Exploring the feasibility of prestressed anchor cables as an alternative to temporary support in the excavation of super-large-span tunnel

Excavating super-large-span tunnels in soft rock masses presents significant challenges.To ensure safety,the sequential excavation method is commonly adopted.It utilizes internal temporary supports to spatially partition the tunnel face and divide the excavation into multiple stages.However,these internal supports generally impose spatial constraints,limiting the use of large-scale excavation equipment and reducing construction efficiency.To address this constraint,this study adopts the“Shed-frame”principle to explore the feasibility of an innovative support system,which aims to replace internal supports with prestressed anchor cables and thus provide a more spacious working space with fewer internal obstructions.To evaluate its effectiveness,a field case involving the excavation of a 24-m span tunnel in soft rock is presented,and an analysis of extensive field data is conducted to study the deformation characteristics of the surrounding rock and the mechanical behavior of the support system.The results revealed that prestressed anchor cables integrated the initial support with the shed,creating an effective“shed-frame”system,which successively maintained tunnel deformation and frame stress levels within safe regulatory bounds.Moreover,the prestressed anchor cables bolstered the surrounding rock effectively and reduced the excavation-induced disturbance zone significantly.In summary,the proposed support system balances construction efficiency and safety.These field experiences may offer valuable insights into the popularization and further development of prestressed anchor cable support systems.

Reliability analysis of prestressed anchors in rock slopes of open-pit mines

Prestressed anchor cables are widely used for slope reinforcement,but the loss of prestress makes it difficult to guarantee the reinforcement effect.Anchor cable prestress degradation was considered as a stochastic process,and the probability density function of this process was established using gamma theory and impact theory respectively.Combined with the failure threshold,the probability density was integrated to find the time-dependent reliability of the anchor cable.Based on the monitoring data of the prestress degradation of the anchor cable,parameters in the probability density function were solved by the maximum likelihood method,and the time-varying reliability and service life of the anchor cable were obtained analytically.The applicability of two degradation theories,gamma stochastic process and impact theory,was compared.The results showed that the probability density curves of both degradation models were normally distributed and the error of reliability results did not exceed 0.06.The life prediction results of the gamma stochastic process were closer to the actual life of 400 h than the 500 h of the impact theory,and the probability curves of the anchor cable life also indicated that the impact theory overestimated the service life probability of the anchor cable.Taking the anchor cable reinforcement within the slope of the Dagushan open-pit mine as an example,and the results verify the feasibility of using gamma theory to predict the degradation of anchor cables and provides theoretical support for prevention of the degradation of anchor cables in the slope of an open-pit mine under the action of external forces.

Study on range interval distance of prestressed anchor bars using update backpropagation neural network

Taking the practical reinforced engineering of a reinforced soil retaining wall as an example, which located in Shandong Province and set on 104 national highway, the stress spread behaviors of the anchor bars in the preforced proceeding were tested. According to the test data, and by use of the update backpropagation (BP) algorithm neural network(NN), the test method and it’s mechanism were studied by the network, then the learning results show the mean square error(MSE) only at the 2 55% level, and the proof testing results show the MSE at 4 38% level (the main aim is to build a NN directly from the in situ test results (the learning phase)). Ipso facto, the learning and adjustment abilities of the NN permit us to develop the test data, subsequently, 36 test data were acquired from the NN. By use of the provide data, as well as the failure situation and carried loading capacity of the retaining wall, finally, the choice the reasonable range interval distance of prestress cement grouting anchor bars were carried out, and the result was 2 m×2 m.

Prestressed tensioning method and its application to testing anchor stress of anchor cables for side-slope stabilization

The anchor stress extent of a prestress anchor cable project has a direct relation with the project safety and performance. Prestressed tensioning method is a kind of nondestructive testing method, by which a reverse stretching load is applied on the external exposure section of anchor cable under construction or in service, and then the elongation variation of stress bars is measured to determine the anchor stress. We elaborated the theory and testing mechanism of prestressed tensioning method, and systematically studied key issues during the prestressed tensioning process of anchor cable by using physical model test, including the composition of tension stress-elongation curve, the variation of anchor stress, the compensation of locked anchor stress, and the judgment of anchor stress, and verified the theory feasibility of prestressed tensioning method. A case study on slope anchor cable of one highway project was conducted to further discuss on the test method, operation procedures and judgment of prestressed tensioning method on obtaining anchor stress, and then the test data of three situations were analyzed. The result provides a theoretical basis and technical base for the application of prestressed tensioning method to the evaluation of construction quality and operation conditions of anchor cable project.

ANALYSIS ON INCREMENTAL COHESION OF SURROUNDING ROCK DUE TO PRESTRESSED CABLE ANCHOR

A new method for determining the incremental cohesion △Cm of surrounding rock due to prestressed cable anchor is presented, and the formulas for △Cm are deduced and △Cm distributions also are discussed, based on the two anchorage effects, one is the effect with the prestressed vaIue △σ3 of cable anchor improving the stress state of surrounding rock and increasing the surrounding rock strength, the other is the fully encapsulated effect. The determined incremental cohesion △Cm is subiected to the model test and field measurement in the references, and coincides well with those tested results. The formulas for △Cm can be used in designing supoport parameters and related numerical analyses of prestressed cable anchor.

考虑锚杆预应力作用下隧道围岩力学分析及参数设计

隧道工程中锚杆设计多依靠经验法和类比法,为研究预应力锚杆支护体系下围岩的力学效应,建立预应力锚杆与围岩力学耦合模型,考虑围岩开挖损伤效应,通过弹塑性力学理论推导出隧道开挖后围岩应力分布及径向位移解析表达式,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D进行算例验证并分析预应力锚杆参数对围岩状态的影响。研究结果表明:理论解析和数值模拟中最大切向应力和围岩塑性区半径分别为4.77 MPa、15 m和4.49 MPa、15.86 m,理论解析与数值模拟所计算隧道围岩应力分布、位移基本一致,在Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩地层中验证了理论解析解的合理性;随着预紧力增大,处于塑性区的围岩径向位移及塑性区半径逐渐减小,弹性区基本不受影响;当锚杆自由段长度位于塑性区时,随着锚杆长度增加,围岩塑性区径向位移及塑性区半径逐渐减小。在实际工程中应尽量增大锚杆预紧力,锚杆长度增加对围岩位移以及塑性区的发展控制效果有限,应控制锚杆自由段长度在塑性区内。

带锚板预应力螺纹钢筋抗拔性能试验研究

目的为了探讨直径25 mm、强度等级PSB1080的带锚板预应力螺纹钢筋在有效锚固长150,200,250 mm的钢筋混凝土厚板或基础中拔出时的锚固性能,方法以有效锚固长度、套管有无、锚板宽度和构造钢筋数量为试验参数,对7个试件进行抗拔性能试验研究。研究试件的破坏特征,分析荷载-位移曲线、极限抗拔承载力、试件开裂荷载和荷载-应变曲线。结果结果表明:试件抗拔承载力随着锚固长度的增加而增加,当有效锚固长度为250 mm时,预应力螺纹钢筋均能达到屈服;混凝土开裂荷载随着有效锚固长度、锚板宽度和套管的增设而增加,构造钢筋数量对面层混凝土开裂荷载的影响并不明显;采用套管试件的面层混凝土开裂荷载比未采用套管试件提高了2.66倍;根据荷载-位移曲线可知,在锚板上增设构造钢筋可以防止带锚板预应力螺纹钢筋拔出时承载力急剧下降;基于试验结果和相关文献结果,对比锚固区混凝土锥体破坏试件的试验值与计算值可知,Nilforoush建议式和日本JSCE规范式9.2.11分别比试验值低19%和10%。结论增设套管可以有效提高开裂荷载;使用日本JSCE规范式9.2.11计算抗拔承载力更接近试验值。

风力发电塔基础预应力锚栓T型法兰连接系统计算方法研究

由于锚固区域基础刚度的影响,风力发电塔基础预应力锚栓组件受力不同于塔筒钢管间锻造法兰连接系统。基于Petersen计算方法的原理,推导出适用于预应力锚栓式风力机基础的计算方法,建立包含锚栓组件在内的单区隔和整体有限元模型研究基础约束刚度的空间效应。通过对单区隔和整体有限元计算所得锚栓拉力的对比发现,基础约束刚度的空间效应可忽略不计;通过对整体有限元模型计算结果和工程算法计算结果的对比,验证了工程算法的精度。

动载作用下锚固体应力波传递及破坏特征研究

为研究动载作用下锚固体的应力波传播规律及破坏特征,利用分离式霍普金森杆(SHPB)对锚固体试件开展了不同预应力及不同冲击次数的冲击试验。研究结果表明:随着预应力增加,锚固围岩中应力波峰值逐渐增加,衰减速度逐渐减小,增大锚杆预应力,锚固自由端拉伸波峰值明显减小;随锚固体试件预应力增加,锚固体轴力损失越快,轴力损失率呈二次线性增加的趋势;预应力较小时,锚固自由端围岩产生裂缝较多,多次冲击下裂缝距离较为接近;随着预应力的增加,自由端头破坏程度减弱;随着预应力增加,拉拔最大位移量越来越小,未受动载作用的原始试件拉拔后未出现明显的破坏;动载作用后,随着预应力增大,锚固端头发生一定程度的劈裂破坏,预应力持续增加劈裂破坏程度越来越弱。

无粘结环锚预应力衬砌张拉工艺足尺模型试验研究

针对预应力衬砌张拉过程中易出现应力集中而导致张拉裂缝的现象,通过开展洞外地面足尺模型试验,提出了分级分步张拉顺序和质量控制指标。首先根据钢绞线摩阻测试计算出摩擦系数,随后应用上述张拉顺序和质量控制方法进行自动张拉,并采用磁通量传感器和混凝土应变计分别对钢绞线和内衬混凝土的应力变化开展实测。现场张拉试验结果表明:①钢绞线沿程预应力损失约16.3%,采用的双层钢绞线在实践中可保证较高的有效预应力;②对锚具槽进行分级分步张拉,可使内衬混凝土获得较均匀的封闭环向压应力环,平均压应力达-10.9 MPa;③提出的3项控制指标可进行量化管理,结合自动张拉技术可有效地保证张拉质量。

土岩二元基坑不同材质腰梁对锚索预应力损失的影响规律研究

为研究土岩二元基坑不同材质腰梁对锚索预应力损失影响的时变规律,本文依托青岛某土岩基坑工程,开展了GFRP腰梁和双背槽钢腰梁作用下的锚索预应力损失监测的现场试验。研究结果表明:两种材质的腰梁各具优势,GFRP腰梁对锚索短期预应力损失更有利,而双背槽钢腰梁长期损失率更低;双背槽钢腰梁作用下锚索预应力变化趋势更加平缓,浮动范围更小;GFRP腰梁可以有效减少锚索预应力在快速下降阶段的预应力损失量。研究成果可为类似地质条件下基坑支护设计、施工和监测提供参考和借鉴。

缓凝型水泥浆液配合比优化及锚孔浆岩界面特性影响研究

针对预应力锚杆后张法施工中自由段浆液流动性和缓凝效果差的工程难题,提出使用标准型聚羧酸减水剂作为掺加剂以实现水泥浆液缓凝并提高其工作性能,探究其对锚孔浆岩界面特性的影响。采用室内试验、SEM电镜扫描等手段,结合Matlab多目标优化等方法,对掺加减水剂的缓凝型水泥浆液的锚固性能及配合比优化展开研究,得出适用于预应力锚杆自由段的注浆材料及其最优配合比,并与现行规范推荐配合比进行锚孔横断面结石特性对比试验。研究结果表明:1)随着水灰比增大,水泥浆液的流动度和凝结时间增大,体积结石率和抗压强度减小;随着减水剂掺量的增大,水泥浆液的流动度和凝结时间增大,体积结石率减小,减水剂对浆液抗压强度影响较小;2)未掺加减水剂时,浆液结石体致密性随着水灰比的增大而降低,掺加减水剂使得浆液结石体表面局部存在相对较大尺度的孔或孔隙,对宏观结石体强度有一定影响;3)通过Matlab多目标优化方法推荐了缓凝型水泥浆液最优配合比为水灰比0.3,减水剂掺量1.85%,相关性能参数符合规范要求,且流动度与抗压强度较规范推荐配合比分别提升了72.3%和107%;4)浸水围岩会弱化浆岩界面的抗剪强度,因此在锚杆灌浆过程中保证横断面结石率有利于提高浆岩界面的抗剪强度,本文提出的最优配合比浆液抗剪强度优于规范推荐配合比浆液。

便携式在役锚索预应力检测设备研制及应用

现有的锚索预应力检测设备要求锚索外露段长度>70 cm,不适应于运维期的在役锚索检测,且质量大都在150 kg以上,对于高陡边坡锚索检测显得笨重。为此研制了HRAD-300型便携式在役锚索预应力智能检测仪,可适用于钢绞线外露长度>7 cm的在役锚索预应力检测。检测仪位移量程200 mm,测量误差0.01 mm;测力量程300 kN,测量误差±1%FS,单件质量<15 kg,总质量<40 kg。基于反拉法原理及检测曲线形态,提出锚下有效预应力算法,并编制了相关软件。室内试验表明,检测曲线形态多为拐点不明显型,计算值与原始锁定值基本一致。使用该设备对邛崃市天台山景区凤凰岩不稳定斜坡锚固工程进行检测,结果表明,现场锚索检测曲线多为拐点明显型,具有明显的突变点及陡降;锚索运行状态良好,持续发挥功效,2号锚索预应力损失较为明显,可以采取补偿张拉方式;同一锚索的不同钢绞线存在受力不均的情况。便携式在役锚索预应力检测仪智能、轻便,可为锚固工程健康评价提供数据支撑。

基于预应力场分布的锚杆支护参数设计

为优化隧道施工预应力锚杆支护参数,通过模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究Ⅳ级围岩条件下锚杆支护参数对预应力场分布的影响。结果表明:预紧力对锚杆预应力场的影响显著,预紧力越大,预应力场分布范围越大,锚杆主动支护作用越好;锚固长度过长会减小预应力场分布范围,锚固长度过短则不利于形成连续的压应力区,建议锚固长度取锚杆长度的30%~50%;锚杆间距越小预应力场叠加效应越明显,锚杆间距过小时在锚杆末端会出现拉应力区,建议锚杆间距取锚杆长度的42%。

地震荷载下预应力锚固边坡离心振动模型试验研究

预应力锚索作为边坡支护的重要技术,已经在边坡加固中得到了广泛应用,但锚固岩质边坡在地震荷载作用下的响应机制以及锚索受力变形规律还不明确。为此,开展了预应力锚固边坡离心振动模型试验,系统介绍了模型相似设计、模型设计与制作、地震荷载施加等试验关键技术,并以紫坪铺水库泄洪洞进口岩质边坡为原型,开展了简谐地震波作用下的锚固边坡离心模型试验。对试验结果进行了分析,并对该离心振动试验的主要影响因素进行了探讨。研究结果表明:地震作用下预应力锚索发挥了较强的被动支护作用,且越靠近滑面处应力应变响应越明显;边坡竖向位移与应力应变值的响应情况随地震烈度的改变产生明显变化。研究成果可为今后离心振动模型试验的开展提供参考与借鉴。

预应力锚固体系锚垫板上灌浆孔的研究

在预应力锚固区及其锚垫板的结构设计研究中,为了提高模型分析运算速度,通常简化模型结构而忽略灌浆孔,进而忽略了灌浆孔对预应力锚固区应力分布的影响。本文以设置灌浆孔的锚垫板旋转角度为变量,对铸造型锚垫板上的灌浆孔展开研究,建立2 200 MPa级预应力锚固区模型进行有限元分析,确定锚垫板的最佳放置位置,然后进行锚固区传力试验。结果表明:锚垫板放置在45°位置,锚固区承载力相对较高,锚固区安全可靠。由于灌浆孔的存在,锚垫板应力集中出现在灌浆孔,因此建立拉压杆模型对锚垫板进行结构设计时需忽略灌浆孔。与未设置灌浆孔相比,设置灌浆孔的锚垫板主拉应力最大增加了34.27%,主压应力最大增加了4.81%。螺旋筋主拉应力最大减少了4.16%,Von-Mises应力最大减少了16.83%,锚下混凝土侧表面拉应力最大增加了1.99%。试验结果验证了锚垫板放置在45°位置时2 200 MPa级预应力锚固区结构安全。

渐进式滑坡锚索抗滑桩预应力张拉值计算

依据渐进式滑坡蠕变特点,现有锚索抗滑桩计算模型针对渐进式滑坡桩–锚–土三者相互作用过程考虑较少。针对这一问题,将渐进式滑坡缓慢失稳的变形特征和预应力锚索抗滑桩从空载到满载动态工作过程相结合,利用Winkler弹性地基梁理论,优化了锚索抗滑桩桩–锚变形协调条件,考虑桩后土压力渐进变化过程,构建不同工况桩–锚–土协同工作的计算模型,推导了预应力锚索抗滑桩施工阶段初张拉值的计算方法。结合工程算例和有限元软件数值模拟结果,为获取较高精度的计算数值,采用MATLAB软件编译程序进行计算分析。结果表明:1)渐进式滑坡“稳定–蠕动–失稳”阶段性变形特点决定了预应力锚索抗滑桩“空载–加载–满载”三阶段桩–锚动态内力变形过程,明确了各阶段桩后可能存在的土压力模型,单纯进行满载阶段锚索拉力设计不符合渐进式滑坡实际作用机理,进一步证明施工阶段锚索预应力张拉值设计的重要性;2)渐进式滑坡推力由尚未产生的初始空载阶段至完全作用的满载阶段,两阶段并非互相独立存在,二者通过桩–锚变形协调条件相互作用,表明了施工阶段抗滑桩预应力张拉力值大小受满载阶段桩锚内力及变形大小的影响;3)依据渐进式滑坡锚索抗滑桩动态内力变形过程,保证抗滑桩受荷段和锚固段内力大小均衡相等,优化了满载阶段全桩弯矩平衡设计原则,确立了以静止土压力作为施工阶段预应力张拉值设计标准,对比表明,此计算方法优于其余4种现有算法,同时有限元数值模拟结果与本文算法贴合度较高,进一步验证了此计算方法的合理性和可靠性。研究成果可为渐进式滑坡中预应力锚索抗滑桩的设计计算和施工提供技术指导。

富水砂层深基坑支护结构模拟分析与优化

基于北京市通州区某深基坑工程,依据降水开挖及支护方案,使用midas GTS NX软件建模研究了在土钉墙-桩锚联合支护下,不同锚杆条件对富水砂层深基坑开挖变形特征的影响,并基于实际施工方案进行支护结构优化。结果表明,桩锚支护中预应力锚杆能够有效加固深层土体,约束其水平位移,显著改善基坑稳定性,相较于无锚杆情况,坡顶和桩顶的水平位移最大值分别减少了60.9%和75.4%;桩锚支护情况下,桩身侧移随桩直径的增大先减小后增大,存在最优桩直径范围,且该范围受到锚杆预应力大小的影响。

土钉墙+桩锚式组合的深基坑支护技术研究

以石家庄市某深基坑项目为案例背景,通过研究土钉墙+预应力锚索组合的支护形式,将理论与施工现场实际相结合,同时对常见的施工质量问题进行分析并提出相应的解决措施,以期为相关工程提供参考经验。

高速公路边坡预应力锚索桩板墙结构参数优化与受力特征分析

桩板墙是高速公路滑坡治理中常用的一种支护措施,其结构参数的优化设计是工程施工的研究重点。以云南省红河州建水(个旧)至元阳高速公路工程AK0+560~AK0+660段桩板墙工程为背景,采用数值模拟与灰色关联分析、正交试验设计相结合的方法,研究桩体嵌固长度、桩间距、桩宽3种结构参数的影响与优化,最终验证优化后的结构参数在地震工况下的稳定性。结果表明:桩间距为主要影响因素,桩体嵌固长度和桩宽的关联度相近,为次要影响因素;桩板墙结构参数最优组合为桩体嵌固长度15.0 m、桩间距5.0 m、桩宽3.0 m;地震工况下,抗滑桩悬臂段土压力以及桩身偏移量和沉降差满足规范要求,边坡稳定性较好。