A quasi-isentropic study on the process of driving a cylinder with aluminized explosives was carried out to examine the influence of the aluminum(Al) reaction rate on cylinder expansion and the physical parameters of ...A quasi-isentropic study on the process of driving a cylinder with aluminized explosives was carried out to examine the influence of the aluminum(Al) reaction rate on cylinder expansion and the physical parameters of the detonation products. Based on the proposed quasi-isentropic hypothesis and relevant isentropic theories, the characteristic lines of aluminized explosives driving a cylinder were analyzed,and a quasi-isentropic model was established. This model includes the variation of the cylinder wall velocity and the physical parameters of the detonation products with the Al reaction degree. Using previously reported experimental results, the quasi-isentropic model was verified to be applicative and accurate. This model was used to calculate the physical parameters for cylinder experiments with aluminized cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al content. The results show that this quasi-isentropic model can be used not only to calculate the cylinder expansion rule or Al reaction degree, but also to calculate the physical parameters of the detonation products in the process of cylinder expansion. For explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al, 24.3 % and 18.5 % of the Al was found to have reacted at 33.9 μs and 34.0 μs, respectively. The difference in Al content results in different reaction intensity, occurrence time, and duration of two forms of reaction(diffusion and kinetic) between the Al powder and the detonation products;the post-detonation burning reaction between the Al powder and the detonation products prolongs the positive pressure action time, resulting in a continuous rise in temperature after detonation.展开更多
目的:了解医院中药注射剂致药品不良反应(adverse drug reaction,ADR)的发生特点及规律。方法:收集北京中医药大学东直门医院2004年1月—2016年8月上报的ADR报告1 393例,对其中中药注射剂致ADR报告339例进行回顾性分析。结果:339例使用...目的:了解医院中药注射剂致药品不良反应(adverse drug reaction,ADR)的发生特点及规律。方法:收集北京中医药大学东直门医院2004年1月—2016年8月上报的ADR报告1 393例,对其中中药注射剂致ADR报告339例进行回顾性分析。结果:339例使用中药注射剂发生ADR的患者中,男性147例,女性192例;年龄1~111岁,平均59岁,以70~<80、50~<60岁为主。339例ADR涉及中药注射剂4大类,30个品种;活血类中药注射剂致ADR病例数最多,共190例(占56.05%),涉及14个品种;累及多个器官和(或)系统,主要为皮肤及其附件损害(108例,占31.86%)和神经系统损害(109例,占32.15%);用药后≤0.5 h发生的ADR病例数最多,为188例(占55.46%)。结论:医院中药注射剂引发的ADR较多,应规范、合理使用中药注射剂,并加强ADR的预防,保证用药安全。展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11872120).
文摘A quasi-isentropic study on the process of driving a cylinder with aluminized explosives was carried out to examine the influence of the aluminum(Al) reaction rate on cylinder expansion and the physical parameters of the detonation products. Based on the proposed quasi-isentropic hypothesis and relevant isentropic theories, the characteristic lines of aluminized explosives driving a cylinder were analyzed,and a quasi-isentropic model was established. This model includes the variation of the cylinder wall velocity and the physical parameters of the detonation products with the Al reaction degree. Using previously reported experimental results, the quasi-isentropic model was verified to be applicative and accurate. This model was used to calculate the physical parameters for cylinder experiments with aluminized cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al content. The results show that this quasi-isentropic model can be used not only to calculate the cylinder expansion rule or Al reaction degree, but also to calculate the physical parameters of the detonation products in the process of cylinder expansion. For explosives with 15.0 % and 30.0 % Al, 24.3 % and 18.5 % of the Al was found to have reacted at 33.9 μs and 34.0 μs, respectively. The difference in Al content results in different reaction intensity, occurrence time, and duration of two forms of reaction(diffusion and kinetic) between the Al powder and the detonation products;the post-detonation burning reaction between the Al powder and the detonation products prolongs the positive pressure action time, resulting in a continuous rise in temperature after detonation.
文摘目的:了解医院中药注射剂致药品不良反应(adverse drug reaction,ADR)的发生特点及规律。方法:收集北京中医药大学东直门医院2004年1月—2016年8月上报的ADR报告1 393例,对其中中药注射剂致ADR报告339例进行回顾性分析。结果:339例使用中药注射剂发生ADR的患者中,男性147例,女性192例;年龄1~111岁,平均59岁,以70~<80、50~<60岁为主。339例ADR涉及中药注射剂4大类,30个品种;活血类中药注射剂致ADR病例数最多,共190例(占56.05%),涉及14个品种;累及多个器官和(或)系统,主要为皮肤及其附件损害(108例,占31.86%)和神经系统损害(109例,占32.15%);用药后≤0.5 h发生的ADR病例数最多,为188例(占55.46%)。结论:医院中药注射剂引发的ADR较多,应规范、合理使用中药注射剂,并加强ADR的预防,保证用药安全。
