主,事前事后监管结合,但相关法规尚未完善,药品上市许可持有人等新制度难以发挥最佳监管作用;药品质量管理和监管部门主题贯穿始终。

基于处方分析探讨藏医“宁乃隆斯病”的证候及用药规律

目的:探索藏医“宁乃隆斯病”的诊疗经验和传承用药规律,分析用药规范。方法:收集、整理西藏自治区藏医院2019年1月-2020年12月专家门诊处方中筛选出第一诊断为“宁乃隆斯病”的200张处方,通过在医院HIS信息管理系统采用TMIP-Smansbyor-1.1软件Apriori关联规则算法进行回顾性分析。结果:提出并分析宁乃隆斯病患者的性别、年龄等基本信息,还有证候及用药规律,整理处方中的药物使用频次、高频药物关联性及药物的作用。结论:“宁乃隆斯病”是气滞血瘀的一种临床常见的疾病,运用藏医原理,采用联合用药方式,为发挥藏药特色,提升心脏病的防治工作及临床提供用药参考。

基于数据挖掘《四部医典》含格昂藏药方剂治疗热病的用药规律研究

目的:探讨藏医《四部医典》含格昂藏药方剂治疗热病的用药规律。方法:收集《四部医典》含格昂方剂,建立数据库,使用Excel 2021等统计分析软件进行录入,并通过R Version 4.1.2软件对其进行药物频次分析、功效分析、六味分析、化味性分析、十七效能分析、关联规则分析、聚类分析。结果:筛选后共纳入185首方剂,304味药物。频次最高的前五位是格昂、藏红花、天竺黄、檀香、船盔乌头。关联性药对格昂-藏红花的出现频次和支持度最高。药物性能以赤巴为主的热病药最多。药味中苦味和甘味最多。药化味性中常用药物可聚类为三类。结论:藏药格昂常与藏红花、天竺黄等凉性药材配伍使用,符合藏医治疗清热解毒、热疫、肝热症等标本兼治的治病原则;除了凉性药材,格昂还可以与温性药材白豆蔻、肉豆蔻等配伍,体现了藏药凉温平衡的用药规律。

中药治疗精神分裂症用药规律文献分析

目的:基于文献总结和分析中药治疗精神分裂症的用药规律和特点。方法:计算机检索CNKI、VIP、Wanfang data三大数据库,筛选出符合纳入标准的文献,并对这些文献中的中药分类、性、味、归经等进行总结和分析。结果:符合纳入条件的35篇文献共涉及79首方剂,18类药物,140味中药,药物使用频数共881;使用频率前六位的中药类别依次是补虚药(25.09%)、清热药(13.85%)、化痰止咳平喘药(9.42%)、安神药(9.19%)、活血化瘀药(6.81%)和理气药(6.81%);使用频数≥10的中药30味,前十位依次是甘草、石菖蒲、茯苓、大黄、当归、远志、半夏、酸枣仁、郁金和黄芩;药性使用频率最高是寒性(38.02%),寒、凉、平性药物累积频率为68.10%。药味使用频率位于前两位的依次是甘味(30.99%)和苦味(30.14%);归经频率最高的是肝经(16.99%),其次是心经(15.77%)和脾经(15.30%)。结论:中药治疗精神分裂症多以补虚、清热、活血、化痰、安神、理气为法,临床常选用具有补虚、清热、燥湿等作用的甘寒、苦寒之品。

基于聚类分析的慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期用药规律探讨

目的探讨中医药治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性加重期的常用药物和配伍规律。方法以1991年1月至2013年12月在省级以上期刊发表,且经过临床观察有效的治疗COPD急性加重期的中药复方为研究对象,对其用药进行聚类分析,探索治疗COPD急性加重期的中药用药规律。结果 COPD急性加重期使用频率较高的药物依次为甘草、半夏、杏仁、茯苓、黄芩、陈皮、瓜蒌。聚类分析显示COPD急性加重期常用药物可分为止咳化痰平喘、温肺化饮、活血化瘀、清肺化痰、通腑泄热、益气养阴等6类药物。从以上聚类结果可以看出,到聚六类为止,各类药物基本上达到稳定。结合临床专业知识考虑聚六类的结果较为合理。结论COPD急性加重期的用药以化痰止咳平喘、活血化瘀、益气养阴类中药为主,化痰瘀、益气阴是COPD急性加重期的基本治则。

《古今名医临证金鉴·消渴卷》治疗消渴病用药规律分析

目的:探讨古今名医治疗消渴病的用药规律,为临床用药提供依据。方法:选取《古今名医临证金鉴·消渴卷》中各医家治疗消渴病的经验方,其中共选取复方156首,将156首复方中涉及到的单味中药输入EXCEL 2003建立用药数据库,运用频数分析法以及聚类分析对用药规律进行一般统计学分析,研究分析治疗消渴病的用药规律。结果:156首复方中,共涉及药物175味,用药频次达1702次,其中用药频次大于50次的分别为黄芪、山药、茯苓、生地黄、麦冬、天花粉。按照中药类别分析,用药最多的类别为补虚药,其次为清热药、活血化瘀药和利水渗湿药。聚类分析揭示中医治疗消渴病的药物组方规律,如知母配石膏,麦冬配天花粉等。结论:补虚药、清热药、活血化瘀药以及利水渗湿药对于消渴病的治疗具有较好的疗效,运用聚类分析法对治疗消渴病的药物进行统计分析,能发现组方规律,以便更好地指导临床。

基于聚类分析的支气管哮喘急性发作用药规律探讨

目的探讨中医药治疗支气管哮喘急性发作的常用药物和配伍规律。方法以1991年1月至2013年12月在省级以上期刊发表,以中药汤剂联合西医抗炎、止咳化痰平喘治疗支气管哮喘急性发作,且经过临床疗效观察有效的中药复方为研究对象,对其用药进行聚类分析,探索中医药治疗支气管哮喘急性发作的常用药物和配伍规律。结果支气管哮喘急性发作使用最多的药物为炙麻黄、甘草、苦杏仁、半夏、苏子、地龙、五味子。聚类分析显示支气管哮喘急性发作常用药物可分为6类,包括解表清里、温肺化饮、化痰、祛风止咳、补益肺脾、活血化瘀等药物。结论支气管哮喘急性发作的病因病机分邪实、正虚两端,邪实以痰热、寒饮为主,正虚以肺脾气虚为主,用药以解表清里、温肺化饮、补益肺脾类中药为主。

对我国劣药法定条款的深层解析

目的为全面准确理解《药品管理法》关于劣药的界定及其处罚的条款提供参考。方法就我国现行法律对劣药界定的条款进行深层解析。结果与结论实践中对《药品管理法》研究最多、使用频次最高的条款莫过于对假、劣药的界定及其处罚条款。执法部门执法除了要认定违法事实,还要准确定性,才能准确适用法律予以制裁。

基于关联规则的1979—2010年寻常型银屑病期刊医案用药规律分析

目的:探索1979—2010年期刊文献中459例寻常型银屑病医案358味中药的用药规律。方法:对收集到的数据进行中药和证候的规范,再采用SPSS 17.0和SPSS Clementine 12.0软件,进行频数统计和关联规则分析。结果:通过对比频数统计和关联分析的结果,银屑病遣方用药时优先考虑具有清热凉血、补血活血、祛风解毒的药物。数据分析结果和治疗寻常型银屑病的常用治则一致。结论:数据挖掘的结果可以作为治疗寻常型银屑病的有益参考。

运用数据挖掘和网络药理学探讨肝衰竭用药规律及机制分析

运用现代技术挖掘治疗肝衰竭的用药规律,并分析核心药团治疗肝衰竭的作用机制。通过检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国知网(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、万方(WanFang)和维普(VIP)数据库,收集治疗肝衰竭的临床处方,运用Excel 2016、SPSS Modeler 15.0及SPSS Statistics 23.0,对符合纳入标准的中药进行频数分析、因子分析、关联规则分析。检索TCMSP、SymMap、TCM-ID、Pharmmapper、TTD、Genecards等相关数据库,获得核心药团的活性成分、潜在作用靶点及与肝衰竭相关的作用靶点;筛选David数据库,核心药团对肝衰竭的作用靶点进行GO及KEGG分析;运用Cytoscape软件构建网络图、靶点图及预测作用靶点和主要化合物的结合度。共纳入154剂/张肝衰竭治疗处方,中药种类合计186味,其中排列在前5味的高频药物分别为茵陈、赤芍、大黄、栀子、丹参,从高频药物间因子分析中提取8个公因子,经关联规则分析,设置最低条件支持度≥10%,最小规则置信度≥100%,提升度>1,得出置信度最高的核心药团为茵陈、白术、大黄。网络药理学部分,核心药团共筛选出36个化学成分和102个潜在靶点,与肝衰竭相关靶点20个。通过GO分析,富集出有效的生物学过程28个,4个细胞组成,以及12个分子功能,KEGG分析得出11条信号通路。从而得出结论。临床上可多用具有利水渗湿药物组合"茵陈、白术、大黄"。以及配伍活血和补益药。核心药团"茵陈、白术、大黄"可通过干预TNF信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路、FoxO信号通路等通路而达到治疗肝衰竭的作用。

基于循证医学的痔术后中药外用规律探讨

目的:基于循证医学,对痔术后中药外用规律进行探讨,以期为临床用药提供具有可靠循证医学证据的理论依据。方法:基于中药与高锰酸钾外用对痔术后伤口愈合疗效对比的系统评价及其GRADE证据质量,对纳入RCT用药进行药物使用频率、功效、性味、归经统计分析。结果:系统评价纳入RCT质量较差,GRADE证据质量均为极低。对最终纳入RCT中的28篇进行统计分析。发现共用药62种,用药269次,苦参、黄柏、五倍子、芒硝等用药频率较高;按药用功效共分为22类,以清热燥湿药使用最多;用药性味以苦、寒类药物最为常见;用药归经以归肝经最为常见。结论:本研究基于循证医学,通过对中药与高锰酸钾外用对痔术后伤口愈合疗效对比的系统评价中纳入RCT用药规律的分析,提示了清热燥湿法在治疗痔术后创面愈合过程中的主导地位。

基于聚类分析的慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期用药规律探讨

目的:探讨中医药治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的常用药物和配伍规律。方法:以1991年1月至2013年12月在省级以上期刊发表,以中医药为主用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的治疗,且经过临床疗效观察有效的中药复方为研究对象,对其用药进行聚类分析,探索中医药治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的常用药物和配伍规律。结果:慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期使用最多的药物为黄芪、甘草、茯苓、党参、陈皮、半夏、白术。聚类分析显示慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期常用药物可分为4类,包括补益肺脾、补肺益肾、活血化瘀、清肺止咳化痰药物。结论:慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的用药以益气、养阴、活血,清肺化痰类中药为主,益气阴化痰瘀是慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的基本治疗方法。