Adolescent Reproductive Health: Challenges and Change

The field of reproductive health has had long ronnaents in ways that other health fields have not experience negotiating challenging enviperhaps because other health fields usually deal with illness which everyone agrees is not a good thing. Or maybe because we have all been born, we all think we know something about reproduction. Whatever the reason, we have over the years seen bitter political and ideological debates over population and family planning, abortion, the treatment of HIV/AIDS, in vitro fertilization, new contraceptive technologies--and now adolescent reproductive health. We shouldn＇t be surprised. But just as we have had to prevail in those debates in the past, they are crucial today： the numbers of young people entering their reproductive years throughout the world, especially the developing world, make it essential that youth be reached not only with messages and services crafted in the last 40 years but also with new messages, new ideas and new services.

Expansion and Change of Rural Settlements in Traditional Agricultural Regions:Based on Village Investigation in Pingdu County

The rural settlements accounted for a great proportion of overall building land in China,but it still expanded in recent years along with urbanization and gradually decreasing rural population.To explore the reason for this phenomenon,an analy- sis has been made based on the investigation in a traditional agri- cultural region.This study found that socioeconomic factors,in- cluding the scale of families and its quantity,the improvement of rural public infrastructure,the change of population and the pres- sure of arable land,have effects on the expansion.The view on land tenure which has shaped in farmers minds in the long haul makes them dispose their houses cautiously,and this was the main cause of the fact that one household own more than one plot.In addition,the limitations of rural land institution are unconducive to inspiriting the transfer of farmers' building land and redevel- opment of the idle housing land.

Preface to the Special Issue “Unified Perspective of Climate Variability and Change”

Forty years ago, Klaus Wyrtki （1975） of University of Hawaii discovered that E1 Nifio warming off South America is not a result of local wind change but a response to the relaxed equatorial trade winds some 10 000 km away near the international dateline. The Kelvin wave mechanism was quickly verified from wind-forced ocean model simulations. Consequent develop- ments show that the dance between the fast-reacting atmosphere and slow-evolving ocean sets the pace of E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO; Philander, 1990）. The concept of ocean-atmosphere interaction has revolutionized our view of the climate system and led to operational climate prediction.

APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING IN ENVIRONMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE THREE GORGES AREA

1. INTRODUCTION The proposed Three Gorges Project, one of the biggest hydroelectric projects in the world, will dam the middle reaches of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River, the third longest river in the world, and form a large reservoir. Its impacts on environment have attracted wide attention. Entrusted by National Scientific-Technical Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) was in charge of a research project on this issuse from 1984 to 1989. Tho use of remote sensing played an important role in the project considering the study area is mountainous and not convenientlv located, which makes it difficult to conduct the research onlv using conventional means.

The Complicated Security Dilemma and Armament Trends in the Middle East: The Order and Change Predicaments

The security dilemma is a common problem faced with the states in the ongoing anarchic international system.It does matter in the Middle East like the other ones and also has its impact on the arms races in the region too.Meanwhile there are some characters named as the order and change predicaments such as the colonial background,weak infrastructure of state construction,and the identity politics embedded in the region that do convert the current complex security dilemma into a complicated one.Not only does it have effect on the regional order,the arm race and disarmament,and also offense/defense paradox,but also does it get on the violent bandwagon in the region.Synergies of the both dilemmas did lead the region into the domestic environment change alongside of regional disorder too.Non-neutral involving the trans-regional powers into the(in)security situation in the region not only did not mitigate the situation but also volatile it too.In conclusion the paper does strive to introduce three phrased manners for transition of the complicated security dilemma.

11th ISE Congress 2010 Entitled Continuity and Change in Ethnopharmacology:Transdisciplinary Science for Our Future-In Memoriam of Prof. NINA Etkin(1948-2009)

The ISE’s first congress took place about 20 years ago (Strasbourg 1990).This year the Journal of Ethnopharmacology,the official journal of the International Society

Effect of Wulong Dan on Treatment of Acute Cerebral Infarction and Change of Hormones in Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

Objective:To explore the effect of Wulong Dan (WLD) on treatment of acute cerebral infarction and change of hormones in hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Methods:Thirty five cases of the treated group treated with WLD by taken orally and 31 cases of the control group treated with nimoton taken orally. And dextran was given intravenously to both groups. Blood level of triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (T4), free throxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of all patients were determined before and after treatment by radioimmunoassay. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, there were significant difference between the treated group and the control group in cure rate, markedly effective rate,cure score and disappearance of clinical symptoms (P < 0. 01 ). The levels of T3, FT3,TSH of all patients were lower than those of the normal control before treatment. After treatment with WLD and dextran, the abovementioned indexes turned to normal. Conclusions: WLD has a significant effect on patients with cerebral infarction on the basis of improved microcirculation induced by dextran. It also has regulatory effect on the hypothalamuspituitary-thyroid axis disorder so as to be helpful in maintaining the homeostasis.

Challenges and Change for The UN

The UN faces an uphill bsttle to promote world peace and development This year marks the 40th anniversary of China’sreturn to the UN.On October 25, 1971,the 26th Session of the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution2758 and decided to restore the lawful seat

Multi-Barycenter Mechanics, N-Body Problem and Rotation of Galaxies and Stars

In the present paper, the establishment of a systematic multi-barycenter mechanics is based on the multi-particle mechanics. The new theory perfects the basic theoretical system of classical mechanics, which finds the law of mutual interaction between particle groups, reveals the limitations of Newton’s third law, discovers the principle of the intrinsic relationship between gravity and tidal force, reasonably interprets the origin and change laws for the rotation angular momentum of galaxies and stars and so on. By applying new theory, the multi-body problem can be transformed into a special two-body problem and for which an approximate solution method is proposed, the motion law of each particle can be roughly obtained.

Natural forests in New Zealand–a large terrestrial carbon pool in a national state of equilibrium

Background:Natural forests cover approximately 29%of New Zealand’s landmass and represent a large terrestrial carbon pool.In 2002 New Zealand implemented its first representative plot-based natural forest inventory to assess carbon stocks and stock changes in these mostly undisturbed old-growth forests.Although previous studies have provided estimates of biomass or carbon stocks,these were either not fully representative or lacked data from important pools such as dead wood(coarse woody debris).The current analysis provides the most complete estimates of carbon stocks and stock changes in natural forests in New Zealand.Results:We present estimates of per hectare carbon stocks and stock changes in live and dead organic matter pools excluding soil carbon based on the first two measurement cycles of the New Zealand Natural Forest Inventory carried out from 2002 to 2014.These show that New Zealand’s natural forests are in balance and are neither a carbon source nor a carbon sink.The average total carbon stock was 227.0±14.4 tC·ha^(−1)(95%C.I.)and did not change significantly in the 7.7 years between measurements with the net annual change estimated to be 0.03±0.18 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1).There was a wide variation in carbon stocks between forest groups.Regenerating forest had an averaged carbon stock of only 53.6±9.4 tC·ha^(−1) but had a significant sequestration rate of 0.63±0.25 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1),while tall forest had an average carbon stock of 252.4±15.5 tC·ha^(−1),but its sequestration rate did not differ significantly from zero(−0.06±0.20 tC·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1)).The forest alliance with the largest average carbon stock in above and below ground live and dead organic matter pools was silver beech-red beech-kamahi forest carrying 360.5±34.6 tC·ha^(−1).Dead wood and litter comprised 27%of the total carbon stock.Conclusions:New Zealand’s Natural Forest Inventory provides estimates of carbon stocks including estimates for difficult to measure pools such as dead wood and roots.It also provides estimates of uncertainties including effects of model prediction error and sampling variation between plots.Importantly it shows that on a national level New Zealand’s natural forests are in balance.Nevertheless,this is a nationally important carbon pool that requires continuous monitoring to identify potential negative or positive changes.

Dryland Pastoralism Climate Landscape and Food Security in the Suam River Basin of Kenya

River basins in the drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa have traditionally been utilized for pastoral livelihoods under communal land tenure. Communities in West Pokot in Kenya have continued to experience increased precipitation and temperature as a result of climate variability and change. This study aimed at assessing the impact of climate variability and change at micro-basin level in order to address research and policy gaps on climate change and food security as policy arena shifts from centralized to decentralized governance in Kenya. Primary quantitative data was collected from 387 households’ perceptions of climate variability and change and its implications on food security were measured. Food security index score was calculated. The annual rainfall trend over Suam river basin for the period (1981-2020), was characterized by a linearly increasing annual rainfall trend. Mann Kendall test Z-statistics and Tau were at 2.3578 and 0.0720 respectively. The basin experienced the highest rainfall variability during the first decade (1981-1990) with the highest coefficient of rainfall variation noted at 11.5%. The highest temperature was recorded in the third decade (2001-2010) and fourth decade (2011-2020) at 27.0 and 28.2 degrees Celsius respectively. However, the overall index score for food security was 55.78 with food availability scoring the highest index, mean (SD) of 63.41 (36.52). This was attributed to households’ practice of both nomadic pastoralism and agro-pastoralism activities. Climate variability and change, have resulted in increased amount of rainfall received providing for opportunity investment in rain water harvesting to support both pastoralism and agro-pastoralism production to enhance food security.

Construction of a refined population analysis unit based on urban forms and population aggregation patterns

The population analysis unit(PAU)is the basic unit employed in studies of urban populations.The commonly used PAUs are mostly administrative divisions,regular geographic grids.However,these units are different from urban forms,and cannot be used to consider the characteristics of population distributions and flow changes.In this study,we proposed a method for constructing a fine population analysis zone(FPAZ)based on the population aggregation pattern and urban form elements.First,considering the spatial structure of a city and the fine-grained demands of population analysis,the basic analysis unit was divided according to the functional heterogeneity of the population activity region at the micro-scale by combining urban form elements.Next,a population aggregation preference model was established by considering the spatial distribution characteristics of the local aggregation of the urban population flow and long-term stability characteristics depending on the dynamic changes in entrances and exits.Finally,we divided the FPAZ combined with the microstructural elements.Experimental results showed that compared with other types of PAUs,the FPAZ was more consistent with the urban morphology and was an appropriate and general spatial unit for expressing the accurate characteristics of population distributions and changes at the micro-scale.

Large Scale Infrastructure Projects: The Art of Project or Change Management?

Although it is generally understood that change is a fundamental component of managing projects in the construction industry in general and an inevitable challenge for large scale infrastructure project in particular, there has been little to no attention in the literature to understand change in this context from a more holistic perspective. For this purpose, this work looks at change through the eyes of a framework of six batteries of change that seem essential to charge an organization's capabilities for change. The framework brings together the expertise of four specialists that all have developed their insights over many years of study and practice, and has been validated through an extensive review of the management literature on organization development and change. Reflections on the application of this model in the construction industry and in large scale infrastructure projects demonstrate that energizing organizations to successfully deal with change goes beyond the traditional techniques of managing change from a program or project management perspective. Assessing the six batteries of change in this context can help organizations to develop capabilities for change that build change energy by balancing formal/rational methods with informal/emotional interventions at both a local(department/subproject) and global(business) level.

CHANGING CURRICULUM,CHANGING PEDAGOGY:ELT FROM A COLLEGE TEACHER'S PERSPECTIVE IN CHINA

作者运用案例分析法对中学英语教师马老师的教师信念与教学实践进行了颇具深度的分析与探讨。作者结合丰富的第一手资料描述了马老师是如何在她所处的特殊教学环境下与新理念、新大纲、新教材、新教法等进行磨合,并如何克服现实环境中资源不足、教考矛盾等困难,进而做出恰当的教学决策的,为我们勾勒出一幅丰富多彩的教师教法立体图。作者指出,定型观念认为中国英语教师教法陈旧不变的看法是片面的,事实上,中国英语教师对于教学改革是持积极与开放的态度,但由于受到诸多内外因素的影响和限制,他们的教法变革是渐进的,讲求实效的。