Discussion on Chinese Ancient Literature Translation Based on the English Translation of the Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is an important part of Chinese traditional culture and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.This article is based on Turi’s theory of translation norms,and takes the English translation of The Book of Songs·Jing Jing by Richard Jacob and Xu Yuanchong as the research object.Comparative studies are made on the historical nature of understanding,the normativeness of translation,and the application of the fusion of horizons in the two versions of the Book of Songs.Incorporating history into translation brings the translation closer to the roots of history.The comparative research method proposed in this article can be widely used in various ancient literature studies,and has important theoretical and application values.

Preliminary Remarks on Transmission and Communication in Ancient Greece： A Case Study in Mediology

The scope of this paper lies primarily on the recognition of what Debray called transmission and communication, however, in this article exclusively with regard to the Ancient Greek literature and culture. Transmission understood as the process in which ＂agencies and human actors transmit the ideas in historical and diachronic order＂ and communication implying the ＂synchronic interchange by linguistic impact between senders and receivers＂ are presented as two paths in which cultural messages are introduced and transmitted by means of ＂literary production＂. Early Greek literature, which was based on the oral performance and mirrored the language in its prototypical form, seemed to be the main source of information for the reconstruction of the two above processes. In the proposed model, the new understanding of the media introduced by Debray plays the most important role, because in the theory of ＂cultural transmission＂, the medium can be not only ＂a symbolic process, a social code, a material device＂ but also a human being. Therefore, on the basis of this theory, mediology can be described as the way of 4M： message, medium, milieu, and mediation.

Advances in Application of Bistortae Rhizoma in Mongolian Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine

Mongolian medicine and traditional Chinese medicine have different interpretations of Bistortae Rhizoma,including its name,nature and taste,function and efficacy.This paper sorted out the related application of Chinese and Mongolian medicine from the records of Materia Medica.The chemical components and pharmacological effects of Bistortae Rhizoma were summarized to provide a reference for the clinical application of Bistortae Rhizoma in traditional Chinese medicine and Mongolian medicine,and for the better development and utilization of national medicines.

The modern context and ancient resources of Chinese literature

To enter into and utilize the resources of ancient literature is a necessity for literary modernity. In the twentieth century, modern Chinese literature generally adopted four paradigms in pursuit of this objective： the socio-political paradigm that viewed traditional literature in terms of ＂quintessence-dross＂ under the guidance of the Marxist doctrine of the critical inheritance of cultural heritage; the ＂spiritual awakening＂ paradigm that, being inspired by Western schools of thought such as hermeneutics, viewed traditional literature as ＂the source of new literature＂; the scientific-aesthetic paradigm that viewed traditional literature as combining scientific interpretation and modern aesthetics and focused on interpretation, transformation, innovation and creation from within; and the folk paradigm that viewed literary tradition as a narrative of daily life demonstrating the way in which ancient and modern literature were connected in a cultural whole. What is important in the complementary and competitive development of these coexisting paradigms is highlighting ＂problem consciousness＂ in ＂interaction＂ and ＂original creation＂ and the reconstruction of the value of real human life through entering into and reactivating the resources of ancient literature.

Women＇s Representation in ＂Trimalchio＇s Feast＂ and The Great Gatsby

The aim of this paper is to show the interesting intertextual relation between The Great Gatsby and the episode ＂Trimalchio＇s Feast＂--inserted in Petronius＇ Satyricon-regarding to the construction of female characters. The characters with the nearest resemblance are Fortunata （Trimalchio＇s wife） and Myrtle （Tom Buchanan＇s mistress）. Fortunata＇s presentation stands out several elements which mark her by degradation, the same sort of elements which is possible to observe in Myrtle＇s description. Among these qualities, there are the violence and the ugliness shown in their physical and psychological portrayal, exhibited on the way they dress and behave in the social gatherings in which they take part. These features are also showed in the manner they are treated by their men. Fitzgerald also shows his characters--male or female in a very similar manner. The women, in both books, are not presented in a flattering way, for sure, but they are not also presented as inferior beings. Wherefore the ancient piece can be once more approximate from modern narratives and this fact reflects in its reception and on the clear, and timeless, influence it has on literature in general as in the case of Fitzgerald＇s novel.

Exploration on acupoint selection rules of ancient acupuncture for chronic gastritis based on data mining

Objective:To explore the experiences of ancient acupuncture physicians in acupoint combination with meridians and body regions involved in treatment of chronic gastritis through data mining technology so as to provide the evidences for the clinical application of acupuncture for chronic gastritis in the modem time.Methods:Firstly,the ancient literature(database),searching words,inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined.Secondly,the database was organized through computer and manual retrieval.Finally,using data mining techniques,such as frequency analysis and association analysis,the experiences of ancient acupuncture physicians were explored in meridian selection and acupoint combination in treatment of chronic gastritis.Results:A total of 2243 items in compliance with the relevant requirements were included,covering224 acupoints for the treatment of chronic gastritis.Of them,the involved meridians were closely related to the stomach,especially to bladder,spleen and stomach meridians as well as Conception Vessel.The acupoints selected not only focus on the local acupoints related to lesions,but also on the distal ones,especially those located in the lower limbs.The most common acupoints for any symptom were Zusanli(足三里ST36),Neiguan(内关PC6),Zhongwan(中脘CV12),Gongsun(公孙SP4)and Taibai(太白SP3).For epigastric pain,Liangmen(梁门ST21)and Xiangu(陷谷ST43)were the representatives as the combination of acupoints from the same meridian.For the disorders with upward reversion of qi,PC6 and SP4 were generally combined.Among the specific points,the five-shu points were the most common,followed by the front-mu points.In the combination with the specific points involved,PC4 and SP4 were highly associated.The acupoint combination was particular for each category of main symptoms.Conclusion:In treatment of chronic gastritis with acupuncture,the ancient physicians give the great consideration to symptom differentiation and meridian differentiation relevant with gastric disorders,as well as the combination of the distal and nearby acupoints.Besides,the specific points are of the best choice.

Investigation of international demand for Clinical Practice Guidelines of Acupuncture and moxibustion:A cross-sectional study

Objective:This study aims to get the medical management of acupuncture and moxibustion in the countries and regions where the society members of World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)are located,including the educational background of acupuncture and moxibustion practitioners and the local clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion,and the demands of the content and evidence types of Clinical Practice Guidelines(CPGs)of acupuncture and moxibustion in accordance with WFAS standards,so as to provide requirements and reference principles for the development of CPGs of acupuncture and moxibustion in accordance with WFAS standards.Methods:The convenient sampling method was used to collect the questionnaires,and the WFAS secretariat distributed the questionnaires to 294 contacts of society members from 70 countries and regions in the form of Questionnaire Star four times in April 2020,July 2020,March 2021,and April 2021 respectively.They were then distributed to individual members of acupuncture-moxibustion societies by the contacts.The study content involved the basic information of respondents,including their nationality,occupation,educational background of acupuncture and moxibustion,their local clinical practice and medical management of acupuncture and moxibustion,as well as their demand for CPGs of acupuncture and moxibustion,etc.After the questionnaires were collected,the data were analyzed and described by quantitative research method.Results:In all,302 respondents from 37 countries of six continents responded.The 302 respondents were members of the WFAS society members.(1)Basic information of respondents.They all had acupuncture and moxibustion learning experience,among which,76.5%(231/302)had the education background of acupuncture and moxibustion professional college training,and 88.4%(267/302)had experience of acupuncture and moxibustion clinical practice.Acupuncturists or traditional Chinese medicine doctors accounted for 63.9%(193/302),western medicine doctors,nurses,and pharmacists accounted for 18.2%(55/302),and researchers and teachers accounted for 6.3%(19/302).(2)Local clinical practice and medical management of acupuncture and moxibustion.The level of clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion varies greatly among the regions where the WFAS society members lived.Among them,more countries in Europe have not included acupuncture and moxibustion in medical insurance than those in other continents(x^(2)=26.049,P<0.01),and more countries have not included acupuncture and moxibustion in public hospital treatment system than those in other continents(x^(2)=113.488,P<0.01).(3)Demand for CPGs of acupuncture and moxibustion.A total of 93.0%(281/302)respondents believed that WFAS CPGs of acupuncture and moxibustion would be helpful for their local practice.The order of their demand and concern for WFAS CPGs was:acupuncture manipulation>latest progress of acupuncture treatment>choice of acupuncture therapies>safety of acupuncture and moxibustion>combination of acupuncture and other programs.A total of 87.4%(264/302)respondents believed that ancient classics could guide clinical practice,and the ancient literature should be used as evidence for the development of guidelines.Conclusion:The respondents are those future practitioners of CPGs of acupuncture and moxibustion conforming to WFAS standards.Commonly they have clinical practice experience and professional education background.They believe that guidelines will be of help to the clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion,hope that WFAS CPGs would recommend effective guidelines for acupuncture manipulation and provide the latest progress in acupuncture treatment and so on,and they believe that classical ancient books can guide their clinical practice.It indicates the necessity and feasibility of formulating the WFAS CPGs of acupuncture and moxibustion.In view of the results of this study,it is suggested that the formulation process of WFAS CPGs of acupuncture and moxibustion should take into account the clinical practice level of acupuncture and moxibustion in each region,as well as its legislation and management situation of acupuncture and moxibustion,so as to meet the needs of users as much as possible.

Exploration of Stratified Evidence Scoring Method of Acupuncture Clinical Practice Guidelines

Due to its own internal laws of development,Chinese medicine(CM)seems more inclined to empirical medicine in a relatively long historical period.It is considered to be lacking objective and unified clinical practice guidelines(CPGs),and the difficulties in diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation comes with it,have restricted its further inheritance,development and international communication.Over the years,our research group has been committed to improving the standardization theory and methodology of CM,also perfecting relative techniques for further application,which are all based on the stratified evidence scoring method.We have already applied this method to 45 issued guidelines,including 5 national guidelines,3 industrial guidelines,and 37 formulation/revision social organization guidelines.The stratified evidence scoring method has been recognized and used widely.It helps scholars and applicators to study,formulate,publish and popularize the acupuncture therapy clinical practice guidelines better,thus further promotes the development of acupuncture therapy.