Non-Maxwellian electron distributions resulting from direct laser acceleration in near-critical plasmas

The irradiation of few-nm-thick targets by a finite-contrast high-intensity short-pulse laser results in a strong pre-expansion of these targets at the arrival time of the main pulse.The targets decompress to near and lower than critical densities with plasmas extending over few micrometers,i.e.multiple wavelengths.The interaction of the main pulse with such a highly localized but inhomogeneous target leads to the generation of a short channel and further self-focusing of the laser beam.Experiments at the Glass Hybrid OPCPA Scaled Test-bed(GHOST)laser system at University of Texas,Austin using such targets measured non-Maxwellian,peaked electron distribution with large bunch charge and high electron density in the laser propagation direction.These results are reproduced in 2D PIC simulations using the EPOCH code,identifying direct laser acceleration(DLA)[1]as the responsible mechanism.This is the first time that DLA has been observed to produce peaked spectra as opposed to broad,Maxwellian spectra observed in earlier experiments[2].This high-density electrons have potential applications as injector beams for a further wakefield acceleration stage as well as for pump-probe applications.

Effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motion acceleration

The effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motions using simulated accelerations of a vertical strike-slip fault model is the topic of this study. The discrete wave number/finite element method was adopted to calculate the ground motion in the horizontal layered half space. An analysis of peak ground acceleration （PGA） indicates that similar to the sub-shear situation, directivity also exists in the super-shear situation. However, there are some differences as tbllows： （1） The PGA of the fault-normal component decreases with super-shear velocity, and the areas that were significantly affected by directivity in the PGA field changed from a cone-shaped region in the forward direction in a sub-shear situation to a limited near-fault region in a super-shear situation. （2） The PGA of the fault-parallel and vertical component is not as sensitive as the fault-normal component to the increasing super-shear velocity. （3） The PGA of the fault-normal component is not always greater than the fault-parallel component when the rupture velocity exceeds the shear wave velocity.

Characteristics of horizontal ground motion measures along principal directions

Ground motion records are often used to develop ground motion prediction equations （GMPEs） for a randomly oriented horizontal component, and to assess the principal directions of ground motions based on the Arias intensity tensor or the orientation of the major response axis. The former is needed for seismic hazard assessment, whereas the latter can be important for assessing structural responses under multi-directional excitations. However, a comprehensive investigation of the pseudo-spectral acceleration （PSA） and of GMPEs conditioned on different axes is currently lacking. This study investigates the principal directions of strong ground motions and their relation to the orientation of the major response axis, statistics of the PSA along the principal directions on the horizontal plane, and correlation of the PSA along the principal directions on the horizontal plane. For these, three sets of strong ground motion records, including intraplate California earthquakes, inslab Mexican earthquakes, and interface Mexican earthquakes, are used. The results indicate that one of the principal directions could be considered as quasi-vertical. By focusing on seismic excitations on the horizontal plane, the statistics of the angles between the major response axis and the major principal axis are obtained; GMPEs along the principal axes are provided and compared with those obtained for a randomly oriented horizontal component; and statistical analysis of residuals associated with GMPEs along the principal directions is carried out.

All-Atom Direct Folding Simulation for Proteins Using the Accelerated Molecular Dynamics in Implicit Solvent Model

We report the results of protein folding （219M, C34, N36, 2KES, 2KHK） by the method of accelerated molecular dynamics （aMD） at room temperature with the implicit solvent model. Starting from the linear structures, these proteins successfully fold to the native structure in a lO0-ns aMD simulation. In contrast, they are failed under the traditional MD simulation in the same simulation time. Then we find that the lowest root mean square deviations of helix structures from the native structures are 0.36 A, 0.63 A, 0.52 A, 1.1 A and 0.78 A. What is more, native contacts, cluster and free energy analyses show that the results of the aMD method are in accordance with the experiment very well. All analyses show that the aMD can accelerate the simulation process, thus we may apply it to the field of computer aided drug designs.

Is the Long-term Economic Decline of the Philippines Unstoppable? Trends, Reasons, Outlook

The Philippines was in the 1960s a model of development in Asia and second to Japan,but occupies presently only the 11th position under South-East and East Asian countries in terms of GDP-per capita.The article explores why this important Asian country with a long colonial past and enormous economic potential still ranks under lower-income countries and has in the last decades let pass by many other Asian countries.In answering this question,the approach of external triggers for accelerated development is being applied.In stark contrast to the success stories of the strongly outward-looking Asian countries like the four Tigers,later of Thailand and Vietnam the Philippines never developed a vision of an open economy connecting pro-actively to the world markets.Trade is hampered by a non-competitive and highly protected national economy.The existing FDI is more oriented to the profitable local markets.Foreign debts were never effectively used and international tourism was never well promoted.Linking these failures to the existing power structures in the country,it seems very much that the backward forces like the big landowners,the local producers and industrialists never wanted and continue not to want to open up the economy to international competition and governments are complacent with these groups.Various indicators demonstrate the long-term decline of the Philippines:Among them the slow growth of the GDP and the continuously high poverty rates.As the alliance of big business and policy holds firm no change in the failing nationalistic economic model can be detected leaving the bleak outlook that the economic decline will continue.

硬件加速反走样体Splatting算法

提出一个完全基于图形硬件实现的反走样体Splatting算法的全新框架利用可编程图形硬件中的顶点渲染器和像素渲染器实现距离相关的低通滤波核,获得透视投影下的Splatting体绘制算法的反走样利用规则体数据的空间分布规律和可编程图形流水线,提出一种增量式的压缩比为700 的顶点数据压缩算法,将体素几何完全置于显存实验结果表明,文中算法在512×512的图像分辨率下。

Arduino开源平台在低成本加速度与动态位移直接测量中的应用

实时位移是结构健康监测及振动控制所需的重要参数,但固定参考点式位移计法及非接触摄录式位移测量法成本均较高,而加速度二次积分重构位移算法受积分初始条件影响导致误差可控性差。本研究利用Arduino开源微控制器平台的开放性和微电子机械系统(Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems,MEMS)型加速度计的成本优势,结合内嵌式加速度重构位移Lee算法对积分初值条件的低依赖性特征,开发了一种低成本、加速度和动态位移直接测量系统,并配合内置SD卡模块实现了实时采样、数据存储功能。基于小型振动台对比实验,验证了该系统对简谐振动、地震动加速度、桥梁墩顶横向位移测量的有效性和精度。结果表明:地震动加速度激振下,该系统与成熟加速度测量系统峰值误差低于7%;实测桥梁墩顶横向位移激振下,该系统与线性可变差动变压器式相对位移计(Linear-Variable-Differential-Transformer,LVDT)最大测量误差低于10%。

Study of the attenuation relationship for the Wenchuan M_s 8.0 earthquake

Prediction of peak ground acceleration is an essential element in engineering seismology and it has received great attention in last few decades. In this paper, a comprehensive database of the strong-motion records of the 2008 great Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake is analyzed to investigate the seismic attenuation relationship and the directivity effects. In contrast to most existing seismic attenuation models, the proposed model considers explicitly the directivity effect which has primary influence on the magnitude of ground motion. Bayesian model updating is used to obtain the model parameters and the associated uncertainty. Comparative study is performed with the well-known Boore-Joyner-Fumal empirical formula. Results show that consideration of the directivity effect is vital in modeling the seismic attenuation relationship.

PRIMUS高能加速器MODULATORINCOMPLATE故障

西门子PRI MUS加速器是一种全数字化机器,具有故障自动诊断报警系统,它所显示的30#MODULATOR I N-COMPLATE联锁故障,并非都是由调制器和速调管故障所发生,它们的外围电路发生故障而引发该联锁的几率也相当高。因此,分析和弄清故障发生的现象和机理,在工作中具有实际作用。

Electron acceleration by tightly focused radially polarized few-cycle laser pulses

Within the framework of plane-wave angular spectrum analysis of the electromagnetic field structure, a solution valid for tightly focused radially polarized few-cycle laser pulses propagating in vacuum is presented. The resulting field distribution is significantly different from that based on the paraxial approximation for pulses with either small or large beam diameters. We compare the electron accelerations obtained with the two solutions and find that the energy gain obtained with our new solution is usually much larger than that with the paraxial approximation solution.

Development of attenuation relation for the near fault ground motion from the characteristic earthquake

A composite source model has been used to simulate a broadband strong ground motion with an associated fault rupture process. A scenario earthquake fault model has been used to generate 1 000 earthquake events with a magni- tude of MwS.0. The simulated results show that, for the characteristic event with a strike-slip faulting, the character- istics of near fault ground motion is strongly dependent on the rupture directivity. If the distance between the sites and fault was given, the ground motion in the forward direction （Site A） is much larger than that in the backward direction （Site C） and that close to the fault （Site B）. The SH waves radiated from the fault, which corresponds to the fault-normal component plays a key role in the ground motion amplification. Corresponding to the sites A, B, and C, the statistical analysis shows that the ratio of their aPG is 2.15：1.5：1 and their standard deviations are about 0.12, 0.11 and 0.13, respectively. If these results are applied in the current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis （PSHA）, then, for the lower annual frequency of exceedance of peak ground acceleration, the predicted aPG from the hazard curve could reduce by 30% or more compared with the current PSHA model used in the developing of seismic hazard map in the USA. Therefore, with a consideration of near fault ground motion caused by the rupture directivity, the re- gression model used in the development of the regional attenuation relation should be modified accordingly.

Laser-driven relativistic electron dynamics in a cylindrical plasma channel

The energy and trajectory of the electron, which is irradiated by a high-power laser pulse in a cylindrical plasma channel with a uniform positive charge and a uniform negative current, have been analyzed in terms of a single-electron model of direct laser acceleration. We find that the energy and trajectory of the electron strongly depend on the positive charge density, the negative current density, and the intensity of the laser pulse. The electron can be accelerated significantly only when the positive charge density, the negative current density, and the intensity of the laser pulse are in suitable ranges due to the dephasing rate between the wave and electron motion. Particularly, when their values satisfy a critical condition. the electron can stay in phase with the laser and gain the largest energy from the laser. With the enhancement of the electron energy, strong modulations of the relativistic factor cause a considerable enhancement of the electron transverse oscillations across the channel, which makes the electron trajectory become essentially three-dimensional, even if it is flat at the early stage of the acceleration.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF Al－4．5wt％Cu ALLOY BY ACRT METHOD

Accelerated crucible rotation technique(ACRT) has been used for the directional solidification of Al-4.5wt% Cu binary alloy.By rotating the crucible at varying rate and direction,forced liquid flows are aroused These flows include Ekman flow,Couette flow and Spiral Shear flow.Especially,Ekman flow acts directly at the L/S interface,changes diffusion and heat exchange conditions and has strong influences on the morphology of L/S interface.Experimental results show that,compared with normal Bridgman specimens,the solidification region is much narrower and the cell spacing is much smaller in ACRT specimens.These influences become much stronger when the accelerating rate is increased.

面向光伏集群的配电网模型⁃数据联合驱动无功/电压控制

传统配电网的无功/电压控制(VVC)方法,难以兼顾控制决策的全局最优性与实时响应能力,分布式光伏(DPV)的分散化、高比例并网导致该矛盾日益突出。结合模型优化的寻优能力与深度强化学习的在线决策效率,提出了面向光伏(PV)集群的配电网模型-数据联合驱动VVC策略。首先,考虑日前优化调度与日内实时控制的运行特征,结合DPV集群划分,构建了配电网分布式两阶段VVC框架;然后,以系统运行网损最低为目标,建立了配电网分布式日前VVC模型,并提出了基于Nesterov加速梯度的分布式求解算法;其次,以日前决策为输入量,建立了基于部分可观马尔可夫博弈的配电网实时VVC模型,并提出了基于迭代终止惩罚函数的改进多智能体深度确定性策略梯度算法;最后,基于MATLAB/PyCharm软件平台进行了算例分析,验证了所提方法的全局趋优性以及实时响应能力,提高了PV高比例接入配电网运行的经济性和安全性。

Performance Analysis of Accelerator Architectures and Programming Models for Parareal Algorithm Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations

Increasing needs for the study of complex dynamical systems require computing solutions of a large number of ordinary and partial differential time-dependent equations in near real-time. Numerical integration algorithms, which are computationally expensive and inherently sequential, are typically used to compute solutions of ordinary and partial differential time-dependent equations. This presents challenges to study complex dynamical systems in near real-time. This paper examines the challenges of computing solutions of ordinary differential time-dependent equations using the Parareal algorithm belonging to the class of parallel-in-time algorithms on various high-performance computing accelerator-based architectures and associated programming models. The paper presents the code refactoring steps and performance analysis of the Parareal algorithm on two accelerator computing architectures: the Intel Xeon Phi CPU and Graphics Processing Unit many-core architectures, and with OpenMP, OpenACC, and CUDA programming models. The speedup and scaling performance analysis are used to demonstrate the suitability of the Parareal to compute the solutions of a single ordinary differential time-dependent equation and a family of interdependent ordinary differential time-dependent. The speedup, weak and strong scaling results demonstrate the suitability of Graphical Processing Units with the CUDA programming model as the most efficient accelerator for computing solutions of ordinary differential time-dependent equations using parallel-in-time algorithms. Considering the time and effort required to refactor the code for execution on the accelerator architectures, the Graphical Processing Units with the OpenACC programming model is the most efficient accelerator for computing solutions of ordinary differential time-dependent equations using parallel-in-time algorithms.

不同流向上小流道加热管内超临界CO_(2)的压降特性

针对不同流动方向上超临界CO_(2)流体在小流道加热管径为0.75mm内的压降特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,不同流动(水平流动、垂直向上流动以及垂直向下流动)方向上,实验总压降、摩擦压降以及加速度压降均随着系统压力的升高而逐渐减小,而随着质量流量的增大、加热功率以及进口温度的升高而增大。然而,在垂直流动方向上重力压降随着系统压力的升高以及质量流量的增大而逐渐增大,但随着加热功率以及进口温度的升高而逐渐减小。当系统压力、质量流量、加热功率以及进口温度保持恒定时,不同流动方向上超临界CO_(2)流体的摩擦压降均在实验总压降中所占有的比例最大,而重力压降在实验总压降中所占有的比例最小。通过两种测试管径的压降数据比较可知,超临界CO_(2)流体在不同流动方向上实验总压降的变化趋势始终保持一致,并且小管径的实验总压降远大于大管径的实验总压降,从而说明测试管径的尺寸大小对实验总压降的变化有着显著影响。

环氧树脂固化促进剂的研究及应用

环氧树脂由于其优异的性能,使其在胶粘剂、涂层以及复合材料等领域获得了广泛的应用。为了提高固化速率,同时对于一些热敏感的部件来说,温度是一个重要的指标,需要降低固化温度,因此,加入固化促进剂是必要的。本文主要综述了环氧树脂固化促进剂的研究进展及应用情况,包括叔胺及其盐类固化促进剂、三苯基膦及其鏻盐固化促进剂、取代脲固化促进剂、咪唑及其盐类固化促进剂、三氟化硼胺络合物固化促进剂等,并指出了未来的发展方向。

超过30 GeV的强激光锁相直接电子加速

当超强激光斜入射辐照固体时,预脉冲会先将固体表面等离子体化,随后主脉冲将与等离子体相互作用并最终被等离子体反射.同时,等离子体中的部分电子将锁定在激光场的加速位相,随后在激光场中获得有效加速,该过程被称为锁相电子加速.由于目前超强激光的电场强度已接近TV/m量级,因此如果电子在激光场加速位相中停留足够长的时间,便有可能获得百GeV甚至TeV量级的能量.本文针对现有的超强激光参数,通过单电子动力学模型,对锁相机制中电子在激光场的加速过程展开系统研究.研究结果表明,峰值功率为10 PW量级的强激光可将电子直接加速至30 GeV左右.本研究还给出了锁相加速机制中锁相电子的远场能量角分布,以及最终能量等与激光场强度的定标关系.考虑到激光强度的不断提高并且激光锁相电子加速机制也适用于正电子加速,因此本研究结果将有望应用于小型化正负电子对撞机及高能伽马射线源等领域.

教师工作负荷的生成机理、异化表征及调治向度——基于罗萨“社会加速及共鸣理论”的分析

本文依托法兰克福学派新一代领军人——哈特穆特·罗萨(Hartmut Rosa)提出的“社会加速及共鸣理论”,从社会母系统的运转现实关怀到教育子系统的生态现状,审视了学校场域内更微观组织单元“中小学教师群体”的工作负荷问题。在社会大“提升逻辑”下,中小学教师工作负荷的生成呈现三重逻辑——“竞争逻辑、效率逻辑、功利逻辑”;其现实表现为五种“异化表征”——“时间异化、空间异化、权责异化、行动异化、情感异化”。为找到教师工作负荷的有效调节之法,平衡教师工作的工具价值与理想价值,需探寻我国中小学教师与“工作环境、自我身心、职业角色”之间共鸣关系的建立。

高速铁路桥梁车致加速度响应监测数据分类方法研究

为提高不同列车过桥时基于车致加速度响应的桥梁结构损伤识别准确性,提出了一种基于加速度传感器的高速铁路桥梁车致加速度响应监测数据分类方法。该方法根据桥梁结构健康监测系统中加速度传感器监测数据幅值的变化趋势,在监测数据时程曲线中确定2个标记点,将标记点对应的时间分别作为列车抵达和驶离传感器的近似时间,然后通过2个不同位置加速度传感器的标记点识别出高铁列车的相对车速、行驶方向和编组数量,并据此对桥梁结构车致加速度响应监测数据进行分类。将该方法应用于商合杭客专裕溪河特大桥健康监测系统中,实现了对不同列车荷载作用下的桥梁结构车致加速度响应监测数据的程序化自动分类,识别出的列车编组数量和行驶方向与现场视频监控结果一致。