Applied anatomy of the cervical region of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE： To avoid recurrent laryngeal nerve （RLN） injury during thyroid surgery, it is important to identify the nerve and to follow its projection carefully to discriminate it from the inferior thyroid artery. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： All studies were performed at the Anatomy Division of Shaoyang Medical College from May 2003 to May 2004 with repeated measurement design. MATERIALS： Fifty embalmed adult corpses, comprising 20 females and 30 males, were obtained by donation. METHODS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The projection, branches, and the relationship of the RLN to the inferior thyroid artery were observed. RESULTS： The RLN in all cases ascended through the tracheoesophageal groove at the isthmus superior levels of the thyroid gland. However, the RLN in 14 cases were situated inferior to the isthmus of the thyroid gland; 11 cases were to the right side and 2 cases to the left side, projected in the tracheoesophageal groove, and ascended away from the groove after 4.5-6.5 mm. The RLN typically ramified at the thyroid isthmus plane （44 cases, 44% of all cases）. The RLN branches were variable. Type 2 rami were most common in the RLN, accounting for 55%; the second most common was RLN branches with no rami. RLN braches with type 3 rami, 4 rami, and 5 rami were less common. Approximately 54% of nerves were situated behind the main branch artery. The nerves located adjacent to the arteries, and between the arterial branches, were similar; the former applied to 19 cases, accounting for 19%, whereas the latter applied to 18 cases, accounting for 18%. Left nerves behind the artery, and right nerves before the artery, were more common. There were significant differences between the left and right nerves （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： There was not a significant difference in the projection of the RLN, while a significant difference in the number of RLN branches existed. In addition, the anatomical relationship of the RLN and the inferior thyroid artery exhibited side differences.

Applied anatomy study of anterior tragal perforating artery(ATPA)

Objective To investigate anterior tragal perforating aftery( ATPA) and provide anatomic basis for flap derived from preauricular area. Methods Twenty ( 40 sides) cadaver heads fixed in 10% formalin solution and perfused with red - colored latex were used to perform gross anatomy study. Two heads of fresh cadaver

Applied anatomy of the path of retroperitoneoscopic surgery

Objective To discover the anatomical basis of retroperitoneoscopic surgery. Methods Twenty Chinese adult cadavers including 12 men and 8 women were anatomized. The relationship between nerves, vessels of the lateral abdominal wall, retroperitoneal structures and the path of retroperitoneoscopic surgery were measured. Results In male cadavers, the distance between the iliac crest and trigonum lumbale was 4.02±1.26 cm on the left, and 3.83 ± 0.90 cm on the right. The distance between the iliac crest and iliohypogastricus nerve was 0.82 ± 0.13 cm on the left and 0.84±0.08 cm on the right. The distance between the subcostal nerve and Ⅻ rib in the posterior axillary line and midaxillary line was 0.79 ±0.26 cm,1.65± 1.12 cm on the left and 0.78 ± 0.30 cm, 1.59 ± 1.07 cm on the right respectively. The distance between the ureter of inferior pole of kidney and extra-border of psoas was 2.24 ± 0.67 cm on the left and 2.19 ± 0.73 cm on the right. The distance between crossing of the ureter and iliac

Applied anatomy of radial midforearm flap pedicled with intermuscular branch of radial artery

To provide anatomic basis for transposition of vascularized radial midforearm flap.Methods On 40 adult cadaveric upper limb specimens injected with red dye,the origin,course,branchs,diameters and anastomosis of intermuscular branch of radial artery and its cutaneous branch were observed.Results Originating from radial artery,intermuscular branch of radial artery descended along periosteum closely between pronator teres and supinator,the main stem was (4.8±1.0)cm in length and (1.2±0.2)mm in diameter.After its periosteal branches were sent off to distribute over middle and inferior shaft of radius,its cutaneous branch perforated from intermuscle and deep fascia and anastomosed with some other cutaneous branches in the forearm.Perforating point of the cutaneous branch was located (11.1±1.3)cm beneath lateral epicondyle of humerus,its diameter was about (0.6±0.1)mm.Conclusion Radial midforrarm flap pedicled with intermuscular branch of radial artery can be transferred to repair soft tissue defect of elbow,forearm or hand.7 refs.

Getting physical with medical education:Exercise based virtual anatomy review classes for medical students

The benefits of regular physical activity are well known.Yet,few studies have examined the effectiveness of integrating physical activity(PA)into curricula within a post-secondary setting.To investigate the incorporation of PA into medical curriculum,we developed a series of optional exercise-based review sessions designed to reinforce musculoskeletal(MSK)anatomy course material.These synchronous sessions were co-taught by a group fitness instructor and an anatomy instructor.The fitness instructor would lead students through both strength and yoga style exercises,while the anatomy instructor asked questions about relevant anatomical structures related to course material previously covered.After the sessions,participants were asked to evaluate the classes on their self-reported exam preparedness in improving MSK anatomy knowledge,PA levels,and mental wellbeing.Thirty participants completed surveys;a majority agreed that the classes increased understanding of MSK concepts(90.0%)and activity levels(97.7%).Many(70.0%)felt that the classes helped reduce stress.The majority of respondents(90.0%)agreed that the classes contributed to increased feelings of social connectedness.Overall,medical students saw benefit in PA based interventions to supplement MSK course concepts.Along with increasing activity levels and promoting health behaviours,integrating PA into medical curriculum may improve comprehension of learning material,alleviate stress and foster social connectivity among medical students.

Avian hippocampus:Recent advances in anatomy and physiological functions

The avian hippocampus,akin to its mammalian counterpart,plays a critical role in cognitive and physiological processes despite notable structural differences.Initially thought to be less developed,recent studies over the past two decades have revealed it as a complex brain region essential for diverse functions in both laboratory and free-living birds.This review synthesizes current knowledge on the avian hippocampus’organization,functionality,and neurophysiological significance.We first examine its anatomical structure and neuronal connectivity,comparing it with the mammalian hippocampus.We then highlight how its volume,neuronal density,and neurogenesis support spatial memory and navigation,influencing behaviors such as migration,food storing,brood parasitism,and homing.Beyond spatial functions,the avian hippocampus mediates emotion and stress physiology through interactions with the endocrine system,particularly via glucocorticoid receptors.It also influences spatial memory through sex hormones,especially estradiol,with local estrogen production through aromatase activity enhancing memory and plasticity.Therefore,the avian hippocampus serves as a central neural hub,integrating sensory information with internal states to facilitate essential behaviors and responses to external environmental stimuli.This review underscores the progress made in understanding this brain structure’s roles,highlighting conserved neurophysiological functions across vertebrate taxa.

Is fluoroscopy-free single-use flexible ureteroscopy a feasible treatment for kidney stones with abnormal renal anatomy?

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the fluoroscopy-free single-use flexible ureteroscopy procedure in the treatment of kidney stones with abnormal renal anatomy compared to normal renal anatomy.Methods:Forty patients with abnormal (Group A) and 80 patients with normal (Group B) renal anatomy who had 10–20 mm renal stones were included. They were treated with LithoVue single-use flexible ureteroscopy (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) after ureteric dilatation by two different size semi-rigid ureteroscopes. This technique was chosen as the aim was to exclude any ureteric pathology (e.g., stone or stricture), confirm the placement of a safe guidewire, avoid balloon dilatation of the ureter, and achieve safe insertion of a 12 Fr, 35/45 cm ureteric access sheath with optical and tactile sign and without fluoroscopy image for guidance.Results:The mean ages were 43 years and 45 years in Group A and Group B, respectively. The mean stone burden was 14.62 (standard deviation: 5.35) mm^(3) and 14.79 (standard deviation: 4.58) mm^(3) in Group A and Group B, respectively. There is no significant difference between both groups according to the mean operative time, hospital stay, or stone-free rate. The stone-free rate was about 93% in both groups when the stone size was between 10 mm and 15 mm, and less than 54% when the stone size was more than 15 mm to 20 mm. In the majority of cases (80.0% in Group A and 92.5% in Group B), we completed the procedure without fluoroscopy. The perioperative complication rates were comparable in the two groups.Conclusion:Fluoroscopy-free single-use flexible ureteroscopy, when performed by expert urologists, is a feasible treatment for pre-stented patients with kidney calculi of ≤15 mm with abnormal renal anatomy.

The Role of Impulsivity and Addiction in Gambling Behaviors: How Applied Neuroscience Research Can Help in the Monitoring and Management of Mental Health Issues

One in five Americans experience symptoms associated with at least one mental health disorder every year. These include behavioral addictions, which have long been overlooked despite their similar neural bases with substance addictions. Gambling addiction, a type of behavioral addiction, deserves particular attention given the significant negative effects, this addiction has on financial and interpersonal health. The purpose of this paper is to review the available literature concerning the behavioral and neural processes involved in gambling addiction, including: the anticipation of reward, the role of dopamine, and the neural substrates of the decision-making processes involved in gambling addiction. Market research has also identified solutions that integrate applied neuroscience and self-tracking systems to monitor and manage mental health issues associated with gambling addiction. The authors then propose a gambling treatment-focused mobile app solution that addresses outstanding issues with a special design aimed at reversing plasticity in order to relieve the effects of gambling addiction. .

Wood anatomy chronologies of Scots pine in the foothills of the Western Sayan(Siberia)

Recent methodological advances in quantitative wood anatomy have provided new insights into the climatic responses of radial growth at the scale of cell structure of tree rings. This study considered long-term chronologies of tracheid measurements, indexed by a novel approach to separate their specific climatic responses from signal recorded in cell production(closely reflected in tree-ring width). To fill gaps in understanding the impact of climate on conifer xylem structure, Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)trees > 200 years old were selected within the forest-steppe zone in southern Siberia. Such habitats undergo mild moisture deficits and the resulting climatic regulation of growth processes. Mean and maximum values of cell radial diameter and cell wall thickness were recorded for each tree ring.Despite a low level of climatogenic stress, components of cell chronologies independent of cambial activity were separated to obtain significant climatic signals revealing the timing of the specific stages of tracheid differentiation. Cell expansion lasted from mid-April to July and was impacted similarly to tree-ring width(stimulated by precipitation and stressed by heat), maximum cell size formed late June. A switch in the climatic responses of mean anatomical traits indicated transition to latewood in mid-July. Secondary wall deposition lasted until mid-September, suppressed by end of season temperatures. Generally, anatomical climatic responses were modulated by a less dry May and September compared with summer months.

Exploring Nominalization in English Abstracts of Applied Linguistics Research Articles:A Comparative Study Between Chinese and International Journals

Researchers around the world strive to communicate new knowledge,primarily via publication,with the abstract being crucial in conveying core insights.Previous research has generally analyzed the discourse features of abstracts from a macro perspective and often employed either outdated texts,such as those over a decade old,or papers written by authors with lower English academic writing proficiency as research material.In this study,we analyzed forty abstracts from leading journals in applied linguistics,evenly split between Chinese and international journals.It revealed that the use of nominalization in abstracts by Chinese and international scholars showed similarities due to the universal academic requirement for conciseness.However,due to cultural and educational differences,each group differed in their respective language choices and nominalization usage.By analyzing the application of nominalization in different cultural contexts,the results of our study offered practical suggestions for crafting abstracts that effectively convey information,thereby,contributing to the broader academic community.

Opinions of Students on the Contribution of the DIVA 3D Virtual Dissection Table to the Teaching of Anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology of Bamako

Objective: Study the contribution of the DIVA 3D dissection table in the teaching of anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine and Odontology of Bamako. Material and Methods: This was a qualitative study carried out from November 1 to December 30, 2023 at the clinical and morphological anatomy laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology of Bamako. Included in this study were students who participated in practical and tutorial sessions. The variables studied during this study were: the previous performance of dissection on a cadaver by the students, the opinion of the students on dissection on a cadaver, the replacement of dissection on a cadaver by virtual dissection in the absence of a body, the level student satisfaction. Results: We surveyed 130 participants. The average age was 22 ± 0.2 years with extremes of 17 and 29 years. 95.3% of participants were students. According to 66.7% of participants, virtual dissection is a good palliative in the absence of a corpse. 95.3% of participants found using the virtual dissection table easy with an average of 7.88 ± 1.4. The overall assessment was well rated by 99.3% of participants. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the virtual dissection table should be improved by integrating commented videos. The use of the DIVA 3D virtual dissection table during practical and tutorial sessions is well appreciated by the students. We believe that the teaching of anatomy using 3D digital technology should be included in the study programs of the Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology.

Science and reflections: With some thoughts to young applied scientists and engineers

I provide some science and reflections from my experiences working in geophysics,along with connections to computational and data sciences,including recent developments in machine learning.I highlight several individuals and groups who have influenced me,both through direct collaborations as well as from ideas and insights that I have learned from.While my reflections are rooted in geophysics,they should also be relevant to other computational scientific and engineering fields.I also provide some thoughts for young,applied scientists and engineers.

Novel techniques of liver segmental and subsegmental pedicle anatomy from segment 1 to segment 8

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic anatomical liver resection has become more challenging because some subsegmental Glissonean pedicles are hard to dissect.Here,we introduce how to dissect every(sub)segmental Glissonean pedicle from the first porta hepatis and perform standardized(sub)segmentectomy[from segment 1(S1)to S8].AIM To summarize our methods of laparoscopic anatomical segmental and subseg-mental liver resection.METHODS The Glisson sheath and liver capsule were separated along the Laennec mem-brane.The Glissonean pedicle could be isolated and transected with little or no parenchymal damage through this extra-Glissonean dissection approach.The basin of the(sub)segment was determined by the ischemia demarcation line or indocyanine green staining.The hepatic vein or intersegmental vein was also used to guide the plane of parenchymal transection.RESULTS All segmental or subsegmental pedicles or even the pedicle of the cone unit could be dissected along the Laennec membrane using our novel technique through the first porta hepatis.The dorsal branches of S8,the branches of S4a and the paracaval portion branches(b/c vein)of the caudate lobe were the most difficult to dissect.CONCLUSION The novel techniques of liver segmental and subsegmental pedicle anatomy is feasible for laparoscopic liver resection and can help accurately guide(sub)segmentectomy from S1 to S8.

The applied principles of EEG analysis methods in neuroscience and clinical neurology

Electroencephalography(EEG)is a non-invasive measurement method for brain activity.Due to its safety,high resolution,and hypersensitivity to dynamic changes in brain neural signals,EEG has aroused much interest in scientific research and medical felds.This article reviews the types of EEG signals,multiple EEG signal analysis methods,and the application of relevant methods in the neuroscience feld and for diagnosing neurological diseases.First,3 types of EEG signals,including time-invariant EEG,accurate event-related EEG,and random event-related EEG,are introduced.Second,5 main directions for the methods of EEG analysis,including power spectrum analysis,time-frequency analysis,connectivity analysis,source localization methods,and machine learning methods,are described in the main section,along with diferent sub-methods and effect evaluations for solving the same problem.Finally,the application scenarios of different EEG analysis methods are emphasized,and the advantages and disadvantages of similar methods are distinguished.This article is expected to assist researchers in selecting suitable EEG analysis methods based on their research objectives,provide references for subsequent research,and summarize current issues and prospects for the future.

Intracranial magnetic resonance venography in healthy individuals:normal anatomy and variations of the cerebral venous system

Objective:To evaluate the basic appearance and variation of the venous sinuses and veins in healthy individuals.Methods:Prospectively-recruited healthy volunteers completed a questionnaire and underwent magnetic resonance imaging plus contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography(CE-MRV)to measure their sinus diameters.Anatomical variations of cerebral venous sinuses were evaluated.Results:Fifty-eight individuals were included.The mean diameter of the left transverse sinus(LTS)(5.37±1.35 mm)was significantly smaller than that of the right transverse sinus(RTS)(6.65±1.57 mm)(P<0.001),and the average discrepancy was 19.2%.RTS dominance was noted in 55.1%of cases.Four superior sagittal sinus(SSS)anatomical variations were found.Type A was the most common and was present in 43 participants(74.1%).The SSS preferentially drained into the RTS in 32 patients(55.2%),and arachnoid granulation was observed in the transverse sinus(TS)and SSS in patients.According to our reclassification combined with Osborn’s previous research,we found that the SSS commonly drained into the RTS and that the straight sinus(StS)branched into both TSs.Conclusions:A 19%difference between the LTS and RTS provides a threshold for TS lateral dominance instead of a TS abnormality.Clinicians and radiologists should not ignore the influence of acquired pathology when the SSS drains in a non-RTS-dominant manner.Anatomical variations of the torcular herophili are frequent;the most commonly observed was the StS branching into both TSs,with the SSS draining into the RTS.

A Study of English Grammar Teaching and Cultural Introduction from the Perspective of Applied Linguistics

Grammar teaching is the main content of university English teaching,and the quality of teaching will affect the effect of university talent cultivation.Based on the perspective of applied linguistics,it is crucial to use cultural introduction teaching for English grammar teaching.This paper will combine the basic concepts of applied linguistics and cultural introduction teaching,analyze the role of using the cultural introduction teaching method to innovate grammar teaching mode under the perspective of applied linguistics,and put forward a scientific English grammar teaching strategy with the goal of improving teaching quality.

A Study on the Utilization of Applied Linguistics in Contemporary English Teaching

In the context of globalization,the importance of teaching English as a common language in the world becomes increasingly apparent.Applied Linguistics belongs to one of the sub-disciplines of linguistics,which plays an important role in contemporary English teaching.The knowledge of applied linguistics can help students learn the grammar,semantics,vocabulary,writing,and other contents in English,deepen their knowledge and understanding of English,and enhance the effectiveness of English teaching.This paper mainly describes the important role played by English linguistics in English teaching and focuses on its utilization strategies in the hope of providing references on this topic.

Exploration of Practical Teaching of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering Major Based on the Training of Applied Talents

Resource recycling science and engineering is a new interdisciplinary subject.In order to meet the needs of the development of the circular economy,it is highly necessary to improve students’innovative abilities and practical skills.This paper analyzes the problems existing in the practical teaching of this major and puts forward some approaches to the construction of practical teaching of resource-based major from the aspects of content system construction of practical teaching of resource recycling major,deep cooperation between schools and enterprises,construction of dual-teacher teams,and integration teaching of industry-university-research competition.It has effectively improved the training quality of applied talents in the resource recycling major.

Values and Paths of Ideological and Political Education in College English Teaching in Applied Universities

As the state promotes teaching reform with the goal of ideological and political education,the teaching of various disciplines in colleges and universities is facing new challenges and novel research topics.In applied colleges and universities,as a compulsory course of general education,the ideological and political education elements have not been deeply explored,and the function of ideological and political education that should be undertaken by English teaching has not been fully realized.This paper analyzes the value of ideological and political education in college English in applied colleges and universities and discusses the effective path of ideological and political education in college English in applied colleges and universities from the four levels of teachers,teaching materials,teaching methods,and curriculum.

Construction and Practice of Education and Teaching Quality Assurance Systems in Applied Colleges and Universities under the Background of Digital Intelligence

This paper discusses the optimization strategy of education and teaching quality assurance systems in applied colleges and universities under the background of digital intelligence.It first summarizes the relevant theories of digital intelligence transformation and analyzes the impact of digital intelligence transformation on higher education.Secondly,this paper puts forward the principles of constructing the quality assurance system of applied colleges,including strengthening the quality assurance consciousness,improving teachers’digital literacy,and implementing digital intelligence governance.From the practical perspective,this paper expounds on strategies such as optimizing educational teaching resource allocation,constructing a diversified evaluation system of teaching quality,strengthening the construction and training of teaching staff,and innovating teaching management methods.Specific optimization measures are put forward,such as improving policies,regulations,and system guarantees,strengthening cooperation between schools and enterprises,integrating industry,school,and research,building an educational information platform,and improving the monitoring and feedback mechanism of educational quality.