Analytical Methods for Environmental Risk Assessment of Acid Sulfate Soils: A Review

Assessment of acid sulfate soil risk is an important step for acid sulfate soil management and its reliability depends very much on the suitability and accuracy of various analytical methods for estimating sulfide-derived potential acidity, actual acidity and acid-neutralizing capacity in acid sulfate soils. This paper critically reviews various analytical methods that are currently used for determination of the above parameters, as well as their implications for environmental risk assessment of acid sulfate soi1s.

The Working Mechanism and An Analytic Method of the Deep Embedded Large Cylinder Structure

The large cylinder is a new-type structure that has been applied to harbor and offshore engineering. An analytic method of the relationship between loads and the structure displacement is developed based on the failure mode of deep embedded large cylinder structures. It can be used to calculate directly the soil resistance and the ultimate bearing capacity of the structure under usage. A new criterion of the large cylinder structure, which discriminates the deep embedded cylinder from the shallow embedded cylinder, is defined. Model tests prove that the proposed method is feasible for the analysis of deep embedded large cylinder structures.

Dynamic Response of A Group of Cylindrical Storage Tanks with Baffles Considering the Effect of Soil Foundation

The sloshing in a group of rigid cylindrical tanks with baffles and on soil foundation under horizontal excitation is studied analytically.The solutions for the velocity potential are derived out by the liquid subdomain method.Equivalent models with mass-spring oscillators are established to replace continuous fluid.Combined with the least square technique,Chebyshev polynomials are employed to fit horizontal,rocking and horizontal-rocking coupling impedances of soil,respectively.A lumped parameter model for impedance is presented to describe the effects of soil on tank structures.A mechanical model for the soil-foundation-tank-liquid-baffle system with small amount of calculation and high accuracy is proposed using the substructure technique.The analytical solutions are in comparison with data from reported literature and numerical codes to validate the effectiveness and correctness of the model.Detailed dynamic properties and seismic responses of the soil-tank system are given for the baffle number,size and location as well as soil parameter.

An analytical p-y curve method based on compressive soil pressure model in sand soil

With the high-quality development of urban buildings,higher requirements are come up with for lateral bearing capacity of laterally loaded piles.Consequently,a more accurate analysis to predict the lateral response of the pile within an allowable displacement is an important issue.However,the current p-y curve methods cannot fully take into account the pile-soil interaction,which will lead to a large calculation difference.In this paper,a new analytical p-y curve is established and a finite difference method for determining the lateral response of pile is proposed,which can consider the separation effect of pile-soil interface and the coefficient of circumferential friction resistance.In particular,an analytical expression is developed to determine the compressive soil pressure by dividing the compressive soil pressure into two parts:initial compressive soil pressure and increment of compressive soil pressure.In addition,the relationship between compressive soil pressure and horizontal displacement of the pile is established based on the reasonable assumption.The correctness of the proposed method is verified through four examples.Based on the verified method,a parametric analysis is also conducted to investigate the influences of factors on lateral response of the pile,including internal friction angle,pile length and elastic modulus of pile.

Axisymmetric Finite Element Method for Analysis of Plate on Layered Soil

To obtain the fundamental solution of soil has become the key problem for the semi-analytical and semi-numerical (SASN) method in analyzing plate on layered soil. By applying axisymmetric finite element method (FEM),an expression relating the surface settlement and the reaction of the layered soil can be obtained. Such a reaction can be treated as load acting on the applied external load. Having the plate modelled by four-node elements,the governing equation of the plate can be formed and solved. In this case, the fundamental solution can be introduced into the global soil stiffness matrix and five-node or nine-node element soil stiffness matrix.The existing commercial FEM software can be used to solve the fundamental solution of soil, which can bypass the complicated formula derivation and boasts high computational efficiency as well.

Ultimate Lateral Capacity of Rigid Pile in c–φ Soil

To date no analytical solution of the pile ultimate lateral capacity for the general c–φ soil has been obtained. In the present study, a new dimensionless embedded ratio was proposed and the analytical solutions of ultimate lateral capacity and rotation center of rigid pile in c–φ soils were obtained. The results showed that both the dimensionless ultimate lateral capacity and dimensionless rotation center were the univariate functions of the embedded ratio. Also,the ultimate lateral capacity in the c–φ soil was the combination of the ultimate lateral capacity（f;） in the clay, and the ultimate lateral capacity（f;） in the sand. Therefore, the Broms chart for clay, solution for clay（φ=0） put forward by Poulos and Davis, solution for sand（c=0） obtained by Petrasovits and Awad, and Kondner’s ultimate bending moment were all proven to be the special cases of the general solution in the present study. A comparison of the field and laboratory tests in 93 cases showed that the average ratios of the theoretical values to the experimental value ranged from 0.85 to 1.15. Also, the theoretical values displayed a good agreement with the test values.

Layer-element analysis of multilayered saturated soils subject to axisymmetric vertical time-harmonic excitation

The analytical layer-elements for a single poroelastic soil layer and the underlying half-space are established using an algebraic manipulation and Hankel trans- form. According to the boundary conditions and adjacent continuity conditions of general stresses and displacements, a global matrix equation in the transform domain for multi- layered saturated soil media is assembled and solved. Solutions in the frequency domain can be further obtained with an inverse Hankel transform. Numerical examples are used to examine accuracy of the present method and demonstrate effects of soil parameters and load conditions on dynamic responses of the multilayered poroelastic saturated soils.

Simplified approach for design of raft foundations against fault rupture.Part II:soil-structure interaction

This is the second paper of two, which describe the results of an integrated research effort to develop a four-step simplified approach for design of raft foundations against dip-slip （normal and thrust） fault rupture. The first two steps dealing with fault rupture propagation in the free-field were presented in the companion paper. This paper develops an approximate analytical method to analyze soil-foundation-structure interaction （SFSI）, involving two additional phenomena： （i） fault rupture diversion （Step 3）; and （ii） modification of the vertical displacement profile （Step 4）. For the first phenomenon （Step 3）, an approximate energy-based approach is developed to estimate the diversion of a fault rupture due to presence of a raft foundation. The normalized critical load for complete diversion is shown to be a function of soil strength, coefficient of earth pressure at rest, bedrock depth, and the horizontal position of the foundation relative to the outcropping fault rupture. For the second phenomenon （Step 4）, a heuristic approach is proposed, which ＂scans＂ through possible equilibrium positions to detect the one that best satisfies force and moment equilibrium. Thus, we account for the strong geometric nonlinearities that govern this interaction, such as uplifting and second order （P-△） effects. Comparisons with centrifuge-validated finite element analyses demonstrate the efficacy of the method. Its simplicity makes possible its utilization for preliminary design.

土与强风化岩双元边坡圆弧-平面破坏模式与支护设计方法

为了探究土与强风化岩边坡中强风化岩不破坏的临界坡率及稳定性判断方法,基于济南地层,得出适用于数值模拟的土层参数,并利用强度折减法求出边坡的临界坡率,为施工提供参考。针对强风化岩不破坏的边坡,运用改进的瑞典条分法求出边坡安全系数解析解,并利用滑移线场法求出滑移线,为安全系数解析解的应用提供依据。结果表明,岩层厚度超过边坡高度1/2或坡率大于1:0.5时,强风化岩一定破坏;解析解得出的安全系数偏小,有利于工程安全;针对土与强风化岩边坡,文中结果可确定边坡破坏区域,设计支护方案。

滑坡作用下埋地管道的弹塑性地基反力解析法

目前关于弹塑性地基中滑坡段埋地管道的解析计算研究较少,计算结果不够精确。为探讨滑坡段埋地管道与土体接触的非线性特征,基于地基反力法,采用简化的弹塑性本构模型来模拟非线性管-土的相互作用,提出了埋地管道与土体相互作用的弹塑性地基反力解析法控制方程组,根据管道变形的连续性条件及边界条件求得管道挠度和内力的解析解,对管道变形和内力进行计算。结合算例进行分析,选取不同参数,探讨了地基反力系数k 0对管道变形和内力的影响。研究结果表明:随地基反力系数的增大,管道最大挠度、滑体中部管道弯矩及Mises应力逐渐减小,滑坡周界处管道弯矩及Mises应力逐渐增大;地基反力系数增大,土体对管道约束作用加强,从而引起管道挠度和内力的变化。与Winkler地基反力法相比,基于弹塑性地基反力法的滑坡作用下管道力学分析理论上更为严谨,有效地提高了计算精度。

啶氧菌酯在香蕉及土壤中的残留分析方法研究

为研究啶氧菌酯在香蕉及土壤中的残留分析方法,采用外标法定量,试验样品经乙腈提取,固相萃取净化后经气相色谱仪-微电子捕获检测器检测,在0.02~0.10 mg/kg和0.01~0.10 mg/kg添加水平范围内,香蕉和土壤中啶氧菌酯的回收率分别为101.4%~109.2%和93.7%~105.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为2.5%~4.0%和2.8%~8.4%,最小检出量均为0.01 ng,最低检出浓度分别为0.02 mg/kg和0.01 mg/kg。该分析方法灵敏度、准确度、精密度均满足农药残留分析要求,可广泛用于啶氧菌酯残留检测。

复合成层地层盾构隧道施工引起土体变形计算研究

为解决盾构上部多层水平覆土且开挖面内上下水平分层的复合地层条件下盾构施工引起的土体变形问题,在统一土体解析解法的基础上对其中土质条件影响参数进行修正,使其可以进行复合地层条件下的土体变形计算,并对土体移动焦点范围进行了重新的划分。将修正后的统一土体解析解法与类随机介质理论相结合,得到可以解决盾构开挖面上存在多种土层情况的计算方法,并且可适用于任意开挖面形状的盾构施工。研究结果表明:经过多组工程案例验算,验证了方法的可行性;开挖面上某一土层厚度等量增加会使土体变形发生非线性变化;由于土体损失比变形传递路径对土体变形的影响更大,相同洞径比下的土体变形可能存在差异。

黑龙江省冻融侵蚀强度分级评价及空间分布特征

黑龙江省肩负维护国家生态安全、保障国家粮食安全的重任,近年来因冻融侵蚀影响,自然环境和黑土资源受到严重威胁。为了定量揭示黑龙江省冻融侵蚀强度的空间异质性及其影响因素,该研究选取10个冻融侵蚀强度评价指标,并确定其权重。通过构建多元回归模型得到冻融侵蚀下限,将权重和赋值结果代入综合评价指数模型,利用自然断点法对冻融侵蚀强度进行分级。研究结果表明:1)黑龙江省冻融侵蚀总面积为1.917×10~5 km^(2),占全省面积的40.53%,其中强烈和极强烈侵蚀分别占冻融侵蚀总面积的20.66%和10.54%。2)黑龙江省中度冻融侵蚀以上的区域呈现三区一带的特征。三区分别为大兴安岭地区、小兴安岭地区和张广才岭地区;一带为西北—东南走向的“三岭一平原”廊道。3)黑龙江省冻融侵蚀强度在空间上表现出明显的正相关和集聚性特征,强度相近的冻融侵蚀区在空间上积聚,高强度和低强度的冻融侵蚀区在空间上分异,产生了多个高强度和低强度的冻融侵蚀区。4)植被覆盖度的增加可以降低冻融侵蚀强度,在植被覆盖度小于20%的地方,冻融侵蚀尤为剧烈;冻融侵蚀主要发生在土壤含水量为0.2~0.3 m^(3)/m^(3)的区域,而极少发生在土壤水分含量小于0.2 m^(3)/m^(3)的区域。研究结果通过对比验证显示出较高的可靠性,可为该地区冻融侵蚀的防护和管理提供依据,并为类似区域提供借鉴方法和技术参考。

镉锌稳定同位素地球化学及其在土壤等地质体中的危害与治理研究进展

【研究目的 】镉、锌既是重要的矿产资源,也是有害的重金属元素。随着多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的发展,镉、锌等非传统稳定同位素体系的建立与应用使镉、锌地球化学研究水平迈上新的高度,镉、锌同位素体系建立与应用成为国际研究热点。【研究方法 】本文通过查阅大量镉、锌同位素的相关文献,从镉、锌同位素的分析方法、分馏机制、自然界储库组成及应用领域进行了综述。【研究结果 】(1)随着镉、锌同位素分析技术的不断改进,其同位素体系正在逐步建立;(2)地球各储库中的锌同位素组成已基本查明,镉同位素组成正处于数据积累阶段;(3)镉、锌同位素分馏机制主要包括吸附沉淀、生物作用、化学作用等,目前已逐渐被应用到指示行星分异、探明成矿机制、重建古环境、示踪污染源等多种领域中;(4)在解析重金属污染源时,多种同位素的联用有助于减小不确定性。【结论 】在新型同位素分析仪器和技术的开发下,镉、锌同位素的研究拥有更大的发展空间。未来的研究重点主要包括对镉、锌同位素分馏机制、部分储库含量、应用领域进行完善。

基于AHP-Delphi法的黄河山西段水土流失治理生态效益评价研究

针对黄河山西段水土流失问题,对山西采取的水土流失治理措施进行梳理。基于AHP法与Delphi法构建起包含三个评价层次、十二个指标层的水土流失治理生态效益综合评价体系,详细分析各指标含义及计算方法,并对该体系的一致性进行检验,计算各指标的权重,对无量纲化处理过后的各指标进行分值量化,结合评价等级标准,最终得出结论:治理后总体评分为81.61分,评价等级为Ⅳ级。说明山西多年来对省内水土流失问题的整治取得了良好效益,有效缓解了水土流失问题。

基于有效应力法的单桩负摩阻力解析解

桩侧负摩阻力的计算方法尚未统一。为提高负摩阻力作用下竖向受荷单桩设计计算水平,基于有效应力法确定桩侧摩阻力极限值,分析桩土相对位移和桩身深度对桩侧摩阻力的影响,进而建立了桩侧摩阻力非线性计算模型。根据发挥程度不同,桩侧摩阻力分为弹性和塑性状态,在弹性区间摩阻力与桩身深度呈二次函数关系,在塑性区间摩阻力与桩身深度呈线性关系,且斜率为负摩阻力系数与桩周土有效重度之积,进而得到了相应桩段的摩阻力解析解。基于桩身轴力计算理论,得到了桩侧摩阻力不同分布形态下单桩轴力计算式。采用该模型计算分析不同实际工况,并与实测数据进行对比,验证了模型的可靠性、适用性和实用性。研究结果对充分发挥桩基础性能和提高桩基础设计水平具有显著的实用意义。

土壤中噻虫嗪农药残留分析方法

噻虫嗪(thiamethoxam),分子式为C8H10ClN5O3S,属于第二代新烟碱类杀虫剂,即硫烟碱类杀虫剂,在国内外有着广泛的应用。通过实验建立了一种噻虫嗪在土壤中残留的分析方法,即采用甲醇为萃取剂,在超声振荡条件下萃取土壤中噻虫嗪的残留,经硅胶柱层析净化后,采用反相HPLC-UVD方法对噻虫嗪在土壤中残留进行定量分析。结果表明,该方法噻虫嗪的最小检测量为9.6×10-8g,在土壤中的最低检测浓度为0.024mg·kg-1。标准添加回收率为78.9%～90.1%,标准差为2.26～4.82,变异系数为2.52%～5.67%。该方法的准确性、灵敏度均达到农药残留分析的要求,且所需仪器设备简单,测试费用较低。

连续流动分析法测定土壤中全磷、全钾的含量

为了提高土壤样品中全磷和全钾含量的检测效率,研究了连续流动法在土壤全磷、全钾含量测定中的应用,对土壤样品的前处理条件和连续流动法测定土壤样品中全磷、全钾含量的回收率、精确度进行了试验,并与国标法的测定结果进行了比较.结果表明,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系微波消解,连续流动法测定土壤样品中全磷、全钾含量较理想,连续流动法在土壤样品中全磷、全钾含量的检测效率及方法稳定性上具备优势.方法的相对标准偏差全磷在0.06％～2.28％、全钾在0.03％～1.66％;全磷、全钾的检出限分别为0.01、0.05 g/kg,平均回收率分别为99.7％、105.2％;该方法的测定结果与国标法无显著性差异.方法为土壤中全磷、全钾的检测提供了一种快速、高效的检测分析方法,对土壤中全磷、全钾大量样品的检测和快速指导生产具有现实意义.

土壤中水溶性氟化物及分析方法的研究

土壤中水溶性氟化物，随外界的氟化物对土壤污染，较土壤中全氟变化明显。研究建立了土壤中水溶性氟化物的分析方法，提出以土壤中水溶性氟化物为指标，评价地热利用后，尾水对土壤污染的程度。

软土非线性固结计算若干表格及应用

为方便非线性固结理论在实际工程中的应用,基于软黏土非线性一维固结理论,给出了能综合考虑软土压缩性和渗透性的非线性特性、自重应力沿深度实际分布、逐渐加荷等影响的软土非线性固结计算若干表格,并通过算例说明了其应用。为工程计算和相关理论研究提供了工具和参考。