Mechanical properties and rockburst proneness of phyllite under uniaxial compression

To investigate the influence of the bedding angle,β,on the mechanical properties and rockburst proneness,uniaxial compression tests were conducted using cylindrical phyllite specimens with different bedding angles.According to the results,the peak stress,peak strain,cumulative acoustic emission counts,and potential energy of the elastic strain exhibited a U-shaped change trend.With an increase in β from 0°to 90°,the failure mode transformed from tensile splitting failure along the bedding plane to shear slip failure along the weak bedding plane.Finally,the failure mode evolved into a tensile splitting failure across the bedding plane.When β=15°,30°,and 45°,the phyllite specimens exhibited strong,slight,and moderate rockburst proneness,with strong,slight,and moderate shear slip rockbursts,respectively.When β=0°,60°,75°,and 90°,the phyllite specimens had extremely strong rockburst proneness,and an extremely strong strain rockburst occurred.

Effects of initial particle gradation and rock content on crushing behaviors of weathered phyllite fills——A case of eastern Ankang section of Shiyan—Tianshui highway,China

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of initial particle gradation and rock content on the crushing behavior(i.e.grain size before and after crushing) of weathered phyllite fills.Compaction tests were conducted on weathered phyllite fills with rock contents of 35%,45%,55%,65% and 75%(by weight).First,the particle size distributions(PSDs) were observed before and after compaction,and then the particle breakage of weathered phyllite fills was analyzed by fractal dimension.Relative fractal dimension was proposed to evaluate the effects of initial rock content and initial gradation on the particle breakage.It was found that the fractal dimension method can well characterize the crushing behaviors of the weathered phyllite fills.The finer the fills were,the more they were compacted.That is,after the first compaction,the relative fractal dimension of the weathered phyllite fills increased as the rock content increased,reaching the values of 0.013,0.016,0.024,0.037 and 0.08,respectively.After the second compaction,these relative fractal dimension values,dominated by the initial particle gradation,became 0.059,0.072,0.052,0.095 and 0.118,respectively.In conclusion,the weathered phyllite fills with 55% rock content exhibited the least breakage and were most suitable for filling the subgrade.Findings in this paper will provide significant guidance for the construction of weathered phyllite filling subgrade in future projects.

Study of Mutual Improvement of Completed Weathered Phyllite and Red Clay Based on Neutralization Effects of Swelling and Shrinkage Deformation

Completely weathered phyllite(CWP)soil is a kind of special soil with high swell potential,while red clay is a special soil with high shrinkage.This means that these two kinds of special soils are usually not suitable for direct use as subgrade fill.To reduce the swell index of the CWP soil and the shrinkage of red clay at the same time,it was proposed to blend the CWP soil with red clay to improve their basic characteristics.A series of swell index tests and dry-wet cycle tests of the blended soils have been carried out at varying blending ratios,compaction coefficients and moisture contents.The test results show that the free swell index of the blended soil decreases with the increase of red clay,moisture content and compaction coefficient,respectively.The fissure density of the blended soil first decreases and then increases with the blending ratio,with the lowest being zero when the blending ratio is ranging from 20%to 40%.Through particle microscopic analysis and elemental composition analysis,it is found that the neutralization effect,the dilution effect of swell minerals,and the partition effect of coarse particles play an important role in restraining expansion and shrinkage deformation of the blended soil.Based on the liquid limit requirement of Chinese Railway Design Code(TB 10001-2016),the optimal blending ratio of red clay has been proposed to be 50%.Compared with the CWP soil,the free load swell index of the blended soil is reduced by 45.0%and the fissure density is reduced by 99.3%compared with that of red clay.Therefore,it is feasible to improve the CWP soil by blending it with red clay at an optimal ratio of 50%by using the neutralization effect of the expansion of CWP and shrinkage of red clay.

Deformation and Failure Mechanism of Phyllite under the Effects of THM Coupling and Unloading

Although the study of TM(Thermo Mechanics),HM(Hydraulic-Mechanics) and THM(Thermo-Hydraulic-Mechanics) coupling under a loading test have been under development,rock failure analysis under THM coupling and unloading is an emerging topic.Based on a high temperature triaxial unloading seep test for phyllite,this paper discusses the deformation and failure mechanism of phyllites under the "H M,T→H,T→M" incomplete coupling model with unloading conditions.The results indicate that the elastic modulus and initial permeability decrease and the Poisson's ratio increases with increasing temperature;the elastic modulus decreases and the Poisson's ratio and initial permeability increase with increasing water pressure.During the unloading process,rock penetrability is small at the initial elastic deformation phase,but the penetrability increases near the end of the elastic deformation phase;mechanisms involving temperature and water pressure affect penetrability differently.Phyllite failure occurs from the initial thermal damage of the rock materials,splitting and softening(which is caused by pore water pressure),and the pressure difference which is formed from the loading axial pressure and unloading confining pressure.The phyllite failure mechanism is a transtensional(tension-shearing) failure.

Experimental Study on Improvement Effects of Completely Weathered Phyllite Using Red Clay and Cement for High-Speed Railway Embankments

Completely weathered phyllite(CWP)has the characteristics of difficult compaction,low shear strength after compaction and large settlement after construction.The traditional improvement method using a single agent of red clay or cement for CWP satisfies the subgrade requirements for ordinary railway,but cannot meet the requirements of immediate strength and long-term post-construction settlement of high-speed railway at the same time.A series of experimental investigations were undertaken for the blended CWP soils,with three additives used.The first additive was red clay,the second was cement and the third was a combination of both red clay and cement at various portions.Results of consolidation test and shear strength test carried out for the treated CWP soils show that:1)The effect of cement on improving the compression modulus of CWP is much better than that of red clay;2)The settlement of an embankment of 10 m high formed by blended soil of CWP with 3%cement can be controlled within 15 mm,while the settlement will be 25.15 mm for the same embankment of blended soil of CWP with 40%red clay;3)The shear strength and ultimate bearing capacity of CWP improved by red clay are much better than those of 5%cement;4)The ultimate bearing capacity of CWP improved by 40%red clay is 3.42 times of that by 3%cement and 2.95 times by 5%cement.Furthermore,the bearing capacity of CWP when improved by red clay can meet railway subgrade requirements immediately after compaction,while cement improved CWP needs a curing time of 1 day or longer.This is an impediment to rapid construction process.The improvement mechanism of red clay is mainly filling effect and grading improvement effect,while the improvement mechanism of cement is mainly hardening reaction,which produces high strength material to cement.It is found that 40%red clay and 3%cement treated CWP,which is considered to be optimum,can meet the subgrade requirements of both immediate bearing capacity and long-term post-construction settlement for the high-speed railway.

Effect of Pyrophyllite Particle Size on Properties of AI_2O_3-SiC-C Bricks for Iron Ladles

The Al2O3 -SiC-C bricks for iron ladles were pre-pared asing bauxite, fused corundum,pyrophyllite, SiC powder and flake graphite as main starting materials, and phenolic resin as binder. The effect of pyroph,yllite particle size on permanent change in dimensions, cold crushing strength, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance of Al2O3 - SiC - C bricks was investigated. The results show that with the decrease of the pyrophyllite particle size, the permanent change in dimensions of Al2O3 - SiC - C bricks decreases, cold crushing strength increases, the oxidation resistance at 1400 ℃ increases, and the corrosion resistance at 1500℃ decreases.

Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Phyllite Samples Based on Chemical(XRF)and Mineralogical Data by XRD

It is presented the results obtained of a multivariate statistical analysis concerning the chemical and phase composition, as a characterization purpose, carried out with 52 rock phyllite samples selected from the provinces of Almería and Granada (SE Spain). Chemical analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Crystalline phase analysis was performed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the mineralogical composition was then deduced. Quantification of weight loss (100? and 1000?C) was carried out by thermal analysis. The aims of this investigation were to analyze and compare the chemical and mineralogical composition of all these samples and to find similarities and differences between them to allow a classification. Several correlations between results of the characterization techniques have been also investigated. All the data have been processed using the multivariate statistical analysis method. The XRF macro-elements (10) and microelements (39) data generate one macrogroup with two new subgroups (1 and 2), and an isolated sample. In subgroup 1 of macroelements, a positive correlation was found between XRF results and geographic location characterized by lower MgO content, which is associated to its geological origins. When multivariate statistical analysis is applied to results obtained by XRD, two groups appear: the first one with a sample with zero percentage of iron oxide and the second one with the rest of the samples, which is classified in two groups. A correlation is observed between the alkaline content (XRF) and illite (XRD), CaO and MgO with dolomite and indirectly between the weight loss after heating at 1000?C and the contents of phase minerals that lose structural water (illite + chlorite) or carbon dioxide (dolomite). The present investigation has interest and implications for geochemistry and analytical chemistry concerning earth rocks and silicate raw materials.

寒区炭质千枚岩冻-动联合损伤特性

由于寒区隧道围岩在冻融及动载的作用下会产生严重的损伤和性能退化,因此研究两者耦合作用下岩石的劣化特征具有重要意义。利用MTS815加载系统对炭质千枚岩试样开展了0、30、60次不同冻融循环次数下的三轴多级循环加卸载试验,研究了冻融及循环荷载对炭质千枚岩力学参数及变形的影响,基于能量计算分析了不同冻融次数岩石在动载下的能量演化规律,从宏观和微观角度进行对比,分析岩石在静载与冻-动耦合下的破坏形态,揭示了相应的破坏模式。试验研究表明:(1)与静载压缩强度相比,在冻融和循环荷载共同作用下岩石的强度有明显的降低,并且表现出明显的塑性,同时冻融循环次数越多,该现象也越显著;(2)随着冻融循环次数的增加,弹性模量会逐渐减小而泊松比却逐渐增大;(3)在循环过程中,轴向和环向不可逆应变均逐渐增加,两者的应变增量均在每一级应力的初始循环内最大而后逐渐减小,而不可逆体积应变先增大后减小,即体积先以压实为主后逐渐转变为以膨胀为主;(4)岩石内部主要以弹性能为主,耗散能占比在第1个循环周期内迅速降低,在之后的循环周期内呈现阶梯式增加而后趋于稳定;(5)从宏观与微观角度分析,单调加载与循环加载作用下两者的破坏机理不同,但均为斜截面的剪切破坏,但循环加卸载破碎程度更大。

静动态压缩下千枚岩长径比效应影响研究

为了研究长径比效应对层状千枚岩力学特性、能量耗散及破坏模式的影响,文中选用4种倾角(α=0°、30°、60°、90°)下不同长径比(L/D=0.5、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.6、2.0)的千枚岩分别进行了静载单轴压缩和分离式霍普金森杆(SHPB)试验。结果发现,静载压缩试验条件下,不同倾角下千枚岩随长径比的增大,峰值强度和峰值应变均减小。通过单轴动态压缩试验,发现4种层理倾角千枚岩动态抗压强度与试样长径比呈二次函数关系,随着长径比的增加,动态抗压强度出现一个峰值后逐渐降低;千枚岩峰值应变与试样长径比呈指数函数关系下降;对动态冲击压缩试验进行能量分析,发现不同工况的千枚岩在同一冲击气压下,入射能、反射能、透射能均呈现出先缓慢上升再快速上升最后趋于稳定的三段式变化;随着试样长径比增大,千枚岩反射能比先增大后减小,透射能比先减小后增大;采用能量比值法进行对比分析,发现在长径比L/D=1.2时,千枚岩的反射能比达到最大,透射能比达到最小;对千枚岩的宏观破坏模式进行分析,发现动态冲击压缩下千枚岩的宏观破坏模式受长径比影响较大,长径比越小破坏越完全;长径比越大,破坏越不充分。

多因素耦合效应对层状千枚岩动力特性的影响

为了研究不同长径比和倾角下应变率对层状千枚岩动力特性的影响,选用4种倾角(α=0°,30°,60°,90°)两种长度(L=25,50 mm)的层状千枚岩为研究对象,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置进行不同冲击气压(p=0.150,0.175,0.200,0.225和0.250 MPa)的动态压缩试验.研究了两种长径比层状千枚岩不同应变率下动力特性的影响,分析了层状千枚岩层理倾角、长径比和应变率之间的耦合效应对层状千枚岩强度特征的影响关系.结果表明:动态压缩下两种不同长径比层状千枚岩动态抗压强度随层理倾角增加呈现先减小后增大趋势,动态峰值强度和峰值应变均随应变率增大而增大,层状千枚岩动态抗压强度与应变率呈幂函数关系;动态峰值强度关于倾角α和长径比L/D呈二元函数关系,在α=60°时,层状千枚岩动态抗压强度的长径比效应最为显著,在L/D=1时,倾角效应最为显著;不同倾角下,峰值应变在0°倾角下长径比效应最为显著,在90°倾角下长径比效应最弱;动态冲击下层状千枚岩动态抗压强度和峰值应变的应变率效应均强于长径比效应.

甘肃阳山金矿区碳质千枚岩地层井故分析及预防

甘肃阳山金矿区主要赋矿地层为碳质千枚岩、钙质千枚岩、硅质灰岩等,其中以碳质千枚岩施工难度最大。碳质千枚岩结构为沉积层理,主要矿物为伊利石和高岭石,强度低、节理裂隙发育、遇水软化,其间有石英颗粒夹层,易破碎,在钻探施工过程中极易引发井故,且处理成功率极低。总结了矿区近年来在碳质千枚岩地层中钻进所遇井故的特征,从地层、人员、设备等3方面分析了井故诱因及处理困难的原因,提出了预防措施及处理要点:通过调节泥浆性能,增强泵的排砂能力改善孔内环境,保持钻机、钻杆、接手状态维持设备性能良好,可有效减少井故发生频率;针对孔壁垮塌、断钻、卡钻、埋钻,以快速处理为原则,采用灌水泥、导斜的方法绕过事故头,可大幅减少经济损失,缩短井故时间。

基于各向异性特性的巴西劈裂破坏模式分析

碳质千枚岩中层理软弱结构面是确定其破坏形态的重要因素之一。基于不同层理倾角下的千枚岩三轴压缩试验,揭示了碳质千枚岩在压缩状态下的各向异性特征,在此基础上研究对含预制裂隙、不同含水状态下的圆盘试件进行巴西劈裂试验,利用离散元模拟与试验相结合的方式对试件的破坏过程进行数值再现。结果表明:千枚岩压缩强度随着层理角度的增加呈现先减后增的“U”形曲线,与单弱面理论相符;巴西劈裂试验中千枚岩抗拉强度随着层理角度增加呈“L”形曲线,水与层理共同作用下岩石抗拉强度劣化明显,不同层理倾角与预制裂隙的千枚岩巴西劈裂破坏模式分为5种,即沿层理方向剪切破坏(Ⅰ型)、沿层理方向拉伸破坏(Ⅱ型)、层理间拉伸破坏(Ⅲ型)、预制裂隙的拉伸破坏(Ⅳ型)、预制裂隙的剪切破坏(Ⅴ型);通过数值模拟再现预制裂隙试件的破坏路径,破坏始于预制裂隙尖端,发生层间的裂纹合并,在双裂隙条件下应力集中,产生裂隙间连接性裂纹。

基于离散元方法的千枚岩隧道掌子面稳定性研究

千枚岩隧道在施工过程中由于围岩软弱破碎,易在掌子面附近发生失稳塌方。文章采用颗粒流软件PFC模拟炭质千枚岩三轴试验,标定围岩材料的细观参数,以此构建隧址区三维离散元数值计算模型,模拟隧道在不同开挖进尺和开挖方法下开挖支护全过程,分析隧道开挖后掌子面位移发展规律和开挖扰动区分布范围特征,揭示千枚岩隧道掌子面失稳机理。数值计算结果表明:随开挖进尺的增大,隧道开挖扰动区范围增大;在不同开挖方法中,台阶法的开挖扰动区范围最小。相关研究可为类似软弱破碎围岩隧道的设计和施工提供参考。

千枚岩及灰岩路基填料击实特性试验研究

针对我国西南地区以千枚岩和灰岩为主的路基填料难以直接使用的问题,通过正交试验的方法对千枚岩和灰岩开展室内击实试验并进行正交分析,探讨击实过程中填料压实度的主控影响因素并得到压实最优组合。结果表明:千枚岩的最优含水率在4%~6%,灰岩的最优含水率在6%~8%;击实试验中击实98次对土样的压实度改变率影响最大;与路基施工所用的强弱振碾压组合相结合,计算出能满足目标压实度的最优组合模式为强振8遍、弱振2遍。

开挖卸荷与孔隙水压耦合作用下千枚岩蠕变力学特性研究

开挖扰动会使矿山岩体受到高应力集中和应力重新分布的影响,而水力因素则会降低岩体强度,研究开挖卸荷与孔隙水压耦合作用下矿山的岩石力学特性,对于确保矿山岩体长期稳定性具有重要意义。选取江西省银山矿边坡岩体作为样本,开展了分级加载蠕变试验,研究了开挖卸荷与孔隙水压耦合作用下千枚岩的蠕变力学特性。结果表明:在相同开挖卸荷条件下,饱和千枚岩的瞬时应变、蠕变应变和稳态蠕变速率均随孔隙水压的增加而增大,瞬时弹性模量和长期强度随孔隙水压的增加而降低;当孔隙水压相同时,受开挖扰动试样的瞬时应变、瞬时弹性模量和长期强度随开挖卸荷程度的增强而降低,蠕变应变和稳态蠕变速率随开挖卸荷程度的增强而增大。

陕南千枚岩地区护坡基材优化及抗侵蚀性能

为了进一步探究适宜于陕南千枚岩地区的边坡生态防护基材,以陕南当地废弃的千枚岩碎石为主要基材,添加秸秆、硅酸盐水泥、有机肥、草炭土和保水剂,组成护坡基材。设计正交试验,选取陕南地区的乡土草本植物高羊茅作为试验草种进行盆栽种植。运用综合评分法和极差分析法分析护坡基材的最佳配比和各因素对高羊茅生长影响的重要性程度,最后用室内模拟降雨侵蚀试验来验证基材的强度。结果表明,在陕南地区,适合高羊茅生长的最优基材配比为秸秆含量4%、水泥含量4%、有机肥含量5%、草炭土含量8%、保水剂含量0.25%。根据极差结果分析可知,各因素对高羊茅生长因素的影响从大到小依次为水泥、秸秆、草炭土、保水剂、有机肥。室内模拟降雨侵蚀试验表明,本研究的护坡基材具有较好的抗侵蚀能力,实用性较强。

不同正应力下的千枚岩非线性蠕变损伤西原模型

以某矿山双桥山群千枚岩为研究对象,开展不同正应力作用下的千枚岩蠕变特性及理论模型研究。结果表明:剪切模量等力学参数具有明显的时效性,随着时间的增加,剪切模量迅速减小后趋于稳定,且在时间恒定的情况下,正应力较大,减小趋势相对较小。考虑岩石内部发生的蠕变损伤,引入一个随正应力和时间变化的损伤变量建立非线性蠕变损伤西原模型,在此基础上引入一个带有应变触发的非线性黏壶元件,推导出改进西原模型的蠕变方程。将模型方程与试验数据拟合进行参数辨识及对比分析,表明该模型在表征不同正应力下千枚岩蠕变各阶段的变形特征上是合理可行的。

风化千枚岩填料动态回弹模量试验与预估模型研究

公路工程建设经过千枚岩等软质岩分布区域时,若将开挖产生的千枚岩弃渣用于路基填筑,可降低工程成本、节约土地资源、保护生态环境。文中通过开展风化千枚岩填料的动三轴试验,研究不同应力状态、压实度、含水率条件对风化千枚岩填料动回弹模量的影响及变化规律,采取不同应力指标建立动回弹模量预估模型,利用SPSS软件开展回归拟合分析,比选确定风化千枚岩填料动回弹模量预估模型,并通过模型回归拟合结果与试验数据对比,评价该模型的合理性与可靠性。经验证,模型回归拟合数据与试验结果误差较小,均在8%以内,故可用于风化千枚岩动回弹模量的预测。

水-温循环作用下千枚岩的动态拉伸特性

为研究水-温耦合作用下0°层理倾角千枚岩的动态拉伸特性变化规律,分别对3组试样进行0、1、3、5、7、8、11次温度循环自然降温、温度循环冷水降温、干湿循环后,采用霍普金森杆试验装置对0°层理倾角千枚岩试样开展动态巴西劈裂试验,从动态拉伸应变曲线、动态峰值抗拉强度、动态弹性模量、能量分析与宏观破坏5个角度研究水、温劣化条件下千枚岩的动态拉伸特性。结果表明:千枚岩应力应变曲线包括极速弹性变形阶段、屈服变形阶段、破坏变形阶段;随着水-温循环次数的增加,千枚岩应力-应变曲线极速弹性变形阶段逐渐缩短,屈服变形阶段的应变增长率不断增大;千枚岩动态峰值抗拉强度呈负指数函数关系变化,耗散能比不断减小;水-温耦合条件下,千枚岩峰值抗拉强度、耗散能比普遍小于温度循环自然降温时;动态冲击下,千枚岩发生贯穿层理的张拉破坏,主要破碎为2块;随着水-温循环次数的增加,千枚岩主碎块发生沿层理面的张拉与穿层理面的剪切复合破坏,千枚岩碎块的平均尺寸不断减小;温度循环冷水降温条件下,千枚岩碎块的平均尺寸更小,且降幅最为显著。

千枚岩力学特性与破坏特征研究

为分析千枚岩的基本岩性、研究千枚岩的变形和强度特征,对千枚岩进行单轴压缩试验,并通过数值模拟揭示千枚岩破坏机理。制备千枚岩试样在位移加载条件下进行单轴压缩试验,分析千枚岩的力学特性,获取弹性模量等参数后通过PFC 3D进行数值模拟,揭示强度和破坏的内在联系。研究表明,千枚岩强度范围区间较大;千枚岩单轴加载后破坏形式主要为竖向拉伸破坏和Y型剪切破坏,有少量的X状斜面剪切破坏;千枚岩峰值应力计算后范围在70~105 MPa区间内不等,岩石单轴压缩试验符合弹性模量越大,峰值应力越大,对应应力-应变曲线越陡峭,脆性特征越明显这一规律;经PFC 3D数值模拟和实验对比,弹性模量和峰值强度数值吻合度高,裂隙扩展形态几乎相同。