Die structure optimization of equal channel angular extrusion for AZ31 magnesium alloy based on finite element method

Three-dimensional（3D） geometric models with different comer angles （90° and 120°） and with or without inner round fillets in the bottom die were designed. Some important process parameters were regarded as the calculation conditions used in DEFORMTM-3D software, such as stress--strain data of compression test for AZ31 magnesium, temperatures of die and billet, and friction coefficient. Influence of friction coefficient on deformation process was discussed. The results show that reasonable lubrication condition is important to plastic deformation. The change characteristics for distributions of effective stress and strain during an equal channel angular extrusion （ECAE） process with inner angle of 90° and without fillets at outer comer were described. Inhomogeneity index （C） was defined and deformation heterogeneity of ECAE was analyzed from the simulation and experiment results. The deformation homogeneity caused by fillets at outer comer increased compared with the die without fillets. The cumulated maximum strains decrease with increasing the fillets of outer comer in ECAE die and the inner comer angle. The analysis results show that better structures of ECAE die including appropriate outer comer fillet and the inner comer angle of 90° for the die can improve the strain and ensure plastic deformation homogenization to a certain extent. The required extrusion force drops with increasing the fillet made at outer comer in ECAE die. It is demonstrated that the prediction results are in good agreement with experiments and the theoretical calculation and the research conclusions in literatures.

A new method of characterizing equivalent strain for equal channel angular processing

In order to establish the quantitative relationship between equivalent strain and the performance index of the deformed material within the range of certain passes for equal channel angular processing （ECAP）, a new approach to characterize the equivalent strain was proposed. The results show that there exists better accordance between mechanical property （such as hardness or strength） and equivalent strain after rolling and ECAP in a certain range of deformation amount, and Gauss equation can be satisfied among the equivalent strain and the mechanical properties for ECAP. Through regression analysis on the data of hardness and strength after the deformation, a more generalized expression of equivalent strain for ECAP is proposed as：ε=k0exp[-（k1M-k2）^2], where M is the strength or hardness of the material, k1 is the modified coefficient （k1∈ （0, 1））, ko and k2 are two parameters dependent on the critical strain and mechanical property that reaches saturation state for the material, respectively. In this expression the equivalent strain for ECAP is characterized novelly through the mechanical parameter relating to material property rather than the classical geometry equation.

Signal-to-noise ratio comparison of angular signal radiography and phase stepping method

Grating-based x-ray phase contrast imaging has the potential to be applied in future medical applications as it is compatible with both laboratory and synchrotron source. However, information retrieval methods are important because acquisition speed, scanning mode, image quality, and radiation dose depend on them. Phase-stepping （PS） is a widely used method to retrieve information, while angular signal radiography （ASR） is a newly established method. In this manuscript, signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs） of ASR are compared with that of PS. Numerical experiments are performed to validate theoretical results. SNRs comparison shows that for refraction and scattering images ASR has higher SNR than PS method, while for absorption image both methods have same SNR. Therefore, our conclusions would have guideline in future preclinical and clinical applications.

Noise reduction methods in the analysis of near infrared lunar occultation light curves for high angular resolution measurements

A lunar occultation （LO） technique in the near-infrared （NIR） provides angular resolution down to milliarcseconds for an occulted source, even with ground- based 1 m class telescopes. LO observations are limited to brighter objects because they require a high signal-to-noise ratio （S/N ~40） for proper extraction of angular diameter values. Hence, methods to improve the S/N ratio by reducing noise using Fourier and wavelet transforms have been explored in this study. A sample of 54 NIR LO light curves observed with the IR camera at Mt Abu Observatory has been used. It is seen that both Fourier and wavelet methods have shown an improvement in S/N compared to the original data. However, the application of wavelet transforms causes a slight smoothing of the fringes and results in a higher value for angular diameter. Fourier transforms which reduce discrete noise frequencies do not distort the fringe. The Fourier transform method seems to be effective in improving the S/N, as well as improving the model fit, particularly in the fainter regime of our sample. These methods also provide a better model fit for brighter sources in some cases, though there may not be a significant imorovement in S/N.

Direct Ion Beam Figuring Process and Rotational Measurement Method for Ultra-smooth Aspherical Surfaces of a 46.5 nm Telescope

This paper describes a fabrication process for the hyperboloidal concave mirror of a 46.5 nm telescope. The180 mm aperture hyperboloidal concave mirror and 70 mm aperture compensator are machined directly from chemical mechanical polishing of a spherical surface to a high-accuracy aspherical surface by ion beam figuring.The aspherical measurement method is the Dall null test. To minimize system errors in the measurement process,the rotational measurement method with six rotations is used in the null test. The results of the analysis for the ME(first solve the machined surface profile, then solve the system errors) and EM(first solve the system errors, then solve the machined surface profile) methods of calculation in the measurement are given. The ME method is a more accurate rotational test method, and the six rotations are appropriate for rotational measurements. After the figuring process, the hyperboloidal concave mirror surface profile reached 8.27 nm rms and the compensator surface profile is approximately 4 nm rms. The roughness of the hyperboloidal concave mirror is smooth to0.160 nm rms.

Measurement of the g Factor of the 3.1232 MeV 19/2^(-) Level in ^(43)Sc by Perturbed Angular Distribution Method

The g-factor hence the magnetic moment,of the isomeric state 43Sc（|9/2-,3.1232 MeV）has been measured by the time differential perturbed angular distributionmethod.The measured values are g=0.3279（19）and μ=3.108（18）nm.

利用声强比衰减原理探究角位移法声源定位系统

设计了一种利用声强衰减规律进行三维声源定位的实验方法,声源定位主要通过测量声源相对探源中心的距离、方向和高度实现。利用声强比呈对数衰减的原理,推导了声波强度在空气中的衰减规律与声源距离的关系式;设计了一种角位移法测量声源方向,并给出了角位移大小与声强比到达峰值时的时间之间的关系式;通过电控升降平台,测定了声源到参考平台水平面的高度。并制作了在1立方米范围内的三维声源定位实验装置,实验结果表明,本实验装置在二维平面内,声源距离测量的最大相对误差为2.3%,方位角测量的最大误差为1.6°;在三维空间内,声源距离测量的最大相对误差为2.9%,高度测量的最大相对误差为4.9%,方位角测量的最大误差为0.8°,通过实验证明了本实验系统定位效果较好。

高阶轨道角动量传输光纤设计及传输特性研究(内封底文章)

为解决一般轨道角动量传输光纤传输轨道角动量模式数量少、质量差的问题,提出了一种基于正六边形空气孔排列的新型光子晶体光纤结构。该光纤引入了空气填充率高的矩形空气孔以及采用高折射率材料填充环形传输区域,能够有效提高环形传输区域和包层间的折射率差,且正六边形排列空气孔有利于提高模间有效折射率差。经过结构优化得到最优光纤结构,有限元法的分析结果表明,最优结构下,该光纤在常用波段S+C+L+U波段上能够支持142种轨道角动量模式的传输,最高阶数达到36阶。且所提出光纤具有良好的传输特性,本征模式的最高限制性损耗为10−9 dB/m量级,与典型轨道角动量传输光子晶体光纤相比至少降低了一个数量级;最大有效模场面积能够达到206.18μm^(2),最小非线性系数低至0.397 W^(−1)∙km^(−1);色散平坦且最小色散变化低至1.4578 ps/(nm∙km);所有本征模式纯度均在93.4%~96.8%范围内。且该光纤具有较好的制备可行性,对制造精度要求不高。因此,该光纤在基于轨道角动量光纤的复用系统中具有广阔的应用前景,为提高通信容量提供了一种有效手段。

UVW对位平台运动学分析及轨迹规划

为控制UVW对位平台匀速运动,对平台做了运动学分析,并针对速度下降问题,设计轨迹规划方案。首先,以自由度为基础建立平台二维平面模型,求解位置正反解公式,分析奇异位形,构建三维工作空间。然后,对常用的同步定速法做轨迹分析,由运动轨迹散点图可知:当旋转角绝对值|θ|增大至15°时,平台运动末端速度与初始速度比值下降为0.935,意味着|θ|增大可降低平台运动速度。最后,结合平台自由度与速度变化规律,设计出等角速度瞬心法。通过对比可知,使用等角速度瞬心法平台运动速度保持恒定,消除了旋转角θ引起的速度下降。

Equal channel angular extrusion of NiTi shape memory alloy tube

As a new attempt, equal channel angular extrusion （ECAE） of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy （NiTi SMA） tube was investigated by means of process experiment, finite element method （FEM） and microscopy. NiTi SMA tube with the steel core in it was inserted into the steel can during ECAE of NiTi SMA tube. Based on rigid-viscoplastic FEM, multiple coupled boundary conditions and multiple constitutive models were used for finite element simulation of ECAE of NiTi SMA tube, where the effective stress field, the effective strain field and the velocity field were obtained. Finite element simulation results are in good accordance with the experimental ones. Finite element simulation results reveal that the velocity field shows the minimum value in the corner of NiTi SMA tube, where severe shear deformation occurs. Microstructural observation results reveal that severe plastic deformation leads to a certain grain orientation as well as occurrence of substructures in the grain interior and dynamic recovery occurs during ECAE of NiTi SMA tube. ECAE of NiTi SMA tube provides a new approach to manufacturing ultrafine-grained NiTi SMA tube.

分步精超角接触球轴承外圈沟道工艺试验研究

为提高角接触球轴承外圈沟道精超的加工精度及加工效率,基于沟道表面在精超加工过程中的变化特点,对轴承外圈的精超加工部分进行深入研究,细分为粗精超、精超两步,采用正交试验法来对每一步加工参数进行优化,将优化得出的结果和常规的一步精超试验结果作对比分析,试验结果表明:相较于常规的一步精超,采用分步精超能够将轴承超精加工精度提高10.42%,并且超精加工时间减少2s,说明分步精超的加工精度及加工效率均要高于常规的一步精超。

基于GAF-CNN的n/γ甄别方法研究

中子探测是核能开发领域的重要技术,由于中子闪烁体探测器往往会对中子和γ射线同时响应,因此有效分辨中子和γ射线是实现高精度中子探测的先决条件。为进一步提升n/γ甄别性能,本文结合脉冲形状甄别(PSD)技术和格拉姆角场(GAF)图像转换方法,将卷积神经网络(CNN)分类模型应用到n/γ甄别中。通过GAF将n/γ脉冲数据转化为二维图像,之后将其输入到CNN分类模型中达到样本辨别的目的。为验证GAF-CNN甄别的准确性,与传统CNN甄别法和电荷比较法进行了甄别效果对比。结果表明,GAF-CNN甄别法具有更低的辨别误差率和较短的处理时间,且n/γ甄别品质因子(FOM)有着数量级上的提升。同时其具备网络轻量化的特点,有助于实现CNN PSD算法的嵌入式部署,为研制高性能n/γ复合探测能谱仪提供了一种可行的PSD技术解决方案。

考虑圆度误差的角接触球轴承温升特性研究

以往有关于轴承温升特性的研究多注重轴承温升以及圆度误差对轴承振动的影响,其中圆度误差对轴承温升影响的文献较少,且研究对象多针对的是低速、轻载轴承的温升。为此,建立了考虑圆度误差、轴承预紧力、离心效应、热力耦合等影响的角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型,研究了轴承沟道圆度误差对轴承温升的影响规律。首先,以轴承拟动力学、弹流润滑理论、传热学理论和基尔霍夫能量守恒定律为基础,建立了考虑圆度误差、轴承预紧力、离心效应、热力耦合等影响的角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型;然后,利用模型分析了不同工况条件、圆度误差对轴承温升特性影响;最后,将模型计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,验证了角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型的合理性。研究结果表明:模型计算结果和实验结果相比,最大相对误差为5.37%;随着圆度误差阶次的增加,轴承温度呈现波动性变化,且随着转速的增加,波动趋势愈加显著;随着润滑油温度的升高,温度波动逐渐减小;当圆度误差的阶次等于球数n/2±2(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度比不考虑圆度误差时要低,因此将圆度误差控制在特定阶次内能有效降低轴承温升,从而提高工作效率;轴承外圈温度的波动性与外圈圆度误差的幅值成正比,为轴承设计提供了重要参考;外圈温度与沟道圆度误差阶次之间呈周期性变化,并与钢球的个数形成映射关系,当圆度误差阶次等于球数的(2 n-1)/4倍(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度达到最高;当圆度误差阶次等于球数的n/2倍(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度最低,这一规律可为轴承的优化提供具体参考方向。

电磁式线-角振动激振器气隙磁场特性分析

针对传统单轴激振器无法复现线-角空间耦合运动的问题,提出了一种可实现复合振动的电磁式线-角振动激振器磁路结构,并对其气隙磁场特性进行分析。首先构建了激振器的磁路和线圈结构,基于等效电流法,建立了气隙磁场的解析模型,与有限元分析结果的最大相对误差为1.25%,验证了解析模型的正确性;接着研究了各磁路参数对气隙磁场分布特性的影响规律,以及线圈电流产生的磁场与原磁场的耦合效应,并分析了线圈在运动过程中的受力情况;最后研制了激振器磁路拓扑结构样机,分别对线、角振动气隙磁场进行了实验测量,测得结果与有限元计算结果的最大相对误差小于5%,进一步验证了所提出磁路结构的有效性。

混合k空间经颅聚焦超声相位校正

经颅聚焦超声是一种非侵入性治疗方式,为脑功能性疾病的治疗提供了一种新思路,其常见的应用有血脑屏障打开、脑部肿瘤消融、神经调控等。由于颅骨的异质性,超声在传播过程中会产生畸变,需要一定的相位校正实现超声的聚焦。利用时间反转结合k空间伪谱可以实现对于非均匀的颅骨进行相位校正。然而,在相控聚焦过程中,同时提高相位校正的精度和减少计算的时间是一个矛盾的关系。该文提出伪谱法和角谱法相结合的混合k空间方法在较短时间内优化相位校正,k空间伪谱模拟非均匀的颅骨部分,角谱法模拟均匀的脑组织部分,并对经兔颅骨后的声场进行仿真与测试。结果表明,混合k空间和k空间相位校正方法得到焦点处的声压差和位置差较小,分别为3%和6%。在模型网格大小为310×310×300条件下,混合k空间相位校正方法的相位计算时间(14.98 min)与k空间方法(91.73 min)计算时间相比大幅降低,在脑超声治疗临床方面具有良好的应用前景。

基于解析法的空间角向孔镗削工艺尺寸转换研究

空间角向孔作为行星轮系旋转作动器中的重要结构特征具有很高的加工精度。镗削时必须根据图纸设计尺寸得到准确的镗削工艺尺寸,以便准确定位。文章系统地对双角度、三角度空间角向孔镗削过程、工艺尺寸转换进行了研究,使用图解法、解析法推导出对应的计算公式,拓展了工艺尺寸转换方法。利用解析法得到的计算公式,实现利用空间角向孔与工艺钢球相对尺寸及空间角向孔角度尺寸,得到所需的镗削工艺尺寸,降低了工艺尺寸转换难度,提高了空间角向孔的镗削效率。同时结合Python编程语言,编写出一套工艺尺寸计算软件,验证了推导公式的有效性和准确性。

单极静电电动机的力矩输出特性

为了研究单极静电电动机的力矩输出特性,将理论分析与计算机数值模拟相结合,利用保角变换法、格林函数法和软件MATLAB,讨论了定子和转子间的静态电场分布,给出定子和转子所形成电容的电容量随角位移的变化关系式,确定转子从平衡位置转过90°过程中电容的最大值和最小值,得到单极静电电动机的力矩,给出优化其力矩输出特性的途径。在讨论单极静电电动机的定、转子间的电容时,计及了定子和转子的横向边缘效应,所得结果具有较高的精确度。

周期性粗糙界面地震绕射波数值仿真与分析

数值仿真作为勘探地震学中研究地震波的重要手段,为野外实际数据采集和处理提供有力的科学依据。作为反射地震成像的重要补充,绕射波可以提高成像分辨率。因此,有效识别和确认数据中绕射波成分显得尤为重要。以正弦形粗糙界面为研究对象,采用谱元法数值模拟技术,分析绕射波传播规律,确定绕射波空间分布特征。结果表明,地震波与正弦界面作用后产生不同阶绕射波,其运动学特征满足光栅方程,且高阶绕射波具有更加严重的角频散。此外,仿真结果对学生深入理解绕射波对地震数据处理的影响具有重要的辅助作用。

面向粒子图像测速的光流金字塔插值优化方法

提出了一种面向粒子图像测速的光流金字塔插值优化方法,可以减小重建角度误差和均方根误差,尤其是图像边缘部分的角度误差。使用该优化算法分别对单涡流、双涡流、DNS湍流粒子场进行速度场重建,得到三种流场的均方根误差和平均角度误差比优化前至少降低了15.96%和19.87%。搭建二维PIV实验系统,在待测流场中均匀撒入100μm的PSP粒子,进行旋转实验和注水实验,分别模拟涡流场和射流场,所提出的优化算法可以获得与常见算法流形一致的速度场。