Application of Nominal Indirect Anaphora in English Teaching and Learning

This paper deals with the application of nominal indirect anaphora to unveil the essence of nominal indirect anaphora and disclose the magic power of cohesion and coherence inside it from the angle of cognitive linguistics.Thus we can apply the resolution mechanism for English teaching and learning for English learners.

Anaphora＇s Creating Irony by the Aid of Context

The core function of anaphora is to serve as a substitute for a certain linguistic component in texts, but it actually has other missions such as creating the rhetorical effect--irony. However, anaphora alone cannot contribute to ironic effect, and only by resorting to other resources like contextual information, can anaphora generate irony. Therefore, Yus＇ s classification of contextual sources is employed to analyze with examples how anaphora creates irony by the aid of context. Ultimately, the conclusion has been drawn that anaphora is able to produce irony with the help of six groups of contextual information classified by Yus except the category--speaker＇s nonverbal behavior and anapbora sometimes has to interact with several groups of contextual information in order to create irony.

Linguistic Context's Effect to Anaphora

The anaphora resolution firstly relies on the special association between the anaphor and the antecedent.But this kind of associa tion may not result in the accomplishment of the anaphora resolution.By the analysis of many kinds of anaphoric examples,this paper will point out that,when the anaphora resolution has some mistake,the linguistic context will restrict on anaphor.The purpose is to influence semantic connection between the antecedent and the anaphor,and make the anaphora resolution accomplish successfully.

Mental Space Motivation for Anaphora and Exphora

Mental space theory(MST),as an important theory in cognitive linguistics is a universal cognitive theory. And it can help greatly in explaining the dynamics,random and vague cognitive process. This paper tries to use this theory to explain how direct and indirect anaphora and exphora work in a discourse.

汉语说明语篇中的事物回指研究

本文以汉语说明语篇中与说明对象相关的回指形式为研究对象,通过定量统计和定性分析相结合的方法,考察各种不同类型回指形式在说明语篇中的篇章分布情况,归纳说明语篇中有关说明对象的回指类型。分析汉语说明语篇中的回指在编码时遵循的倾向性规律和一般性原则,并进一步探讨回指作为一种特殊语篇资源的多种功能和特殊价值。

从“数量名+NP”话题句看话题和述题的复杂依存关系

汉语“数量名+NP”在特定语境中可作话题,被赋予定指理解,但同时也凸显数量特征,是有标记话题。该结构要求述题须表达数量特征,但受句子体特征和语用因素影响其内部也有细微差别。“数量名”话题自身的特征与“话题—述题”的陈述关系决定结构对述题的要求,而述题的构造和语义也有助于话题指称类型的理解,二者相互依存。

Aspects of anaphora in Chinese and in some Germanic,Romance,and Slavic languages,the‘syntactic'versus‘pragmatic'language typology,and neo-Gricean pragmatics

In this article,two types of anaphora—(i)null subjects and(ii)long-distance reflexivisation— will be briefly compared and contrasted between Chinese and some Germanic,Romance,and Slavic languages,showing how they are different typologically.Following Huang(2000a,2013a),utilising intra-sentential anaphora as a testing ground,I shall re-hypothesise that languages in the world can roughly be divided into two groups:syntactic and pragmatic.Finally,I shall outline an analysis of long-distance reflexivisation in Chinese in terms of my neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora.

语言的界限:“情境论”视角下的布兰顿回指理论

通过回指理论提供的以“次语句”为核心的推论网络,布兰顿将“语言-世界”的关系转变为“语言-语言”的关系,为刻画指称关系提供了新进路。但是,布兰顿的回指理论面临两个主要困难:“指称不透明”和“回指不共指”。为了解决这两个问题,将采用雷卡纳蒂的“情境论”来优化回指理论,通过引入σ-异质结构来解决布兰顿回指理论面临的困难。首先,在回指链中插入情境算子以揭示句子的情境结构,严格区分句子的情境内容和语义内容;其次,厘清不同认知主体在不同情境中的回指链及其逻辑关系;最后,那些位于回指链之外无法穷尽的“最终视角”和无法还原的现实世界,同样以情境方式呈现出来。总之,在回指关系中“语言”“心灵”和“世界”都是必不可少的一环。

主语属格语的生命性及其相关问题

主语属格语充当零形回指先行语时,主语属格语结构在生命性特征分布上缺失“无生—有生”这一组合,构成一种蕴涵关系。同时,数据分布及理论分析显示,回指研究的可及性等级排序中,主语属格语后置于主语更符合语言事实。主语属格语之所以能够充当回指先行语与生命性、语法位置、主题化能力及语言的基本组织方式等因素有关,生命性只是其中一个比较容易感知到的语义因素,在具体的语言环境中,主语属格语的高可及性是多种因素综合作用的结果。

动态指称与汉语话题结构允准

认知语用上,汉语话题结构的允准机制,可以解读为话题对述题的指示、指别以及述题对话题的语义回指等动态指称内容。首先,话题作为信息处理优化器(PEMs),通过所指实体、时间、空间、原因、条件、领属、范围等信息来限定述题所述的适用范围,相当于对述题内容的指别;其次,在信息内容上,为了充分满足述题信息的完整性,述题必然存在语义空位与话题成分复指或回指。语义空位在述题中表现为但不限于复指代词、附缀、句法空位甚至是附加语等句法形式。

How Language Aims at a Target:The cognitive system underlying deixis and anaphora

As a speaker communicates with a hearer,the speaker’s attention can come to be on a particular entityher " target"—that she wants to communicate about to the hearer.This target can be located near or far in either the speech-external(deictic) or the speech-internal(anaphoric) environment.She thus needs the hearer to know what her intended target is and to have his attention on it jointly with her own.The problem,though,is how to bring this about.She cannot somehow reach into the hearer’s cognition and directly place his focus of attention on her selected target.Language solves this problem by initiating a certain two-stage procedure in the hearer’s cognition.For this function,it uses a specialized set of mostly closed-class lexical forms;" triggers".English triggers include;this/ these,that/those,here,there,yonder,now,then,thus,so,such,yay,thisaway,thataway,personal pronouns, relative pronouns,and tense markers.The speaker initiates the hearer’s procedure by placing a trigger at the relevant point in the current sentence of her discourse.In the first stage,the trigger directs the hearer to find certain elements of information to which he does have ready access.These are "cues" to the speaker’s intended target.Such cues belong to ten distinct categories,representing ten different sources of information.In the second stage,equipped with the cues he has found,the hearer uses them in combination to determine the speaker’s intended target.

基于话题链的流水句零形回指语篇连贯

汉语流水句的语篇连贯是在宏观和微观两个层面来实现的。从宏观层面来讲,流水句通过话题链从整体上达到语篇连贯,奠定流水句连贯的基础平;从微观层面来讲,流水句往往通过零形回指的策略让读者识别隐含在小句之间的逻辑关系,从细节上达到语篇连贯。两个层面共同发挥作用,实现流水句意义的统一性和语篇的连贯性。

This is me表达式中me的照应模式及指称转换机制

依据索绪尔的符号学理论,基于能指与所指具有的任意性、规约性和依存性关系,本文对This is me表达式的语用意义在日常使用中出现的多种背离句子传统语义的语用场景进行了语料总结,并对me的指示照应模式做分类分析,探讨该模式的转换机制,说明其语法意义与语用意义之间的差别,指出英语学习存在的误区,强调语言学习者和使用者需要在真实语用环境中去学习和运用,以及关注和使用英语地道表达的重要性。

汉语书面叙事中主语的指称形式和篇章功能

文章考察书面叙事语篇中主语指称形式的特点及其在表达不同篇章功能时所呈现的差异,并从信息激活状态的认知角度对这些差异给予解释。研究发现:在组织语篇的过程中,言者倾向用典型施事做主语。在引入新角色方面,无定主语句使用频率最高,其中的无定主语有标记故事情节边界的作用。在回指功能方面,零形式和人称代词多用在句中及句末,在语篇中标记更强的话题连续性和语篇整合度;名词回指主要出现在句首,体现了言者在信息激活过程中对信息的整合,即将与其兴趣相关的信息整合在一个句子中,而用不同的句子和名词回指来标记不同的兴趣中心。

副词“也”触发的预设情况探究

当今时代是计算机信息处理的时代,人工智能浪潮正以前所未有的迅猛势头席卷全球。预设作为自然语言信息处理中的重要问题之一,对预设进行逻辑学和语言学交叉研究有助于自然语言语法和语义的形式化,有助于计算机的自然语言理解,具有重要的基础理论研究价值。预设是自然语言分析中一种常见的语言现象,逻辑学家克里普克提出,副词是自然语言中能够触发预设的一种重要词类,副词触发预设的机制与代词回指的行为类似。该文以副词“也”为例,说明语言学中副词触发预设的语义特征,并通过现代逻辑的形式化分析手段,为自然语言信息处理提供新的思路。

英汉第三人称照应对比研究——以《红楼梦》第三回为例

照应是一个语言成分与另一个语言成分的关联点,也是语篇衔接中的重要手段之一。英汉翻译中,语篇或语义照应关系是译者的考虑重点。在传统上,人称有3种形式:第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。第三人称代词是语篇层面上照应的重要表现形式。该文以韩礼德照应理论为基础,以《红楼梦》第三回为例讨论了第三人称代词在语篇中的照应功能,主要从前指和后指照应两方面对比分析了英汉语篇中第三人称照应的异同,并简要分析其产生的原因,在英汉翻译的过程中,要特别注意二者的区别与相同点,从而产出更优质的译文。

试论英译《西游记》中话题的认知翻译

考虑到读者凭借翻译理解中国名著中的中华传统文化,话题链中的话题就成为汉语和英译文认知框架下的显著特征,但国内学者对话题链的关注却较少。该研究从认知翻译的角度出发,对英译《西游记》中的话题进行分析,发现话题的翻译可以反映译者的认知过程,并可为翻译质量提升提供参考和借鉴。在翻译过程中,译者倾向于根据自身认知框架选择特定的话题链,并在译文中予以呈现。这种选择和呈现反映了译者对原文的理解和认知。此外,英译《西游记》作为传播载体,是海外读者理解和接触中华传统文化的重要途径,以此促进中华传统文化的国际传播。

Similarities and Differences of Anaphoric Pronoun in Chinese and English

In both English and Chinese, pronouns are used with great frequency. And there are numerous usages of pronoun anaphors. The similarities and differences are summarized with the comparison of pronoun anaphors in English and Chinese.

非结构化信息抽取关键技术研究探讨

以基于内在认知机理的知识发现理论为指导,针对汉语命名实体识别的难点,充分考虑专家知识在命名实体识别中的作用;根据不同的实体类型,采用灵活变化的统计与规则相结合的方式;采用各种技术来研究信息抽取的任务,如:机器学习技术、篇章分析与理解技术、句法分析技术、图算法与图挖掘技术、词计算技术、快速全文检索技术等;该文探讨的是不仅要从文本中获取简单子句中的关系,还要获得跨句子、段落中的实体关系。

文本阅读中空间距离的心理表征

采用学习探测模式和回指解决相结合的研究范式,探讨情境模型中空间距离的心理表征问题。实验1分离几何距离和类别距离,探讨类别距离对回指解决的影响。结果表明,在控制几何距离的条件下,读者采用由房间数目体现的类别距离信息建构情境模型;实验2进一步探讨几何距离的作用,结果发现,类别距离信息相同的条件下,读者在情境模型中表征几何距离信息。研究表明,类别距离和几何距离分别对空间情境模型的回指解决产生独立影响。