A novel cationic collector for silicon removal from collophane using reverse flotation under acidic conditions

We analyzed a novel cationic collector using chemical plant byproducts,such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)and dibutyl phthalate(DBP).Our aim is to establish a highly effective and economical process for the removal of quartz from collophane.A microflotation test with a 25 mg·L^(−1)collector at pH value of 6-10 demonstrates a considerable difference in the floatability of pure quartz and fluorapatite.Flotation tests for a collophane sample subjected to the first reverse flotation for magnesium removal demonstrates that a rough flotation process(using a 0.4 kg·t−1 new collector at pH=6)results in a collophane concentrate with 29.33wt%P_(2)O_(5)grade and 12.66wt%SiO2 at a 79.69wt%P_(2)O_(5)recovery,providing desirable results.Mechanism studies using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,zeta potential,and contact angle measurements show that the adsorption capacity of the new collector for quartz is higher than that for fluorapatite.The synergistic effect of DBP increases the difference in hydrophobicity between quartz and fluorapatite.The maximum defoaming rate of the novel cationic collector reaches 142.8 mL·min−1.This is considerably higher than that of a conventional cationic collector.

Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconia Nanocrystallites by Cationic Surfactant and Anionic Surfactant

Study on nanomaterials has attracted great interests in recent years. In this article, zirconia nanocrystallites of different structures have been successfully synthesized via hydrothermal methods with cationic surfactant （CTAB） and anionic surfactant （SDS）, respectively. Differential Scanning Calorimeter （DSC-TG）, X-ray Diffractometer （XRD）, Transmission Electron Microscope （TEM）, Ultraviolet-Visible （UV-vis） and N2 adsorption-desorption analyses are used for their structure characteristics. The results show that the cationic surfactant has a distinctive direction effect on the formation of zirconia nanocrystallites, while the anionic surfactant has a self-assembly synergistic effect on them. The sample synthesized with the cationic surfactant presents good dispersion with the main phase of tetragonal zirconia, and the average nanocrystal size is around 15 nm after calcination at 500 ℃. While the sample synthesized with the anionic surfactant exhibits a worm-like mesoporous structure with pure tetragonal phase after calcination at 500 ℃ and with good thermal stability.

A comparison of anionic and cationic flotation of a siliceous phosphate rock in a column flotation cell

筹款性能一软泥 de (? 150 + 53 渭 m ) 约旦的硅质的磷酸盐在 100 厘米高的批实验室筹款列和 5 厘米里面被评估直径。当胺醋酸盐(AEROMINE 3100C ) 被用于 cationic 筹款时，在 anionic 筹款期间使用的收集者是钠油酸盐。在不同收集者剂量，表面的煤气的速度，和 frother 集中的筹款比较证明在在 cationic 和 anionic 筹款之间的性能的最大的差别与这些筹款参数被获得：30 脳 10 ? 6 (mg/L ) frother 集中， 250 g/t 收集者集中，和 3.4 cm/s 表面的煤气的速度。在这些操作条件胺(cationic ) ，筹款给了 7% 更高的筹款恢复， 6% 清洁工集中等级，并且是在搬迁有效的 6% 更多硅石。

Influences of anionic and cationic dopants on the morphology and optical properties of PbS nanostructures

Selenium and zinc are used as anionic and cationic dopant elements to dope PbS nanostructures. The undoped and doped PbS nanostructures are grown using a thermal evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） results show similar morphologies for the undoped and doped PbS nanostructures. X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of three sets of the nanostructures indicate that these nanostructures each have a PbS structure with a cubic phase. Evidence of dopant incorporation is demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. Raman spectra of the synthesized samples con- firm the XRD results and indicate five Raman active modes, which relate to the PbS cubic phase for all the nanostructures. Room temperature photoluminescence （PL） and UV-Vis spectrometers are used to study optical properties of the undoped and doped PbS nanostructures. Optical characterization shows that emission and absorption peaks are in the infrared （IR） region of the electromagnetic spectrum for all PbS nanostructures. In addition, the optical studies of the doped PbS nanos- tructures reveal that the band gap of the Se-doped PbS is smaller, and the band gap of the Zn-doped PbS is bigger than the band gap of the undoped PbS nanostructures.

Phase Separation and Microstructure of Mixed Surfactants Solution Containing Cationic Geminis and Traditional Anionic Surfactant

The properties of aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of mixed solution containing gemini cationic surfactant trimethylene-l,3-bis(dodecyldimethyl ammonium) bromide (12-3-12, 2Br-) and traditional anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with or without added salt have been studied. An ATPS is formed in a narrow region of the ternary phase diagram different from that of traditional aqueous cationic-anionic surfactant systems. In ATPS region, the lowest total concentration of surfactants varies with the mixing ratio of geminis to SDS. Photographs obtained from freeze-etching, negative-staining and transmission electron microscopy show that the microstructures of two phases are different from each other. Micelles and vesicles can coexist in a single phase. The addition of salts can change the phase diagram of ATPS. Furthermore, the added salts promote the aggregation of rod-like micelles to form coarse network structure that increase the viscosity of solutions. The negative ions of the added salts are the determining factor.

Preparation and Application of Anionic and Cationic Waterborne Polyurethanes and Graphene-Cellulose Nanocrystal as an Antistatic Agent for Cashmere

The main purpose of this research work is to improve anti-static properties of Cashmere fabric by introducing application comprising anti-static agent by foaming which was made with cationic waterborne polyurethane and graphene-CNC. Cashmere fabric was cut into 10 pieces of sample cloth of 5 cm * 5 cm size, washed with acetone solution, and then dried in an oven at 60℃. Three forms of waterborne polyurethanes such as two forms of Cationic waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) and a form of Anionic waterborne polyurethane (AWPU) were synthesized. Cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC)/graphite powder solution with the ratio of 0.5/1, 1/1, 2/1 was prepared by ultrasonic probe stripping method, and the concentration of graphite powder was ensured to be 1 mg/ml. The fabric was treated with anionic and cationic WPUs foaming solution until the weight gain reached 2.5 - 3.5 wt%. After drying, the elastic cloth was foamed with graphene solution until the graphite content of the cloth was close to 10%, 20%, 40%, 60% respectively, and then dried for reserving. Characterization properties of pure graphite powder, pure CNC and graphene solution with different proportions of three components were tested by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermalgravitimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Take the original cloth, only WPU treated cloth and four clothes with different graphite content for the fabric performance test.

Synthesis and Characterization of Star-branched Polyisobutylene by Combination of Anionic Polymerization and Cationic Polymerization

A star-shaped multifunctional styrene-isoprene copolymer was synthesized with n-BuLi as initiator, divinyl benzene as coupling agent, cyclobexane as solvent by living anionic polymerization. Using this polymer as grafting agent, a novel star-shaped branched polymer, containing several polyisobutylene, was prepared via cationic ~aolymerization. The star PS-b-PI and star-branched polyisobutylene were characterized by GPC, ＇HNMR and FT-IR, and the effects of different adding order and the amount of grafting agent were investigated.

Novel Properties of Supramolecular Complexes Formed by Pairing Cationic Porphyrin and Anionic Metal-Oxo Cluster

MTBPyP (meso-tetrakis(4-N-benzylpyridyl)porphyrin, M=H-2, Zn) bearing positive charge has been shown to associate with SiW12O404- in water solution. The spectral evolution and Job's plots analyses reveal that the relatively stable aggregates contain equal numbers of MTBPyP4(+) and SiW12O404-.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Interactions of Cationic-Anionic Surfactants

Typical cationic and anionic surfactants were chosen and their interactions were calculated by quantum chemical method. Interaction energies are -0.2378 kJ·mol^-1, -3.3394 kJ·mol^-1 and 0.1204 kJ·mol^-1 for the molecular pairs with fluocarbon and hydrocarbon chain: C4H10/C5H12, C4F10/C5H12, and C4F10 /C5F12, respectively.When hydrophilic group with cationic and anionicions is introduced, interaction energies are -287.40kJ·mol^-1,-311.18 kJ·mo1^-1 and -345.83 kJ·mo1^-1. The results show that there is strong static interaction between cationic and anionic surfactants. It has been predicted that mixed monolayer may be formed and surface activity is enhanced favorably, especially for mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants with fluocarbon and hydrocarbon chains. The anionic surfactants, sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate perfluopolyetherbenzenesulonate(ANF-I) was synthesized, mixture effects of ANF-I with sodium octadecylbenzenesulfonate or dodecyldimethyl benzylammonium bromide were studied. The results indicate that the efficiency of mixing increased and the theoretical prediction was testified. These results can provide useful information for the design of new surfactants.

Influence of monovalent cations and CuO nanoparticles on X-nanozeolite in uranium anionic species separation from contaminated drinking water

The main purpose of this work was the modification of NaX nanozeolite using copper oxide nanoparticles and various monovalent cations such as K^+, Cs^+, and Ag^+in order to make the negatively charged zeolite surface accessible for anionic forms of uranium which are the most dominant species of uranium in the contaminated radioactive waters at natural p H. Various methods such as the X-ray fluorescence(XRF), X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), and atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS) were used to characterize the final synthesized absorbents. Batch technique was used to study the adsorption behavior of uranium ions from polluted drinking water by Na X nanozeolite and its modified forms. In order to better understand the performance of them, the results were compared with those that were obtained for synthesizing bulk NaX zeolite and Na-form of clinoptilolite natural zeolite. Preliminary results indicated that uranium sorption increased as the loading level of CuO nanoparticles on NaX nanozeolite increased from 2.1 wt% to 11.2 wt%. In addition,from the obtained data, an increase in uranium removal efficiency resulted as charge/ionic radius ratio of exchanged cation decreased. Also, the effect of contact time, solid–liquid ratio, initial concentration and temperature on the adsorption process was studied. It is worth mentioning that, in this study, the sorption of uranium was performed under natural conditions of pH and the presence of competing cations and anions which are available in drinking waters.

Cations and Anions in Sewage Sludge from Gaza Waste Water Treatment Plant

This paper determined cations and anions concentrations, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), and heavy metals content in sewage sludge collected from the drying beds of wastewater treatment plant in Gaza. The aim was to test the possibility of using this sewage sludge as an alternative source of mineral fertilizers. Many instruments were used in this work: flame photometry (K, Na), EDTA titration (Ca, Mg), the turbidity method () , spectrophotometer (turbidity), ascorbic acid method (orthophosphate), titrimetric method (Cl﹣), inductive coupled plasma analyzer (ICP, heavy metals). All the processes of experiments and analyses were described clearly for reference. Results showed that concentrations of Na﹢, K﹢, Ca2﹢ and Mg2﹢ were 28.93, 2.53, 271 and 177 mg/kg respectively whereas? were 0.434, 18.59, 0.87 and 0.026 g/kg respectively. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn were 125.12, 172.56, 76.88, 218.73 and 157.56 mg/kg respectively. These results indicate that sewage sludge from Gaza contained high fractions of most plant nutrients accordingly, and it may be advantageous to use the sludge as a natural source of plant fertilizers.

An experimental study of electroreduction of CO2 to HCOOH on SnO2/C in presence of alkali metal cations(Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Rb^+and Cs^+)and anions(HCO3^-,Cl^-,Br^-and I^-)

It is well-known that the electrolytes can influence the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide(ERCO2)in aqueous media.In this work,we explore the effects of alkali metal cations and anions(Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Rb^+,Cs^+,HCO3^-,Cl^-,Br^-,I^-)on the current density and product selectivity for the ERCO2 into formic acid(HCOOH)on the SnO2/carbon paper(Sn O2/C)electrode.Results of the ERCO2 experiments show that for the cations,the promotion effects on current density and faradaic efficiencies(FEs)are in the order of Li^+b Na^+b K^+b Cs^+b Rb^+.For the anions,the current density values are in the order of Na HCO3 b NaClb Na Br b Na I and KHCO3 b KCl≈KI b KBr,respectively,and that on the FEs for the formation of the HCOOH(FEHCOOH)is HCO3-b Cl-b Br-b I-.Based on this result,the effects of alkali metal cations and anions on ERCO2 are discussed.

Effects of Anions and Cations on π-Complexation Between Olefin and Metal Halide

An ab initio molecular orbital study was performed to determine the effects of anions and cations on the π-complexation of C_2H_4 on MX(M=Ag, Cu; X=F, Cl). The calculated results show the following order of adsorption strength: F ->Cl - for anions; Cu +>Ag + for cations. The results can be explained by the detailed analysis of atomic charge, orbital energy and orbital population by using the natural bond orbital(NBO) theory: (1) anions with stronger electronegativity can attract more electrons from the s orbital of M, while at the same time it does not obviously weaken the d orbital occupation of M, thus the nearly vacant s orbital and the sufficiently filled d orbitals of M help with forming σ-donation and d-π * backdonation with the π orbital and the π * orbital of olefin, respectively; (2) a smaller energy gap of symmetry-adapted orbitals between olefin and a cation can favor the electron transfer, that is why Cu + forms stronger adsorption with olefin than Ag + does.

Reducing Dietary Cation-Anion Difference on Acid-Base Balance, Plasma Minerals Level and Anti-Oxidative Stress of Female Goats

Reducing dietary cation-anion difference （DCAD） has been proved an effective way to prevent milk fever in dairy cows. Based on the similar physiological gastro-intestinal tract anatomy and metabolic process between female goats and dairy cows, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying DCAD on fluid acid-base status, plasma minerals concentration and anti-oxidative stress capacity of female goats. Urinary pH, plasma Ca, P and Mg; and anti-oxidative stress indices of total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD）, hydrogen peroxide （HzO2）, glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） and malondialdehyde （MDA） were determined to evaluate the effect. Forty-eight Guizhou black female goats （（15±1.9） mon of old, （22.3±3.75） kg of BW） were randomly allocated to 4 blocks of 12 goats each and were fed 1 of 4 diets differed in DCAD level （calculated as Na＋K-C1-S, mEq kg-1 DM）. Levels of DCAD were preliminarily designed to be control （＋ 150 mEq kg^-1 DM, CON）, high DCAD （＋300 mEq kg^-1 DM, HD）, low DCAD （0 mEq kg^-1 DM, LD） and negative DCAD （-150 mEq kg^-1 DM, ND）, respectively. A commercial anionic salts （Animate） and sodium bicarbonate （NaHCO3） were supplemented to reduce and increase DCAD level, respectively. There was no difference in dry matter intake for 4 groups of goats. Urine pH was aggressively decreased （P〈0.0001） with reduced DCAD and there was a strong association between DCAD and urine pH （R2=0.793, P〈0.0001）. Compared with CON and HD feeding of LD and ND resulted in greater （P〈0.05） plasma Ca concentration. Plasma P level was increased （P〈0.05） when anionic salts were supplemented. The DCAD alteration did not affected （P〉0.05） plasma Mg level. There was no significant （P〉0.05） difference in plasma GSH-Px activity and H202, but anionic salts supplementation in LD and ND significantly increased （P〈0.05） plasma T-SOD activity and tended to reduce MDA （P〈0.1） over HD and CON. Results from this study indicated that reducing DCAD could decrease urine pH and increase plasma Ca concentration of female goats. Additionally, reducing DCAD was helpful to enhance anti-oxidative stress capability of female goats.

Ionic covalent organic frameworks with tailored anionic redox chemistry and selective ion transport for high-performance Na-ion cathodes

Employing cathode materials with multiple redox couples and electrolytes with efficient cation transport kinetics are two effective approaches to improving the electrochemical performance of batteries.In this work,for the first time,we present a design strategy of simultaneously realizing reversible cationic and anionic redox chemistries as well as selective anion/cation transport in the viologen-based COFs(BAVCOF:X,coordinated anions of X=Cl^(-),Br^(-),I^(-),and ClO_(4)^(-))for high-performance Na-ion cathodes.Besides the cationic redox of viologen segments,the different redox activities of anions effectively tune the total capacities of the COFs.Meanwhile,electrochemical analysis and ab-initial molecular dynamics(AIMD)calculation illustrate that the anion/cation transport kinetics of electrolytes caged in the COFs'channels can be selectively tuned by the coordinated anions.As a result,combining high-potential Br-/Br_(2)redox couple,cationic redox of viologen segments,and enhanced Na+transport kinetics,the BAV-COF:Brdemonstrates stable performance with energy densities of 358.7 and 145.2 Wh kg^(-1)at power densities of 116.5 and 2124.1 W kg^(-1),respectively.This study offers new insight into the fabrication of organic cathodes with anionic redox and the advantages of COFs electrode materials in anion/cation transport selectivity for energy storage applications.

The Effects of Essential Minerals in Different Cations and Anion Forms on Assimilation of Macro and Micronutrients in Soybean Leaves

In our present study, we have investigated the acquisition of minerals into soybean leaves as affected by application of various minerals in different forms of positive and negative ions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted including the following 11 treatments applied to the soil: potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium iodide (KI), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium, magnesium and ammonium nitrates [Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2 and NH4NO3] and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate NH4(H2PO4), Na2SO4, ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, and disodium phosphate Na2(HPO4). Besides essential minerals, KI was also included as part of this comprehensive study, since according to some reports, molecular iodine (I2) and KI may have positive effect on growth and increased stress tolerance in some species of plants. Soybean seeds were sown in pots arranged in twelve groups/3 replicates in each group including control. At V3 stage the plants were treated with 30 mmol/pot of the proper chemicals. Ten days after the treatments, leaves were sampled and were dried, analyzed for 5 macro (K, P, S, Ca & Mg) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and Na). The results showed that of all the 11 treatments, KI (T4) application increased the maximum number of mineral nutrients in leaves, which increased K by 31.9, Mg by 8, P by 60.8, S by 38.7 respectively. KI treatment also reported increased micro minerals by B, Cu, and Zn were 53.6%, 36.3% and 10.8% respectively. Similarly, KNO3 (T1) application increased several macro and micronutrients in leaves. We made an attempt to investigate the effects of various other cations like K1+ vs Na1+, and NH+ 4, Ca2+ vs Mg2+;and Anion comparisons I1- vs NO1-3, Cl1-, H2PO14;?SO2-4? ?vs (HPO4)2- in the present investigation. After reviewing our results, of all the 11 (eleven), treatments studied in our present study, T1 (KNO3), T4 (KI) and T10 Ca(NO3)2 applications proved to be the most efficient treatments by affecting the uptake of several minerals in soybean leaves.

Pilot test of polymer microsphere alternate surfactant flood(PMAS)with mixtures of anionic-cationic surfactants under harsh conditions in a sandstone reservoir

The first pilot test of polyacrylamide microsphere alternate surfactant flood(PMAS)with mixtures of anionic-cationic surfactants(Sa/c)was carried out for a high-temperature,high-salinity,and highhardness sandstone reservoir to demonstrate the potential of this novel technique to improve oil recovery.A critical micelle concentration(CMC)of 4.82 mg/L,an ultralow interfacial tension(IFT)of 8104 mN/m,and a high oil solubilization of 22 were obtained.Static and dynamic adsorptions of Sa/c on natural core containing 15 wt%clay were reduced to about 2.20 and 0.30 mg/g-core,respectively,with the addition of adsorption inhibitor(AI).Since June 2014,the pilot test of PMAS was carried out in a Sinopec reservoir with a temperature of 87C,a salinity of 260,393 mg/L,and a hardness of 6,401 mg/L.Twelve cycles of alternative injection of 0.0125 PV Sa/c with a concentration of 0.1%and 0.0125 PV polyacrylamide microsphere with a concentration of 0.2%were conducted at an injection rate of 0.1 PV/yr,for a total of 0.3 PV chemical injection.As a result,the net daily oil production increased from 0 t to 6.5 t,and the water cut decreased from 96.3%to 93.8%,leading to an ultimate improved oil recovery of 6.3%original oil-in-place.

采用自主研发的在线前处理系统同时分析脱硫废水中阴阳离子

电厂专用的全自动脱硫废水分析仪可以实现对超高浓度脱硫废水的自动化前处理以及分析,样品通过自动二步稀释,并与双系统离子色谱仪联用,对脱硫废水中的阴、阳离子同时进行检测。脱硫废水中阳离子主要有Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+,阴离子主要有F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-。本研究对仪器相关参数进行了验证,测试结果为,4种阴离子和5种阳离子的混合标准溶液在其线性关系内相关系数均大于0.999;4种阴离子的峰高和峰面积重复性RSD小于2.29%,5种阳离子的峰高和峰面积重复性RSD小于1.78%,实际样品中4种加标阴离子回收率在93.5%~100.2%之间;5种阳离子加标回收率在95.4%~103.8%之间。结果证明,该系统大大提高了分析效率,节省了人工成本,填补了市场空白。

油田采出水过滤器滤料高效清洗剂的研制与应用

以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵为原料制备了一种滤料清洗剂,利用接触角测试、界面张力测试等方法评价了该滤料清洗剂的性能,并在东部某油田注水站进行了现场试验。实验结果表明,该滤料清洗剂具有良好的润湿性调控性能,可将被原油污染的基材表面恢复至亲水;有效含量为1~5 g/L时可将油水界面张力降至10^(-3)m N/m数量级,具有高界面性能;对原油具有良好的乳化增溶能力;对被污染的滤料进行动态清洗,洗油效率约99%。现场试验结果显示,经该滤料清洗剂处理后过滤罐的前后压差明显降低,后端滤出水含油量不大于5 mg/L,达到良好的恢复滤料性能的效果。

Gemini阳离子/含氟阴离子表面活性剂混合体系的界面润湿调控及解水锁机制研究

为有效解决低渗透致密砂岩气藏开采普遍存在的水锁伤害问题,研究了Gemini阳离子表面活性剂双季铵盐BQ-16和含氟阴离子表面活性剂全氟辛基磺酸钾(PPS)在降低表面张力和润湿调控方面的协同作用,并探究了BQ-16/PPS表面活性剂混合体系的润湿调控及解水锁机制。结果表明,当PPS的摩尔分数(α_(PPS))为0.7时,BQ-16/PPS表面活性剂混合体系的表面张力达到最低,低于任一纯组分,此时BQ-16/PPS表面活性剂混合体系接近电中性;BQ-16和PPS在岩心表面润湿调控方面表现出协同效应,当BQ-16/PPS表面活性剂混合体系总浓度为1×10^(-4)mol·L^(-1)、α_(PPS)为0.7时,盐水滴接触角最大,达到84.23°;BQ-16/PPS表面活性剂混合体系(α_(PPS)=0.7)在石英砂表面的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温吸附模型,低浓度时为单分子层吸附,高浓度时为多分子层吸附;BQ-16/PPS表面活性剂混合体系(α_(PPS)=0.7)可将岩心的液体饱和度降至0.410,并将渗透率恢复值提高至0.78,说明BQ-16/PPS表面活性剂混合体系可有效解决水锁伤害,这主要与混合体系能够显著降低表面张力并通过在岩心表面的吸附改变岩心表面润湿性有关。