Manure samples were collected by floor scrapings in animal stables from Beijing suburbs. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were analyzed by conventional wet chemical methods. All man...Manure samples were collected by floor scrapings in animal stables from Beijing suburbs. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were analyzed by conventional wet chemical methods. All manures showed a high variability in nutrient contents. Nutrients contents in different animal manures were significantly different. TN and TK contents in layer manures were higher than swine and dairy manures展开更多
The effect of effluents from biodigestion of pre-treated rice bran in combination with two types of animal manure on dry matter yield of <i>Amarathus</i><span> <i>viridis</i></span>...The effect of effluents from biodigestion of pre-treated rice bran in combination with two types of animal manure on dry matter yield of <i>Amarathus</i><span> <i>viridis</i></span> was investigated using two pre-treatment methods: Soaking in ordinary distilled water and boiled in distilled water at 100°C. The pre-treated rice bran and animal manure were mixed (w/w basis) to give carbon to nitrogen ratio of 35:1 and 37:1 prior to loading into the digester to make eight different treatment combinations as follow: 1) Cow dung with no rice bran (NRB + CD);2) Raw rice bran + cow dung (RRB + CD);3) Soaked rice bran in ordinary distilled water + cow dung (SRB + CD);4) Boiled rice bran + cow dung (BRB + CD);5) Poultry manure with no rice bran (NRB + PM);6) Raw rice bran + poultry manure (RRB + PM);7) Soaked rice bran + poultry manure (SRB + PM);8) Boiled rice bran + poultry manure (BRB + PM). Samples of different treatment combinations were collected before digestion, both the samples and resultant effluents were subjected to elemental analysis using AAS. The effluents from the biodigestion of these combinations were applied at two rates (80 and 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) to 3 kg air-dried and sieved soil samples (0 - 20) cm in the greenhouse, control (0 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) and reference pot with NPK fertilizer at the 80 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> were arranged in a completely randomized design replicated three times. Amaranthus plants were introduced into each treated pot, left for four weeks before harvest, dry matter yields were recorded. Results of chemical analysis of raw materials and effluents obtained after biodigestion revealed th<span>e presence of all plant nutrients in both the raw materials and resultant </span>effluents though the former had higher values in some nutrients than the effluent, for examples treatment combination of CD, the values for organic carbon (42.85%), Ca (3.41%) and Mg (0.61%) were higher than in the resultant effluent for CD, a similar trend was observed with other treatment combinations. Drastic reduction in heavy metal concentration was observed after digestion, Pb content in the raw materials for poultry manure reduced by 94.7% in the resultant effluent from BRB: PM thus making the effluent a better soil amendment. Raw chicken manure was richer in the nutrients needed for optimal crop growth however, raw cow dung had the highest. The amendment of effluent from boiled rice bran with poultry manure at 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> significantly increased the dry matter yield of <i>Amaranthus</i><span> <i>viridis</i></span> over control pots, NPK pots and all other amendments thus making it a good alternative to NPK fertilizer.展开更多
The waste gas evolved from biodegradation of animal urine contains ammonia causing environmental concerns. A new and effective method for removing ammonia from such waste gas using reactive adsorption is presented. In...The waste gas evolved from biodegradation of animal urine contains ammonia causing environmental concerns. A new and effective method for removing ammonia from such waste gas using reactive adsorption is presented. In the process, activated carbon impregnated with H2SO4（H2SO4/C） is employed. Ammonia in the waste gas reacts with H2SO4 on the adsorbent instantaneously and completely to form （NIL）2SO4. The H2SO4/C adsorbent is high in NH3 adsorption capacity and regenerable. The NH3 removal capacity of this regenerable adsorbent is more than 30 times that of the adsorbents used normally in the industry. The spent H2SO4/C is regenerated by flowing low-pressure steam through the adsorbent bed to remove the （NH4）2SO4 from the adsorbent. The regeneration by-product is concentrated （NH4）2SO4 solution, which is a perfect liquid fertilizer for local use. Re-soaking the activated carbon with H2SO4 solution rejuvenates the activity of the adsorbent. Thus the H2SOJC can be reused repeatedly. In the mechanism of this reactive adsorption process, trace of H20 in the waste gas is a required, which lends itself to treating ammonia gas saturated with moisture from biodegradation of animal urine.展开更多
Currently the deteriorated water quality for Huaihe River Basin(HRB) in China was still serious because of the negative influence multiple pollution sources including animal manure. However, little attention was paid ...Currently the deteriorated water quality for Huaihe River Basin(HRB) in China was still serious because of the negative influence multiple pollution sources including animal manure. However, little attention was paid to the potential risk of animal manure for farmland and water quality of HRB. This study was quantified and forecasted animal manure risk and its spatiotemporal variations in HRB from 2008 to 2018, through pollution discharge coefficient method and pollution load calculation, combined with kriging interpolation method of ArcGIS technology, based on statistics principle. All the data were originated from livestock and poultry breeding in HRB from 2008 to 2018. The future risk of farmland and water environment in HRB was further forecasted. The results indicated that the livestock and poultry manure has become a key pollution source causing a negative influence on farmland and water quality owing to a large amount of animal manure production without efficient recycle utilization. The chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) discharge of animal manure in HRB almost accounted for 17.00% and 39.00% of the whole COD and TN discharge in China. The diffusion concentration of TN and TP in those regions of Shangqiu, Zhoukou, Heze, Zhumadian, Luohe, Jining, Xuchang,Kaifeng, Taian and Zhengzhou of HRB has exceeded the threshold value 10.00 mg/L of TN and 0.08 mg/L of TP, causing water eutrophication and cancer villages. The assessment of farmland and water quality risk revealed that Zhumadian, Zhoukou, Shangqiu, Taian, Jining, Heze, Linyi and Rizhao belonged to high risk areas in HRB, which were still obtained high farmland and water quality risk index in 2030. The results provided insight into an important significance of sustainable balance of livestock and poultry development and ecosystem in HRB.展开更多
A total of 224 animal manures and feeds, randomly sampled from different sizes of intensive farms in three northeastern provinces, were analyzed to determine Cu concentration. At the same time, the load of animal manu...A total of 224 animal manures and feeds, randomly sampled from different sizes of intensive farms in three northeastern provinces, were analyzed to determine Cu concentration. At the same time, the load of animal manure Cu on farmlands and loss to rivers in sewage irrigation areas of Liaoning Province was estimated. The results showed that the mean Cu concentrations in pig, cattle, and chicken feeds were 179.8, 16.6 and 20.8 mg kg-1, respectively. Cu concentrations in manures ranged from 1.5 to 1521.2 mg kg-1. The mean value of 642.1 mg kg-1 in pig manure was higher than the mean values of 65.6 mg kg-1 and 31.1 mg kg-1 in chicken and cattle manures, respectively. The load of animal manure Cu on farmland in the study area ranged from 12.3-35.4 kg km-2 annually. In particular, the Xiaolinghe area received a higher level than the other areas. The possible amount of manure Cu entering river water as a result of soil erosion was lower than 0.76 kg km-2. The highest loss rates were found in the south of Anshan and the west of Jinzhou. It is suggested that animal manures contain a high level of Cu. Long-term agricultural application of animal manure may increase the potential risk of Cu pollution in soil and surface water.展开更多
The 360 feed and manure samples were collected from 150 animal farms in Jiangsu Province, China and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in animal feeds were 15.9-2041.8 and undetected-392.1 mg/kg re...The 360 feed and manure samples were collected from 150 animal farms in Jiangsu Province, China and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in animal feeds were 15.9-2041.8 and undetected-392.1 mg/kg respectively, while Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in all feeds were below 10 mg/kg. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cr in animal manures were 8.4-1726, 39.5-11379, and 1.0-1602 mg/kg respectively, while As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 〈 10 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu, Zn, As and Cr in animal feed and manure were positively correlated （p 〈 0.001）, but the Cd, Hg, and Pb were not statistically correlated between the feed and the manure. Concentrations of Cu and Zn were highest in pig feed and manure, followed by poultry and dairy feeds and manures. During 1990- 2008, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Cd contents increased by 771%, 410%, 420%, 220%, and 63% in pig manure, 212%, 95%, 200%, 791%, and -63% in dairy manure, and 181%, 197%, 1500%, 261, and 196% in poultry manure. Most of the increases occurred from 2002 to 2008, which reflects the extensive use of feed additives after 2002. In contrast, Pb and Hg in manures continuously decreased from 1990 to 2008. The results suggest that the heavy metal contents in animal manure have been greatly increased over 18 years and the contribution of manures to soil should be considered.展开更多
Biochars derived from animal manures may accumulate potentially toxic metals and cause a potential risk to ecosystem. The synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, sequential fractionation schemes, bioaccessibility extrac...Biochars derived from animal manures may accumulate potentially toxic metals and cause a potential risk to ecosystem. The synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, sequential fractionation schemes, bioaccessibility extraction and leaching procedure were performed on poultry and swine manure-derived biochars （denoted PB and SB, respectively） to evaluate the variance of speciation and activity of Cu and Zn as affected by the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. The results showed that Cu speciation was dependent on the feedstock with Cu-citrate-like in swine manure and species resembling Cu-glutathione and CuO in poultry manure. Pyrolyzed products, however, had similar Cu speciation mainly with species resembling Cu-citrate, CuO and CuS/Cu2S. Organic bound Zn and Zn3（PO4）2-1ike species were dominant in both feedstock and biochars. Both Cu and Zn leaching with synthetic precipitation leaching procedure （SPLP） and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure （TCLP） decreased greatly with the rise of pyrolysis temperature, which were consistent with the sequential extraction results that pyrolysis converted Cu and Zn into less labile phases such as organic/ sulfide and residual fractions. The potential bioaccessibility of Zn decreased for both the PB and SB, closely depending on the content of non-residual Zn. The bioaccessibility of Cu, however, increased for the SB prepared at 300℃ 700℃, probably due to the increased proportion of CuO. Concerning the results of sequential fi＇actionation schemes, bioaccessibility extraction and leaching procedure, pyrolysis at 500℃ was suggested as means of reducing Cu/Zn lability and poultry manure was more suitable for pyrolysis treatment.展开更多
This study was aimed to determine biogas amount and the energy value which could be made from animal manure in Turkey.For this purpose,biogas potential was calculated with the number of dairy cattle and laying hens ta...This study was aimed to determine biogas amount and the energy value which could be made from animal manure in Turkey.For this purpose,biogas potential was calculated with the number of dairy cattle and laying hens taking into consideration,which have high availability manure.Turkey has a total of about 8.9 million dairy cattle and 98 million laying hens.Annual total 92.1 million tons of manure is obtained from these animals.There are 89.2 million tons of cattle manure and 2.9 million tons of laying hens manure.Annual 1.6 billion m3 of biogas can be produced from the usable amount of this manure.The heating value of biogas produced from this manure is about 36.7 PJ.These values can provide 1.1%of Turkey’s annual energy consumption(80.5 Mtoe).The distribution of these calculated data by province was mapped using a GIS Software’s mapping option.When provinces are ranked according to the amount of biogas production,the top 10 are Konya,Erzurum,İzmir,Balıkesir,Kars,Afyon,Diyarbakır,Aydın,Ankara and Ağrı.Furthermore,the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission abatement was calculated for demonstrating the environmental benefits of the biogas production from animal manure.It was determined that the CO2 emission abatement annually ranging between 17.2-25.3 million tons could be provided with the evaluation of biogas potential which was calculated.展开更多
文摘Manure samples were collected by floor scrapings in animal stables from Beijing suburbs. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were analyzed by conventional wet chemical methods. All manures showed a high variability in nutrient contents. Nutrients contents in different animal manures were significantly different. TN and TK contents in layer manures were higher than swine and dairy manures
文摘The effect of effluents from biodigestion of pre-treated rice bran in combination with two types of animal manure on dry matter yield of <i>Amarathus</i><span> <i>viridis</i></span> was investigated using two pre-treatment methods: Soaking in ordinary distilled water and boiled in distilled water at 100°C. The pre-treated rice bran and animal manure were mixed (w/w basis) to give carbon to nitrogen ratio of 35:1 and 37:1 prior to loading into the digester to make eight different treatment combinations as follow: 1) Cow dung with no rice bran (NRB + CD);2) Raw rice bran + cow dung (RRB + CD);3) Soaked rice bran in ordinary distilled water + cow dung (SRB + CD);4) Boiled rice bran + cow dung (BRB + CD);5) Poultry manure with no rice bran (NRB + PM);6) Raw rice bran + poultry manure (RRB + PM);7) Soaked rice bran + poultry manure (SRB + PM);8) Boiled rice bran + poultry manure (BRB + PM). Samples of different treatment combinations were collected before digestion, both the samples and resultant effluents were subjected to elemental analysis using AAS. The effluents from the biodigestion of these combinations were applied at two rates (80 and 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) to 3 kg air-dried and sieved soil samples (0 - 20) cm in the greenhouse, control (0 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) and reference pot with NPK fertilizer at the 80 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> were arranged in a completely randomized design replicated three times. Amaranthus plants were introduced into each treated pot, left for four weeks before harvest, dry matter yields were recorded. Results of chemical analysis of raw materials and effluents obtained after biodigestion revealed th<span>e presence of all plant nutrients in both the raw materials and resultant </span>effluents though the former had higher values in some nutrients than the effluent, for examples treatment combination of CD, the values for organic carbon (42.85%), Ca (3.41%) and Mg (0.61%) were higher than in the resultant effluent for CD, a similar trend was observed with other treatment combinations. Drastic reduction in heavy metal concentration was observed after digestion, Pb content in the raw materials for poultry manure reduced by 94.7% in the resultant effluent from BRB: PM thus making the effluent a better soil amendment. Raw chicken manure was richer in the nutrients needed for optimal crop growth however, raw cow dung had the highest. The amendment of effluent from boiled rice bran with poultry manure at 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> significantly increased the dry matter yield of <i>Amaranthus</i><span> <i>viridis</i></span> over control pots, NPK pots and all other amendments thus making it a good alternative to NPK fertilizer.
文摘The waste gas evolved from biodegradation of animal urine contains ammonia causing environmental concerns. A new and effective method for removing ammonia from such waste gas using reactive adsorption is presented. In the process, activated carbon impregnated with H2SO4（H2SO4/C） is employed. Ammonia in the waste gas reacts with H2SO4 on the adsorbent instantaneously and completely to form （NIL）2SO4. The H2SO4/C adsorbent is high in NH3 adsorption capacity and regenerable. The NH3 removal capacity of this regenerable adsorbent is more than 30 times that of the adsorbents used normally in the industry. The spent H2SO4/C is regenerated by flowing low-pressure steam through the adsorbent bed to remove the （NH4）2SO4 from the adsorbent. The regeneration by-product is concentrated （NH4）2SO4 solution, which is a perfect liquid fertilizer for local use. Re-soaking the activated carbon with H2SO4 solution rejuvenates the activity of the adsorbent. Thus the H2SOJC can be reused repeatedly. In the mechanism of this reactive adsorption process, trace of H20 in the waste gas is a required, which lends itself to treating ammonia gas saturated with moisture from biodegradation of animal urine.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31070401)the College Natural Science Foundation of Major Project of Anhui+2 种基金China(No.KJ2018ZD033)the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(No.GXXT-2020-075)Engineering Research Center of Biomembrance Water Purification and Utilization Technology,Ministry of Education,Anhui University of Technology。
文摘Currently the deteriorated water quality for Huaihe River Basin(HRB) in China was still serious because of the negative influence multiple pollution sources including animal manure. However, little attention was paid to the potential risk of animal manure for farmland and water quality of HRB. This study was quantified and forecasted animal manure risk and its spatiotemporal variations in HRB from 2008 to 2018, through pollution discharge coefficient method and pollution load calculation, combined with kriging interpolation method of ArcGIS technology, based on statistics principle. All the data were originated from livestock and poultry breeding in HRB from 2008 to 2018. The future risk of farmland and water environment in HRB was further forecasted. The results indicated that the livestock and poultry manure has become a key pollution source causing a negative influence on farmland and water quality owing to a large amount of animal manure production without efficient recycle utilization. The chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) discharge of animal manure in HRB almost accounted for 17.00% and 39.00% of the whole COD and TN discharge in China. The diffusion concentration of TN and TP in those regions of Shangqiu, Zhoukou, Heze, Zhumadian, Luohe, Jining, Xuchang,Kaifeng, Taian and Zhengzhou of HRB has exceeded the threshold value 10.00 mg/L of TN and 0.08 mg/L of TP, causing water eutrophication and cancer villages. The assessment of farmland and water quality risk revealed that Zhumadian, Zhoukou, Shangqiu, Taian, Jining, Heze, Linyi and Rizhao belonged to high risk areas in HRB, which were still obtained high farmland and water quality risk index in 2030. The results provided insight into an important significance of sustainable balance of livestock and poultry development and ecosystem in HRB.
基金the Environmental Protection Public Welfare Program (200909042)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20977010) the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB407302)
文摘A total of 224 animal manures and feeds, randomly sampled from different sizes of intensive farms in three northeastern provinces, were analyzed to determine Cu concentration. At the same time, the load of animal manure Cu on farmlands and loss to rivers in sewage irrigation areas of Liaoning Province was estimated. The results showed that the mean Cu concentrations in pig, cattle, and chicken feeds were 179.8, 16.6 and 20.8 mg kg-1, respectively. Cu concentrations in manures ranged from 1.5 to 1521.2 mg kg-1. The mean value of 642.1 mg kg-1 in pig manure was higher than the mean values of 65.6 mg kg-1 and 31.1 mg kg-1 in chicken and cattle manures, respectively. The load of animal manure Cu on farmland in the study area ranged from 12.3-35.4 kg km-2 annually. In particular, the Xiaolinghe area received a higher level than the other areas. The possible amount of manure Cu entering river water as a result of soil erosion was lower than 0.76 kg km-2. The highest loss rates were found in the south of Anshan and the west of Jinzhou. It is suggested that animal manures contain a high level of Cu. Long-term agricultural application of animal manure may increase the potential risk of Cu pollution in soil and surface water.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41371319)the Special Funds for Enviro-Scientific Research(No.2013467036)the Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.200903011)
文摘The 360 feed and manure samples were collected from 150 animal farms in Jiangsu Province, China and analyzed for heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn and Cu in animal feeds were 15.9-2041.8 and undetected-392.1 mg/kg respectively, while Hg, As, Pb, Cd, and Cr in all feeds were below 10 mg/kg. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cr in animal manures were 8.4-1726, 39.5-11379, and 1.0-1602 mg/kg respectively, while As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 〈 10 mg/kg. The concentration of Cu, Zn, As and Cr in animal feed and manure were positively correlated （p 〈 0.001）, but the Cd, Hg, and Pb were not statistically correlated between the feed and the manure. Concentrations of Cu and Zn were highest in pig feed and manure, followed by poultry and dairy feeds and manures. During 1990- 2008, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Cd contents increased by 771%, 410%, 420%, 220%, and 63% in pig manure, 212%, 95%, 200%, 791%, and -63% in dairy manure, and 181%, 197%, 1500%, 261, and 196% in poultry manure. Most of the increases occurred from 2002 to 2008, which reflects the extensive use of feed additives after 2002. In contrast, Pb and Hg in manures continuously decreased from 1990 to 2008. The results suggest that the heavy metal contents in animal manure have been greatly increased over 18 years and the contribution of manures to soil should be considered.
文摘Biochars derived from animal manures may accumulate potentially toxic metals and cause a potential risk to ecosystem. The synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, sequential fractionation schemes, bioaccessibility extraction and leaching procedure were performed on poultry and swine manure-derived biochars （denoted PB and SB, respectively） to evaluate the variance of speciation and activity of Cu and Zn as affected by the feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. The results showed that Cu speciation was dependent on the feedstock with Cu-citrate-like in swine manure and species resembling Cu-glutathione and CuO in poultry manure. Pyrolyzed products, however, had similar Cu speciation mainly with species resembling Cu-citrate, CuO and CuS/Cu2S. Organic bound Zn and Zn3（PO4）2-1ike species were dominant in both feedstock and biochars. Both Cu and Zn leaching with synthetic precipitation leaching procedure （SPLP） and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure （TCLP） decreased greatly with the rise of pyrolysis temperature, which were consistent with the sequential extraction results that pyrolysis converted Cu and Zn into less labile phases such as organic/ sulfide and residual fractions. The potential bioaccessibility of Zn decreased for both the PB and SB, closely depending on the content of non-residual Zn. The bioaccessibility of Cu, however, increased for the SB prepared at 300℃ 700℃, probably due to the increased proportion of CuO. Concerning the results of sequential fi＇actionation schemes, bioaccessibility extraction and leaching procedure, pyrolysis at 500℃ was suggested as means of reducing Cu/Zn lability and poultry manure was more suitable for pyrolysis treatment.
文摘This study was aimed to determine biogas amount and the energy value which could be made from animal manure in Turkey.For this purpose,biogas potential was calculated with the number of dairy cattle and laying hens taking into consideration,which have high availability manure.Turkey has a total of about 8.9 million dairy cattle and 98 million laying hens.Annual total 92.1 million tons of manure is obtained from these animals.There are 89.2 million tons of cattle manure and 2.9 million tons of laying hens manure.Annual 1.6 billion m3 of biogas can be produced from the usable amount of this manure.The heating value of biogas produced from this manure is about 36.7 PJ.These values can provide 1.1%of Turkey’s annual energy consumption(80.5 Mtoe).The distribution of these calculated data by province was mapped using a GIS Software’s mapping option.When provinces are ranked according to the amount of biogas production,the top 10 are Konya,Erzurum,İzmir,Balıkesir,Kars,Afyon,Diyarbakır,Aydın,Ankara and Ağrı.Furthermore,the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission abatement was calculated for demonstrating the environmental benefits of the biogas production from animal manure.It was determined that the CO2 emission abatement annually ranging between 17.2-25.3 million tons could be provided with the evaluation of biogas potential which was calculated.
