Evaluation of angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion, alpha adducin (ADD1) G460W, and IL-10 gene polymorphisms, and determination of prognostic effects in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Objective:The aim of this study was to examine angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)insertion/deletion,alpha adducin,and interleukin-10(IL-10)gene polymorphisms(GPs)in terms of both idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISSNHL)risk and their potential prognostic effects.Methods:The study group consisted of 70 patients and the control group consisted of 50 patients.Venous blood samples were analyzed for relevant GPs via kompetitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.Age,sex,affected side,tinnitus,and vertiginous symptom status,number of days between symptom onset and hospital admission,pure tone audiometry results at admission and after treatment were included in the study.Data were compared statistically.Results:The D allele of ACE insertion/deletion GP was significantly more frequent in patients with ISSNHL than in the control group(p=0.032).II genotype was associated with a reduced risk of ISSNHL(p=0.036).The amount of hearing loss was significantly higher in patients with the TT genotype(p=0.027)and T allele of the IL-10 GP(p=0.035)than in the patients without this allele.Severe hearing loss was a poor prognostic factor(p=0.008).Conclusions:The D allele of ACE insertion/deletion GP may be involved in the ISSNHL etiology.Due to the association of this allele with occlusive vascular pathologies,ischemia is believed to be a common pathway in the etiopathogenesis of ISSNHL.

Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism in Children with Henoch-Schonlein Purpua Nephritis

This study investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and the occurrence, severity, prognosis of HSPN. The polymorphism of ACE gene in 103 HSPN cases and 100 healthy children was studied by using the polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Its relation to the clinical manifestation, pathological classification and prognosis of HSPN was analyzed accordingly. The results showed that: (1) there was a significantly higher frequency for DD genotype in HSPN children (P<0.01); (2) DD genotype was more frequently seen in HSPN children with gross hematuria and massive proteinuria (P<0.05), while DI genotype was more common in HSPN children group with renal insufficiency (P<0.05); (3) although mesangial proliferative lesion was most frequently observed in 21 biopsied HSPN children, and DD genotype frequency was still higher in children with severe pathology (Class Ⅲ Ⅳ); (4)II genotype was significantly frequent in HSPN children with complete remission in the follow-up of 32 HSPN children. It was concluded that the deletion allele of ACE gene might play a role, at least to some extent, in the occurrence, deterioration and progression in juvenile HSPN.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme and bradykinin gene polymorphisms and cough:A meta-analysis

AIM:To evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms and angiotensin converting enzyme in-hibitor (ACEI)-related cough,and the race-or ethnicity-related difference in the prevalence of cough attributed to ACEI therapy.METHODS:We conducted a search in PubMed,EM-BASE,Cinahl,and the Cochrane Database without language limitation.A database of 11 studies on ACEI-related cough,with detailed information regarding ACE I/D or bradykinin B 2 receptor polymorphisms,was created.Eligible studies were synthesized using meta-analysis methods,including cumulative meta-analysis.A subgroup analysis was also performed using ethnicity.RESULTS:Six studies were included on ACE I/D poly-morphism (398 Caucasians,723 East Asians),and three studies were included on bradykinin B 2 receptor poly-morphism (300 East Asians).The distribution of ACE genotypes showed significant differences in the entire population (P=0.004) and in East Asians (P=0.005)but not in Caucasians (P=0.23).Allelic frequencies of ACE showed significant differences in East Asians [odds ratio (OR)=1.49 (1.11-2.02)].The meta-analysis with a random effects model showed a significant associa-tion between ACE allele I/D and ACEI-related cough [random effects (RE) OR=1.49 (1.11-2.02),P=0.009] in East Asians,but not in Caucasians [RE OR=0.90 (0.60-1.35)].The allelic frequencies of the bradykinin B 2 receptor gene were significantly different [OR=2.25 (1.42-3.57)].The distributions of the T/C genotypes of the bradykinin B 2 receptor gene were significantly dif-ferent (χ 2=8.366,P=0.015).The meta-analyses re-vealed that there was a significant association between the bradykinin B 2 receptor allele and ACEI-related cough in East Asians [RE OR=2.29 (1.42-3.69),P=0.001].CONCLUSION:ACE I/D and Bradykinin B 2 receptor polymorphisms contributed to the risk of ACEI-related cough in East Asians,but a negative association be-tween ACE I/D polymorphism and ACEI-related cough was observed in Caucasians.

Correlation of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism with perioperative myocardial protection under extracorporeal circulation

Objective:To observe the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE),angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ),cardiac troponin 【cTnⅠ),creatine kinase isozymes(CK-MB) and muscle red protein(Myo) after cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB),and to investigate the association of polymorphisms in angiotensin converting enzyme genes and myocardial injury.Methods:Sixty-three patients suffered from rheumatic mitral stenosis and scheduled for mitral valve replacement with CPB, were randomly divided into three groups according polymorphisms in angiotensin converting enzyme genes:typeⅡ,type ID,type DD(each=21).Blood samples were withdrawn from artery before operation(T1),at the beginning of CPB(T2),30 min after CPB(T3),(T4) at the end of CPB(T5), 2 h after CPB(T6),6 h after CPB(17) to measure the expression of ACE,AngⅡ,cTnⅠ,CK-MB, Myo.Results:The level of ACE during and after CPB were significantly higher than those before CPB(P【0.05).As extension of CPB time,the expression of ACE was increased.The level of cTnⅠ, CK-MB,Myo after CPB were significantly higher than those before CPB(P【0.05).The level of cTnⅠ,CK-MB and Myo were highest at T7,T6 and T5 and T7,respectively.The level of ACE,AngⅡ,cTnⅠin patients with DD genotype was significantly higher than the ID andⅡgenotype(P【 0.05).Besides,the level of ACE,AngⅡin patients with ID genotype was significantly higher than the II(P【 0.05).Conclusions:There is certain correlation between CPB perioperative midterm ACE and cTnⅠ,Myo,CK-MB.ACE DD genotype is a susceptibility gene of the CPB perioperative myocardial injury.

Role of angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-mediated antiproteinuric action in type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients

AIM To investigate the role of genetic variants of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) and angiotensinogen(AGT) genes in the antiproteinuric efficacy of ACE inhibitor therapy in diabetic nephropathy(DN) patients.METHODS In the present study, 270 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with nephropathy were enrolled and treated with ACE inhibitor(ramipril) and followed at 6 mo for renal function and albumin excretion by estimating serum creatinine, end stage renal disease, and albumin/creatinine ratio(ACR) in urine. Genotyping of ACE I/D and AGT M235 T polymorphisms were performed by using primer specific polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and PCR-RFLP techniques, respectively. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of DN patients(responders) benefited with respect to proteinuria from ACE inhibitor therapy at 6 mo follow-up. A significant reduction in ACR was observed after 6 mo treatment with ACE inhibitor irrespective of whether DN patients were micro-albuminuric(≥ 30 and < 300 mg/g creatinine) or macro-albuminuric(≥ 300 mg/g creatinine) at the time of enrollment. However, macro-albuminuric patients(55%) showed better response to therapy. A reduction in urinary ACR was found independent of genotypes of ACE I/D and AGT M235 T polymorphisms although macro-albuminuric patients having TT genotype showed statistically insignificant increased response(72%). CONCLUSION ACE inhibitor therapy reduced urinary ACR by ≥ 30% in 50% of DN patients and the response is independent of ACE I/D and AGT M235 T polymorphisms.

Association of Polymorphisms in Angiotensin-converting Enzyme and Type 1 Angiotensin Ⅱ Receptor Genes with Coronary Heart Disease and the Severity of Coronary Artery Stenosis

To explore the relation of angiotensin-converting enzyme （ACE） and angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor （AT1R） gene polymorphism with coronary heart disease （CHD） and the severity of coronary artery stenosis, 130 CHD patients who underwent coronary angiography were examined for the number of affected coronary vessels （≥75% stenosis） and coronary Jeopardy score. The insertion/deletion of ACE gene polymorphism and AT1R gene polymorphism （an A→C transversion at nucleotide position 1166） were detected by using polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） in CHD patients and 90 healthy serving as controls. The resuits showed that DD genotype and of ACE were more frequent in CHD patients than that in control group （38.5% vs 14.4%, P〈0.001）. The frequency of the ATIR A/C genotypes did not differ between the patients and the controls （10% vs 13.1%, P〉0.05）. The relative risk associated with the ACE-DD was increased by AT1R-AC genotype. Neither the number of affected coronary vessels nor the coronary score differed among the ACE I/D genotypes （P〉0.05）. But the number of affected coronary vessels and the coronary score were significantly greater in the patients with the AT1R-AC genotype than in those with the AA genotype （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, DD genotype may be risk factor for CHD and MI in Chinese people, and is not responsible for the development of the coronary artery stenosis. The AT1R-C allele may increase the relative risk associated with the ACE-DD genotype, and may be involved in the development of the stenosis of coronary artery.

Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene I/D Polymorphism With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To investigate the association of angiotensin converting enzyme （ACE） gene insertion/deletion （I/D） polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. Methods Two hundred and nine patients with T2DM diagnosed based on the criteria for diabetes mellitus in 1999 by WHO and 221 controls were recruited from general population of Dongcheng District in Beijing. All subjects were genotyped for the I/D polymorphism of ACE gene by PCR-fragment length polymorphism （FLP） assay. Blood pressure, levels of plasma glucose, lipids and serum insulin were determined. Body mass index （BMI）, waist-trip ratio （WHR） and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR） were calculated. Results The genotype frequencies for ACE genes DD, ID, and II were 19.1%, 42.1%, and 38.8% in patients, respectively, and 9.6%, 49.4%, and 41.0% in controls, respectively. The ACE DD genotype frequency was significantly higher in patients than in controls （χ^2=7.61, P=0.022）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the ACE DD genotype was a risk factor for T2DM, with the OR of 2.35 （95% CI 1.17-4.71） adjusted for age, sex, BMI, WHR, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol levels. Conclusion The ACE DD genotype is associated with the increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and middle cerebral artery stenosis in a Chinese Han population

The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is a candidate gene of stroke. The present study involved 62 healthy volunteers and 148 patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis as confirmed by brain color ultrasound from a Han population in North China, and determined the peripheral blood angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The results showed that the frequencies of the DD genotype and D allele were increased in patients with middle cerebral artery stenosis, but the difference was not statistically significant compared with healthy controls. The findings of this study on the relationship between stroke genes and middle cerebral artery stenosis indicate no significant correlation between the frequencies of the DO genotype and D allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme and middle cerebral artery stenosis in this Han population from North China. In the future, studies will be carried out to investigate correlations between multiple stroke candidate gene synergy and middle cerebral artery stenosis to provide a foundation for the development of gene therapy.

Association of angiotensin converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with essential hypertension in south Indian population

Genetic,environmental and demographic factors contribute to the development of essential hypertension.Genetic polymorphism of Rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS)has been extensively studied to determine the genetic susceptibility to hypertension.The insertion/deletion(I/D)angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)polymorphism has been established as a cardiovascular risk factor in some population,but its association with essential hypertension is controversial.This study sought to determine the association of I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene in south Indian essential hypertensive subjects.A total of 208 clinically diagnosed essential hypertensive patients without any associated diseases and 220 healthy control subjects were included in this study.Distribution and allelic frequency of Insertion(I)and Deletion(D)polymorphism at the 287 base pair Alu repeat sequence in the intron 16 of ACE gene were analyzed.The distribution of II,ID,DD genotypes of ACE gene was 28.3%,32.6%and 38.9%respectively in essential hypertensive patients and to 53.6%,26.3%and 20%in controls.The allele frequency for D allele is 0.58 in essential hypertension as compared to 0.34 of control subjects.The genotype and allele frequency of ACE gene polymorphism is significantly differed in patients when compared to controls.In conclusion,the I/D polymorphism of ACE gene is associated with Indian essential hypertension.

Relationship between insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene and type 2 diabetic kidney disease

Objective To explore the interaction of angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) insertion /deletion(I /D) polymorphism( rs1799752 ) with diabetic kidney disease(DKD) development as well as its interaction with smokingand obesity in Chinese type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2DM) using an improved experiment method. MethodsFrom June 2016 to March 2018,300 T2DM patientswith DKD [DKD( +)]and 300 T2DM patients withoutDKD [DKD ( - )] were selected from China-JapanFriendship Hospital. The improved Triple Primer Methodthat combined PCR with capillary electrophoresis was establishedin this study to detect the ACE genotype. Therelevant clinical data as well as the frequencies of genotypeand allele of ACE gene I /D polymorphism betweenthe two groups were statistically analyzed. Patients werefurther grouped based on smoking status and obesity formultivariate regression.

Polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene associated with magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy in male patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Background Even carrying an identical gene mutation, inter- and intra-family variations have been noticed worldwide in the presence and the severity of left ventricular hypertrophy and sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy （HCM）. Modifier genes may contribute to the diversity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 （ACE2） gene has been established to be associated with parameters of left ventricular hypertrophy in community based male subjects. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of ACE2 gene polymorphisms with the phenotype of HCM. Methods A total of 261 consecutive HCM patients and 609 healthy controls were enrolled into this study. The polymorphism of rs2106809 and rs6632677 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP） and confirmed by sequencing. Logistic regression model and multivariate analysis were used to determine the odds ratio （OR） and 95% confidence intervals （CO of variations of ACE2 for HCM. Results The T allele of rs2106809 and C allele of rs6632677 conferred increasing risk for HCM （OR 1.34, 95%C/ 1.01-1.77, P=0.04; OR 1.11, 95%C/ 1.03-1.21, P=0.002, respectively）, and the 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） were in strong linkage disequilibrium （LD）, the TC haplotype was independently associated with a higher OR for HCM （OR=1.59, 95%C/1.21-1.87） after adjusted for conventional risk factors. And the risk alleles were associated with thicker interventricular septal thickness of HCM （（20.0±6.3） mm vs （17.9±5.5） mm, P=0.03 and （21.3±5.9） mm vs （17.9±5.8） mm, P=0.04, respectively）. No association was found between the two polymorphisms with female patients with HCM. Conclusion Minor alleles of ACE2 gene might be the genetic modifier for the magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy in male patients with HCM.

Carotid remodeling of hypertensive subjects and polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene

Background This study was designed to investigate the relationships between changes in the structure and function of carotid arteries and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism in Chinese hypertensive subjects. Methods Multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification was used to evaluate the ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism. High-resolution B-mode ultrasound examinations were performed to detect parameters of carotid artery remodeling. Results Intima-media thickness (IMT) was significantly different among the DD, ID and II genotypes of ACE (DD>ID>II, P <0.05). Carotid internal diameter,distensibility and stiffness were similar among the DD,ID and II genotypes of ACE ( P >0.05) in hypertensive subjects. The frequency of the DD gene and D allele of ACE were higher in patients with thickening carotid than in patients with normal carotid (70.4% vs 24.1%,and 79.5% vs 40.5%,respectively, P <0.001). In multiple stepwise regression analysis,independent risk factors for increased carotid IMT in hypertensive subjects were ACE genotypes ( P <0.001),age ( P <0.001) and carotid internal diameter ( P =0.032). Moreover,triglycerides and total cholesterol were higher in patients with the DD genotype than in those with the II genotype ( P <0.05). Conclusions The I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene was related to IMT,but not to internal diameter,distensibility and stiffness of the carotid in Chinese hypertensive subjects. ACE gene polymorphism was a main risk factor for increased carotid IMT. These results may imply that there is a link between lipid metabolism and ACE genotype polymorphism in Chinese hypertensive subjects.

Angiotensin Ⅰ-converting enzyme gene poly morphism in Chinese patientswith obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Objective To investigate the relationship of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotension converting enzyme (ACE) gene to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients and the control subjects.Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR primers flanked the polymorphic region in intro 16 of the ACE gene. Results OSAS patients had significantly higher frequencies of I/I genotype and insertion allele of the ACE gene as compared with the control subjects in Chinese population. The OSAS patients with I/I genotype had significantly longer apnea time, lower minimum SaO2 and greater AHI than the OSAS patients with I/D genotype. Conclusion These results indicate that the I/I genotype and I allele are a risk factor for OSAS in Chinese.

高血压患者ACE基因Insertion/Deletion多态性中的罕见突变1例

高血压是最强的心血管危险因素之一,目前我国高血压的患病人数已达约2.45亿[1]。《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2021》数据显示,我国≥18岁成人高血压知晓率41.0%,治疗率34.9%,控制率仅11.0%。在高血压的用药治疗方面,由于用药种类繁多,且存在药物反应的个体差异,通常会导致抗高血压药物的疗效不佳或不良反应[2]。2015年,国家卫生和计划生育委员会发布的《药物代谢酶和药物作用靶点基因检测技术指南(试行)》[3]。

基于ACE基因多态性探讨冠心病患者支架术后心血管事件发生风险

目的探讨血管紧张素I转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)基因多态性与冠心病患者支架术后心血管事件发生风险的关系。方法本研究为2021年1月~2022年3月在武汉市中西医结合医院进行的单中心队列研究。对象为接受急诊或择期冠状动脉支架植入术的冠心病患者,并在植入后使用氯吡格雷和阿司匹林双重抗血小板治疗,持续至少1年。对患者随访12个月。使用TaqMan分析对ACE I/D进行基因分型。通过光透射聚集测定法评估血小板聚集。主要不良心血管事件(MACE)定义为心血管死亡、心肌梗死和缺血性卒中的复合事件。结果在随访期间,共有44例患者出现MACE,包括15例心源性死亡、16例非致死性心肌梗死和13例缺血性卒中。与未发生MACE的患者相比,发生MACE的患者年龄更大,左心室射血分数降低比例更高,诊断为稳定型心绞痛例数更少和ST段抬高急性心肌梗死例数更多(均P<0.01)。与无MACE组相比,MACE组II基因型与DD基因型比例低,ID基因型+DD基因型比例高(均P<0.05)。进行COX回归分析,模型根据临床协变量进行了调整,调整模型包括年龄、既往心肌梗死、高血压、糖尿病、左心室射血分数、血清肌酐、诊断、低密度脂蛋白、吸烟状况和既往经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。各类型基因型比较,ID或DD基因型患者的MACE风险是II基因型患者的1.99倍(调整模型中校正HR:1.99,95%CI:1.00~3.98,P<0.05)。ID基因型患者发生MACE的风险是II基因型患者的2.13倍(调整模型中校正HR:2.13;95%CI:1.10~4.12,P<0.05),而DD和II基因型之间的MACE风险无显著差异。与II基因型相比,基线的和1个月的ID或DD基因型患者血小板反应性百分数值升高;与ID基因型相比,基线的和1个月的DD基因型患者血小板反应性百分数值升高,均P<0.01。结论ACE I/D基因多态性(rs4646994)中ID基因型与PCI支架植入术后患者1年随访时心血管风险增加相关,ID或DD与血小板反应性百分数值升高有关。

冠心病血瘀证与血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性的相关性研究

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶 (angiotensinconvertingenzyme ,ACE)基因插入 /缺失 (insertion/deletion ,I/D)多态性与冠心病血瘀证的关系。方法用PCR法检测 4 8例血瘀证和 5 2例非血瘀证冠心病患者及 5 4名健康人的ACE基因型 ,同时检测内皮素 (endothelins ,ET)、血管紧张素Ⅱ (angiotensinⅡ ,AgⅡ )、一氧化氮 (nitrogenmonoxide ,NO)值。 结果冠心病血瘀证组ACEDD基因型及D等位基因频率高于非血瘀证组和健康对照组 (P <0 0 1)。ET/NO冠心病血瘀证组明显升高 ,与健康对照组比较差异有显著性(P <0 0 1)。ET、AgⅡ冠心病血瘀证组明显高于非血瘀证组和健康对照组 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。ET/NO、AgⅡ各组DD型均高于II型和ID型 ,其中以冠心病血瘀证组DD型为最高 ,与其他两组比较AgⅡ差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,与健康对照组比较ET/NO差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。

国人ACE基因插入/缺失多态性分析及与血清ACE水平的相关性

目的：调查中国人血管紧张素转换酶（ＡＣＥ）基因的插入／缺失多态性分布与及血清ＡＣＥ水平的相关性。方法：采用多聚酶链反应方法测定了６３例健康中国人ＡＣＥ基因型，同时采用微量比色法测定其血清ＡＣＥ水平。结果：中国人中ＡＣＥ基因ＤＤ型占２０．６％，ＤＩ型占４６．１％，Ｉ型占３３．３％，Ｄ与Ｉ等位基因出现频率分别为０．４４和０．５６。ＡＣＥ基因多态性与血清ＡＣＥ水平密切相关，插入／缺失多态性可解释５５％的血清ＡＣＥ总变异。结论：ＤＤ型ＡＣＥ基因可能通过影响ＡＣＥ水平而导致冠心病发病，为临床ＡＣＥ抑制剂应用提供新依据。

上海汉族优秀耐力运动员ACE基因I/D多态性与最大有氧能力(O_2max)的关联研究

采用PCR和breath by breath方法，对上海汉族55名优秀游泳运动员、60名优秀赛艇运动员和85名汉族普通人的ACE基因I／D多态性和VO2max进行检测。结果显示：1）上海汉族优秀游泳和赛艇运动员ACE基因的基因型和等位基因频率与上海和成都地区汉族普通人组无明显差异（P〉0．05）；与Caucasian人群相比，均存在非常显著性差异（P〈0．0001），表现出明显的民族和地区的差异性；游泳和赛艇项目健将和一级运动员间的基因型和等位基因频率分布，存在明显差异（P〈0．05）；游泳运动员水平越高，Ⅱ型所占比例就越高，赛艇运动员中水平越高，ID型的比例越大；2）不同基因型的游泳运动员的VO2max、VO2max／kg、VCO2max、VEmax、O2-plusemax、Wmax和Tmax等指标，均表现为Ⅱ型〉DD型〉ID型，Ⅱ型明显优于ID型（P〈0．05～0．01），而赛艇运动员则表现为ID型〉Ⅱ型〉DD型，ID明显优于DD型（P〈0．05～0．01）。结果提示，游泳项目中具有Ⅱ基因型或Ⅰ等位基因的运动员，赛艇项目中具有ID基因型或Ⅰ等位基因的运动员，可能属于运动训练敏感的高反应群体，经过多年系统科学的训练，具有成为优秀运动员的可能。ACE基因I／D多态性可作为运动训练和选材中高敏感的、非常重要的遗传标记之一。

血管紧张素转换酶基因缺失多态性与汉族原发性高血压的相关性

目的了解血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性与汉族原发性高血压的易惑相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)鉴定高血压患者与正常血压对照者ACE基因第16内含子插入/缺失多态性。结果原发性高血压患者中ACE基因缺失纯合基因型(D/D)和缺失(D)等位基因频率均明显高于正常血压对照者(51.9%vs15.7%,0.69 vs 0.31,P<0.05)。结论 ACE基因缺失纯合型可能是汉族原发性高血压遗传易感性的基因标志。