Systematically determining the discriminatory power of various rainfall properties and their combinations in identifying debris flow occurrence is crucial for early warning systems.In this study,we evaluated the discr...Systematically determining the discriminatory power of various rainfall properties and their combinations in identifying debris flow occurrence is crucial for early warning systems.In this study,we evaluated the discriminatory power of different univariate and multivariate rainfall threshold models in identifying triggering conditions of debris flow in the Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province,China.The univariate models used single rainfall properties as indicators,including total rainfall(R_(tot)),rainfall duration(D),mean intensity(I_(mean)),absolute energy(Eabs),storm kinetic energy(E_(s)),antecedent rainfall(R_(a)),and maximum rainfall intensity over various durations(I_(max_dur)).The evaluation reveals that the I_(max_dur)and Eabs models have the best performance,followed by the E_(s),R_(tot),and I_(mean)models,while the D and R_(a)models have poor performances.Specifically,the I_(max_dur)model has the highest performance metrics at a 40-min duration.We used logistic regression to combine at least two rainfall properties to establish multivariate threshold models.The results show that adding D or R_(a)to the models dominated by Eabs,E_(s),R_(tot),or I_(mean)generally improve their performances,specifically when D is combined with I_(mean)or when R_(a)is combined with Eabs or E_(s).Including R_(a)in the I_(max_dur)model,it performs better than the univariate I_(max_dur)model.A power-law relationship between I_(max_dur)and R_(a)or between Eabs and R_(a)has better performance than the traditional I_(mean)–D model,while the performance of the E_(s)–R_(a)model is moderate.Our evaluation reemphasizes the important role of the maximum intensity over short durations in debris flow occurrence.It also highlights the importance of systematically investigating the role of R_(a)in establishing rainfall thresholds for triggering debris flow.Given the regional variations in rainfall patterns worldwide,it is necessary to evaluate the findings of this study across diverse watersheds.展开更多
Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbaniz...Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbanized slope regions, especially those considered high-risk areas. Various other factors contribute to the process;thus, it is essential to analyze the causes of such incidents in all possible ways. Soil moisture plays a critical role in the Earth’s surface-atmosphere interaction systems;hence, measurements and their estimations are crucial for understanding all processes involved in the water balance, especially those related to landslides. Soil moisture can be estimated from in-situ measurements using different sensors and techniques, satellite remote sensing, hydrological modeling, and indicators to index moisture conditions. Antecedent soil moisture can significantly impact runoff for the same rainfall event in a watershed. The Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) or “retained rainfall,” along with the antecedent moisture condition from the Natural Resources Conservation Service, is generally applied to estimate runoff in watersheds where data is limited or unavailable. This work aims to explore API in estimating soil moisture and establish thresholds based on landslide occurrences. The estimated soil moisture will be compared and calibrated using measurements obtained through multisensor capacitance probes installed in a high-risk area located in the mountainous region of Campos do Jordão municipality, São Paulo, Brazil. The API used in the calculation has been modified, where the recession coefficient depends on air temperature variability as well as the climatological mean temperature, which can be considered as losses in the water balance due to evapotranspiration. Once the API is calibrated, it will be used to extrapolate to the entire watershed and consequently estimate soil moisture. By utilizing recorded mass movements and comparing them with API and soil moisture, it will be possible to determine thresholds, thus enabling anticipation of landslide occurrences.展开更多
Frailty is a recession of age-related reserves caused by a variety of causes and is becoming the most important clinical syndrome that affects the health of the elderly.In the elderly,frailty and cognitive dysfunction...Frailty is a recession of age-related reserves caused by a variety of causes and is becoming the most important clinical syndrome that affects the health of the elderly.In the elderly,frailty and cognitive dysfunction often exist,and some people have proposed cognitive frailty.Cognitive frailty is an elderly syndrome that increases the risk of dementia,in the same time,and can independently predict the adverse health outcomes of the patient and affect the quality of the patient's survival.This paper,under the guidance of Walker and Avant method,provides theoretical basis for early recognition and intervention of cognitive weakness in the elderly.展开更多
This study aims to evaluate the impact of extreme rainfall events on landslides under current and past climate scenarios. Rainfall-triggered landslides are analyzed by rainfall estimates, derived using statistics of e...This study aims to evaluate the impact of extreme rainfall events on landslides under current and past climate scenarios. Rainfall-triggered landslides are analyzed by rainfall estimates, derived using statistics of events. It is established that recent climate changes, mainly temperature and rainfall patterns have significantly increased the rainfall-induced landslide hazards in the Rangamati district, Bangladesh. It is also observed that the temperature and rainfall of Rangamati had increased gradually during the last 40 years (1981-2021). On 13 June 2017, a series of landslides triggered by heavy monsoon rains (300 mm/24 h) occurred and killed more than 112 people in the Rangamati hill district, Bangladesh. The highest annual decade rainfall is 3816 mm, recorded in 2010-21. A relationship between causalities and the number of events has also been established. The analysis shows that both antecedent and single-day major rainfall patterns can influence sliding events. It is established that monsoonal rainfall (June-September) can significantly influence catastrophic landslide hazard events. Finally, two rainfall threshold lines for the researched area are constructed based on antecedent and single-day major rainfall occurrences, as well as the number of fatalities caused by landslides. Total rainfall of 100 mm (16.66 mm/day) during six days appears to define the minimum rainfall that has led to shallow landslides/slope failures, while 210 mm (35 mm/day) within six days appears to define the lowest rainfall that could be a cause of catastrophic landslide in Rangamati district.展开更多
The attributive clause is a common sentencetype in English.Its position is very flexible. The way of translation the at-tributive clause is involved with the restrictive clause and the non-restrictive clause.In common...The attributive clause is a common sentencetype in English.Its position is very flexible. The way of translation the at-tributive clause is involved with the restrictive clause and the non-restrictive clause.In common translation practice,it must be analyzed concretely according to different cases.展开更多
To better understand soil moisture dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and predict its variation in a simple way, a field monitoring experiment was carried out along the north branch of the Yangtze River, wh...To better understand soil moisture dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and predict its variation in a simple way, a field monitoring experiment was carried out along the north branch of the Yangtze River, where seawater intrusion was strong and salt-water variation is one of the limiting factors of local agriculture. In present paper, relation between antecedent precipitation index (API) and soil water content is studied, and effects of groundwater depth on soil water content was analyzed. A relatively accurate prediction result of soil water content was reached using a neural network model. The impact analysis result showed that the variation of the API was consistent with soil water content and it displayed significant correlations with soil water content in both 20 and 50 cm soil layer, and higher correlation was observed in the layer of 20 cm. Groundwater impact analysis suggested that soil moisture was affected by the depth of groundwater, and was affected more greatly by groundwater at depth of 50 cm than that at 20 cm layer. By introducing API, groundwater depth and temperature together, a BP artificial network model was established to predict soil water content and an acceptable agreement was achieved. The model can be used for supplementing monitoring data of soil water content and predicting soil water content in shallow groundwater areas, and can provide favorable support for the research of water and salt transport in estuary area.展开更多
Daily, minute-to-minute measurements of ground level photon emissions in Sudbury, Ontario Canada displayed conspicuous increases more than one week before the 2011 M9.0 earthquake in Japan and the 2010 M8.8 earthquake...Daily, minute-to-minute measurements of ground level photon emissions in Sudbury, Ontario Canada displayed conspicuous increases more than one week before the 2011 M9.0 earthquake in Japan and the 2010 M8.8 earthquake in Chile. Temporal profiles of the antecedent increase and subsequent decline in power densities for the two events were remarkably similar. Antecedent changes for 7.0 8.0) seismic events anywhere on the planet.展开更多
The National Lung Screening Trial(NLST) was a large,randomized, controlled study showing a 20% reduction of lung cancer mortality and 7% reduction of all cause mortality using annual low dose computed tomography(LDCT)...The National Lung Screening Trial(NLST) was a large,randomized, controlled study showing a 20% reduction of lung cancer mortality and 7% reduction of all cause mortality using annual low dose computed tomography(LDCT) in a high risk population. NLST excluded people with a previous history of cancer treatment within the past 5 years and all people with a history lung cancer. The aim of this work is to review how lung cancer screening trials addressed the confounding effect of previous malignancy. We also review the subsequent recommendations by the United States Preventative Task Force Services, multiple professional societies and the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services which defer either to NLST criteria or, clinician judgment or refrain from asserting any recommendation on the topic, respectively. Implications of lung cancer screening in the setting of previous malignancies, specifically lung, head and neck, esophageal, gastric, breast, colorectal cancer and lymphoma are also discussed. With lung cancer screening, an antecedent malignancy introduces the possibility of discovering metastasis as well as lung cancer. In some circumstances diagnosis and treatment of oligometastatic disease may confer a survival benefit. The survival benefit of treating either lung cancer or oligometastatic disease as result of lung cancer screening has yet to be determined. Further studies are needed to determine the role of lung cancer screening in the setting of previous malignancy.展开更多
In this paper a rainfall threshold and a Bayesian probability model are presented for the landslide occurrence of shallow landslides in Ha Giang city and the surroundings, Vietnam. The model requires the data on daily...In this paper a rainfall threshold and a Bayesian probability model are presented for the landslide occurrence of shallow landslides in Ha Giang city and the surroundings, Vietnam. The model requires the data on daily rainfall combined with the actual dates of landslide occurrences. Careful study on the database is a prerequisite for the paper. For this reason, selecting the input data was carried out carefully to ensure the reliable results of the study. The daily rainfall data covering a time span of 57 years was collected from a unique rain gauge station of National Centre for Hydro-meteorological Forecasting of Vietnam (from 1957 to 2013) and a landslide database with some landslides (37 of total of 245 landslides) that containing dates of occurrence, was prepared from historical records for the period 1989 to 2013. Rainfall thresholds were generated for the study area based on the relationship between daily and antecedent rainfall of the landslide events. The results shows that 3-day antecedent rainfall (with the rainfall threshold was established: RT = 40.8 −0.201R3ad) gives the best fit for the existing landslides in the landslide database. The Bayesian probability model for one-dimensional case was established based on 26 landslides for the period 1989 to 2009, daily rainfall data with the same time and the values of probability varies from 0.03 to 0.44. Next, the Bayesian probability model for two-dimensional case was generated based on 11 landslides, rainfall intensity and duration in three months (May, June and July) of 2013 and the values of probability ranges from 0.08 to 0.67, and computed values of conditional landslide probability P(A|B) from two-dimensional case of Bayesian approach are clearly controlled by rainfall intensity > 40 mm with rainfall duration > 0.3 day.展开更多
Purpose: The purpose of this quantitative review was to summarize the state of Elliot's Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation, specifically the antecedents of the 2 × 2 achievement goals in ...Purpose: The purpose of this quantitative review was to summarize the state of Elliot's Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation, specifically the antecedents of the 2 × 2 achievement goals in the sport, physical activity, and physical education literature. In addition,the intercorrelations amongst the 2 × 2 goals were also examined.Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Meta-analytic procedures were used with the mean weighted sample correlation(rw) as the effect size metric. The antecedents were coded by Elliot's(1999) antecedent categories. A number of moderators were coded a priori.Results: Based on a fixed effects model from 47 published studies(total unique n = 15,413) that met inclusion criteria, the 2 × 2 achievement goals were significantly correlated amongst each other ranging from small to medium to large in meaningfulness. Concerning the antecedents, overall they were theoretically correct in associations, but only a few of the relationships were medium in meaningfulness. Most relationships were small in meaningfulness. Heterogeneity was present for the interrcorrelation and antecedent analyses.Conclusion: Future research is encouraged to grow and enrich the understanding of achievement goals within Elliot's complete Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation to include both antecedents and outcomes simultaneously to improve upon the understanding of achievement motivation in sport, exercise, and physical activity settings.展开更多
An increasing number of studies in recent years has elucidated distinguishable effects of stemflow on hydrology and biogeochemistry within a variety of ecosystems.Nonetheless,no known studies have investigated the tem...An increasing number of studies in recent years has elucidated distinguishable effects of stemflow on hydrology and biogeochemistry within a variety of ecosystems.Nonetheless,no known studies have investigated the temporal variability of stemflow volume within discrete rainfall events for xerophytic shrubs.Here,stemflow was monitored at 5-min intervals using a tipping-bucket rain gage during the 2015 growing season for a xerophytic shrub(Caragana korshinskii)within a water-limited arid desert ecosystem of northern China.We characterized the stemflow temporal variability,along with rainfall,and found the temporal heterogeneity of rainfall clearly affected the timing of stemflow inputs into basal soil within discrete rainfall events.The rainfall threshold value for stemflow generation is not a constant value but a range(0.6~2.1 mm,with an average of 1.1 mm)across rainfall events and is closely associated with the antecedent dry period.Time lags existed between the onset of rainfall and the onset of stemflow,and between rainfall peaks and stemflow peaks.Our findings are expected to be helpful for an improved process-based understanding of the temporal stemflow yield of xerophytic shrubs within water-limited arid desert ecosystems.展开更多
Anxiety is often mentioned in people's daily life,especially in the field of medicine and psychology.For nursing,a clear understanding of anxiety is conducive to clinical nursing practice and research.Under the gu...Anxiety is often mentioned in people's daily life,especially in the field of medicine and psychology.For nursing,a clear understanding of anxiety is conducive to clinical nursing practice and research.Under the guidance of the Walker and Avant method,this article conducts a concept analysis of anxiety that provides a comprehensive and rounded analysis of anxiety and helps nurses gain a better understanding of anxiety.展开更多
Critical rainfall estimation for early warning of rainstorm-induced flash flood is an inverse rainstorm-runoff process based on warning discharge threshold for a warning station of interest in a watershed; the key asp...Critical rainfall estimation for early warning of rainstorm-induced flash flood is an inverse rainstorm-runoff process based on warning discharge threshold for a warning station of interest in a watershed; the key aspects of critical rainfall include rainfall amount and rainfall duration. Antecedent moisture content and storm pattern affects highly the estimation of critical rainfall. Using hydrological modeling technique with detailed subbasin delineation and manual for design rainstorm-runoff computation,this study first introduced basic concept and analysis methods on critical rainfall for flash flood early warning,and then investigated the responses of flash flood warning critical rainfall to antecedent moisture content and storm pattern. Taking South Branch Watershed of Censhui in Hunan Province as an example,critical rainfall in scenarios of typical antecedent moisture content and storm patterns was estimated at 3 warning stations of interest in this watershed. This research illustrates that both antecedent and storm pattern play important role in the estimation of critical rainfall and enough attention should also be paid to these factors when a decision to be made on whether a warning to be issued or not.展开更多
Goal self-concordance reflects self-generated personal goals aligning with people’s interests and core values in one’s implicit personality as organic components,which is measured by the“perceived locus of causalit...Goal self-concordance reflects self-generated personal goals aligning with people’s interests and core values in one’s implicit personality as organic components,which is measured by the“perceived locus of causality”PLOC.Pursuing and achieving self-concordant goals both predict diversified outcomes in need-satisfaction,mental and physical well-being,positive attitude and behavior,etc.Based on expounding and sorting out the concept and measurement about goal self-concordance,the author analyzes the differences among a series of goal self-concor-dance theories.This paper focuses on the latest research trends and summarizesfive influencing aspects of goal self-concordance:mental health,cognition,emotion,personal will,and behavioral outcomes.The mediating effects are discussed concerning antecedents and influence effects,the influence effects are shown in three aspects including the characteristics of individual,target,and environment.While the antecedent effects are respectively reflected in self-insight,personality,empowerment,and self-supported environment,content,and context of the goal itself.Finally,the author proposes several potential research interests from a broader perspective based on the current literature.展开更多
A t-norm fuzzy logic is presented, in which a triangular norm (t-norm) plays the role of a graduated conjunction operator. Based on this fuzzy logic we develop methods for fuzzy reasoning in which antecedents and cons...A t-norm fuzzy logic is presented, in which a triangular norm (t-norm) plays the role of a graduated conjunction operator. Based on this fuzzy logic we develop methods for fuzzy reasoning in which antecedents and consequents involve fuzzy conditional propositions of the form “If x is A then y is B”, with A and B being fuzzy concepts (fuzzy sets). In this study, we present a systemic approach toward fuzzy logic formalization for approximate reasoning. We examine statistical characteristics of the proposed fuzzy logic. As the matter of practical interest, we construct a set of fuzzy conditional inference rules on the basis of the proposed fuzzy logic. Important features of these rules are investigated.展开更多
In this article, we present a systemic approach toward a fuzzy logic based formalization of an approximate reasoning methodology in a fuzzy resolution, where we derive a truth value of A from both values of B → A and...In this article, we present a systemic approach toward a fuzzy logic based formalization of an approximate reasoning methodology in a fuzzy resolution, where we derive a truth value of A from both values of B → A and B by some mechanism. For this purpose, we utilize a t-norm fuzzy logic, in which an implication operator is a root of both graduated conjunction and disjunction operators. Furthermore by using an inverse approximate reasoning, we conclude the truth value of A from both values of B → A and B, applying an altogether different mechanism. A current research is utilizing an approximate reasoning methodology, which is based on a similarity relation for a fuzzification, while similarity measure is utilized in fuzzy inference mechanism. This approach is applied to both generalized modus-ponens/modus-tollens syllogisms and is well-illustrated with artificial examples.展开更多
Knowledge transfer(KT)from the consultant to the client is an important area that needs to be repeatedly addressed and thoroughly understood.The aim of this research was to examine the assumption that client character...Knowledge transfer(KT)from the consultant to the client is an important area that needs to be repeatedly addressed and thoroughly understood.The aim of this research was to examine the assumption that client characteristics and consultant competencies play a defining role in the effective transfer of knowledge to the client party.The authors examined the critical aspects and competencies required of the consultant,and the characteristics and attitudes required of the client,which would contribute to a successful transfer of knowledge,through unstructured in-depth interviews and concise questionnaires.Eighty consulting assignments were studied from both the client side and the consultant side.A conceptual model is presented,factor analysis was used to validate the constructs,and partial least squares were used to test the model.The findings showed that the consultants’professionalism,skills,and behavior were significant contributors to KT to the client.Surprisingly,neither the consultant knowledge nor client characteristics had any significance to the KT to the client.展开更多
The anaphora resolution firstly relies on the special association between the anaphor and the antecedent.But this kind of associa tion may not result in the accomplishment of the anaphora resolution.By the analysis of...The anaphora resolution firstly relies on the special association between the anaphor and the antecedent.But this kind of associa tion may not result in the accomplishment of the anaphora resolution.By the analysis of many kinds of anaphoric examples,this paper will point out that,when the anaphora resolution has some mistake,the linguistic context will restrict on anaphor.The purpose is to influence semantic connection between the antecedent and the anaphor,and make the anaphora resolution accomplish successfully.展开更多
Digital maturity has become a hot topic in various fields.This paper aims to provide an integrative review of digital maturity.This paper summarizes the concept of digital maturity from the perspectives of process,deg...Digital maturity has become a hot topic in various fields.This paper aims to provide an integrative review of digital maturity.This paper summarizes the concept of digital maturity from the perspectives of process,degree and ability.Four categories of antecedents,namely,strategic,cultural,talent and others are gathered.Performance and Non-performance consequences are analyzed.Finally,combining the results of digital maturity,it discusses the current research shortage of digital maturity and prospects for the future research direction.The analysis of antecedents and consequences of digital maturity can provide an integrative framework of existing research on digital maturity,and also provide some reference for the research of related research.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3007205)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42271013,42077440)Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province(No.2023ZHCG0012).
文摘Systematically determining the discriminatory power of various rainfall properties and their combinations in identifying debris flow occurrence is crucial for early warning systems.In this study,we evaluated the discriminatory power of different univariate and multivariate rainfall threshold models in identifying triggering conditions of debris flow in the Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province,China.The univariate models used single rainfall properties as indicators,including total rainfall(R_(tot)),rainfall duration(D),mean intensity(I_(mean)),absolute energy(Eabs),storm kinetic energy(E_(s)),antecedent rainfall(R_(a)),and maximum rainfall intensity over various durations(I_(max_dur)).The evaluation reveals that the I_(max_dur)and Eabs models have the best performance,followed by the E_(s),R_(tot),and I_(mean)models,while the D and R_(a)models have poor performances.Specifically,the I_(max_dur)model has the highest performance metrics at a 40-min duration.We used logistic regression to combine at least two rainfall properties to establish multivariate threshold models.The results show that adding D or R_(a)to the models dominated by Eabs,E_(s),R_(tot),or I_(mean)generally improve their performances,specifically when D is combined with I_(mean)or when R_(a)is combined with Eabs or E_(s).Including R_(a)in the I_(max_dur)model,it performs better than the univariate I_(max_dur)model.A power-law relationship between I_(max_dur)and R_(a)or between Eabs and R_(a)has better performance than the traditional I_(mean)–D model,while the performance of the E_(s)–R_(a)model is moderate.Our evaluation reemphasizes the important role of the maximum intensity over short durations in debris flow occurrence.It also highlights the importance of systematically investigating the role of R_(a)in establishing rainfall thresholds for triggering debris flow.Given the regional variations in rainfall patterns worldwide,it is necessary to evaluate the findings of this study across diverse watersheds.
文摘Landslides are highly dangerous phenomena that occur in different parts of the world and pose significant threats to human populations. Intense rainfall events are the main triggering process for landslides in urbanized slope regions, especially those considered high-risk areas. Various other factors contribute to the process;thus, it is essential to analyze the causes of such incidents in all possible ways. Soil moisture plays a critical role in the Earth’s surface-atmosphere interaction systems;hence, measurements and their estimations are crucial for understanding all processes involved in the water balance, especially those related to landslides. Soil moisture can be estimated from in-situ measurements using different sensors and techniques, satellite remote sensing, hydrological modeling, and indicators to index moisture conditions. Antecedent soil moisture can significantly impact runoff for the same rainfall event in a watershed. The Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) or “retained rainfall,” along with the antecedent moisture condition from the Natural Resources Conservation Service, is generally applied to estimate runoff in watersheds where data is limited or unavailable. This work aims to explore API in estimating soil moisture and establish thresholds based on landslide occurrences. The estimated soil moisture will be compared and calibrated using measurements obtained through multisensor capacitance probes installed in a high-risk area located in the mountainous region of Campos do Jordão municipality, São Paulo, Brazil. The API used in the calculation has been modified, where the recession coefficient depends on air temperature variability as well as the climatological mean temperature, which can be considered as losses in the water balance due to evapotranspiration. Once the API is calibrated, it will be used to extrapolate to the entire watershed and consequently estimate soil moisture. By utilizing recorded mass movements and comparing them with API and soil moisture, it will be possible to determine thresholds, thus enabling anticipation of landslide occurrences.
文摘Frailty is a recession of age-related reserves caused by a variety of causes and is becoming the most important clinical syndrome that affects the health of the elderly.In the elderly,frailty and cognitive dysfunction often exist,and some people have proposed cognitive frailty.Cognitive frailty is an elderly syndrome that increases the risk of dementia,in the same time,and can independently predict the adverse health outcomes of the patient and affect the quality of the patient's survival.This paper,under the guidance of Walker and Avant method,provides theoretical basis for early recognition and intervention of cognitive weakness in the elderly.
文摘This study aims to evaluate the impact of extreme rainfall events on landslides under current and past climate scenarios. Rainfall-triggered landslides are analyzed by rainfall estimates, derived using statistics of events. It is established that recent climate changes, mainly temperature and rainfall patterns have significantly increased the rainfall-induced landslide hazards in the Rangamati district, Bangladesh. It is also observed that the temperature and rainfall of Rangamati had increased gradually during the last 40 years (1981-2021). On 13 June 2017, a series of landslides triggered by heavy monsoon rains (300 mm/24 h) occurred and killed more than 112 people in the Rangamati hill district, Bangladesh. The highest annual decade rainfall is 3816 mm, recorded in 2010-21. A relationship between causalities and the number of events has also been established. The analysis shows that both antecedent and single-day major rainfall patterns can influence sliding events. It is established that monsoonal rainfall (June-September) can significantly influence catastrophic landslide hazard events. Finally, two rainfall threshold lines for the researched area are constructed based on antecedent and single-day major rainfall occurrences, as well as the number of fatalities caused by landslides. Total rainfall of 100 mm (16.66 mm/day) during six days appears to define the minimum rainfall that has led to shallow landslides/slope failures, while 210 mm (35 mm/day) within six days appears to define the lowest rainfall that could be a cause of catastrophic landslide in Rangamati district.
文摘The attributive clause is a common sentencetype in English.Its position is very flexible. The way of translation the at-tributive clause is involved with the restrictive clause and the non-restrictive clause.In common translation practice,it must be analyzed concretely according to different cases.
基金financially supported by the Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Project (JJ[2011]-017)funded by the Executive Office of the Three Gorges Project Construction Committee of the State Council of China+1 种基金the National Non-Profit Research Program of China (200903001)the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB429001)
文摘To better understand soil moisture dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and predict its variation in a simple way, a field monitoring experiment was carried out along the north branch of the Yangtze River, where seawater intrusion was strong and salt-water variation is one of the limiting factors of local agriculture. In present paper, relation between antecedent precipitation index (API) and soil water content is studied, and effects of groundwater depth on soil water content was analyzed. A relatively accurate prediction result of soil water content was reached using a neural network model. The impact analysis result showed that the variation of the API was consistent with soil water content and it displayed significant correlations with soil water content in both 20 and 50 cm soil layer, and higher correlation was observed in the layer of 20 cm. Groundwater impact analysis suggested that soil moisture was affected by the depth of groundwater, and was affected more greatly by groundwater at depth of 50 cm than that at 20 cm layer. By introducing API, groundwater depth and temperature together, a BP artificial network model was established to predict soil water content and an acceptable agreement was achieved. The model can be used for supplementing monitoring data of soil water content and predicting soil water content in shallow groundwater areas, and can provide favorable support for the research of water and salt transport in estuary area.
文摘Daily, minute-to-minute measurements of ground level photon emissions in Sudbury, Ontario Canada displayed conspicuous increases more than one week before the 2011 M9.0 earthquake in Japan and the 2010 M8.8 earthquake in Chile. Temporal profiles of the antecedent increase and subsequent decline in power densities for the two events were remarkably similar. Antecedent changes for 7.0 8.0) seismic events anywhere on the planet.
文摘The National Lung Screening Trial(NLST) was a large,randomized, controlled study showing a 20% reduction of lung cancer mortality and 7% reduction of all cause mortality using annual low dose computed tomography(LDCT) in a high risk population. NLST excluded people with a previous history of cancer treatment within the past 5 years and all people with a history lung cancer. The aim of this work is to review how lung cancer screening trials addressed the confounding effect of previous malignancy. We also review the subsequent recommendations by the United States Preventative Task Force Services, multiple professional societies and the Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services which defer either to NLST criteria or, clinician judgment or refrain from asserting any recommendation on the topic, respectively. Implications of lung cancer screening in the setting of previous malignancies, specifically lung, head and neck, esophageal, gastric, breast, colorectal cancer and lymphoma are also discussed. With lung cancer screening, an antecedent malignancy introduces the possibility of discovering metastasis as well as lung cancer. In some circumstances diagnosis and treatment of oligometastatic disease may confer a survival benefit. The survival benefit of treating either lung cancer or oligometastatic disease as result of lung cancer screening has yet to be determined. Further studies are needed to determine the role of lung cancer screening in the setting of previous malignancy.
文摘In this paper a rainfall threshold and a Bayesian probability model are presented for the landslide occurrence of shallow landslides in Ha Giang city and the surroundings, Vietnam. The model requires the data on daily rainfall combined with the actual dates of landslide occurrences. Careful study on the database is a prerequisite for the paper. For this reason, selecting the input data was carried out carefully to ensure the reliable results of the study. The daily rainfall data covering a time span of 57 years was collected from a unique rain gauge station of National Centre for Hydro-meteorological Forecasting of Vietnam (from 1957 to 2013) and a landslide database with some landslides (37 of total of 245 landslides) that containing dates of occurrence, was prepared from historical records for the period 1989 to 2013. Rainfall thresholds were generated for the study area based on the relationship between daily and antecedent rainfall of the landslide events. The results shows that 3-day antecedent rainfall (with the rainfall threshold was established: RT = 40.8 −0.201R3ad) gives the best fit for the existing landslides in the landslide database. The Bayesian probability model for one-dimensional case was established based on 26 landslides for the period 1989 to 2009, daily rainfall data with the same time and the values of probability varies from 0.03 to 0.44. Next, the Bayesian probability model for two-dimensional case was generated based on 11 landslides, rainfall intensity and duration in three months (May, June and July) of 2013 and the values of probability ranges from 0.08 to 0.67, and computed values of conditional landslide probability P(A|B) from two-dimensional case of Bayesian approach are clearly controlled by rainfall intensity > 40 mm with rainfall duration > 0.3 day.
文摘Purpose: The purpose of this quantitative review was to summarize the state of Elliot's Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation, specifically the antecedents of the 2 × 2 achievement goals in the sport, physical activity, and physical education literature. In addition,the intercorrelations amongst the 2 × 2 goals were also examined.Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Meta-analytic procedures were used with the mean weighted sample correlation(rw) as the effect size metric. The antecedents were coded by Elliot's(1999) antecedent categories. A number of moderators were coded a priori.Results: Based on a fixed effects model from 47 published studies(total unique n = 15,413) that met inclusion criteria, the 2 × 2 achievement goals were significantly correlated amongst each other ranging from small to medium to large in meaningfulness. Concerning the antecedents, overall they were theoretically correct in associations, but only a few of the relationships were medium in meaningfulness. Most relationships were small in meaningfulness. Heterogeneity was present for the interrcorrelation and antecedent analyses.Conclusion: Future research is encouraged to grow and enrich the understanding of achievement goals within Elliot's complete Hierarchical Model of Approach and Avoidance Motivation to include both antecedents and outcomes simultaneously to improve upon the understanding of achievement motivation in sport, exercise, and physical activity settings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41530750, 41501108, 41371101)the CAS "Light of West China" Program
文摘An increasing number of studies in recent years has elucidated distinguishable effects of stemflow on hydrology and biogeochemistry within a variety of ecosystems.Nonetheless,no known studies have investigated the temporal variability of stemflow volume within discrete rainfall events for xerophytic shrubs.Here,stemflow was monitored at 5-min intervals using a tipping-bucket rain gage during the 2015 growing season for a xerophytic shrub(Caragana korshinskii)within a water-limited arid desert ecosystem of northern China.We characterized the stemflow temporal variability,along with rainfall,and found the temporal heterogeneity of rainfall clearly affected the timing of stemflow inputs into basal soil within discrete rainfall events.The rainfall threshold value for stemflow generation is not a constant value but a range(0.6~2.1 mm,with an average of 1.1 mm)across rainfall events and is closely associated with the antecedent dry period.Time lags existed between the onset of rainfall and the onset of stemflow,and between rainfall peaks and stemflow peaks.Our findings are expected to be helpful for an improved process-based understanding of the temporal stemflow yield of xerophytic shrubs within water-limited arid desert ecosystems.
文摘Anxiety is often mentioned in people's daily life,especially in the field of medicine and psychology.For nursing,a clear understanding of anxiety is conducive to clinical nursing practice and research.Under the guidance of the Walker and Avant method,this article conducts a concept analysis of anxiety that provides a comprehensive and rounded analysis of anxiety and helps nurses gain a better understanding of anxiety.
基金Supported by National Flash Flood Disaster Prevention and Control Project(2013-2015)Research on Spatio-temporal Variable Source Runoff Model and Its Mechanism(JZ0145B2017)Flood Risk Theory and Approach at Basin Scale(JZ0101092013)
文摘Critical rainfall estimation for early warning of rainstorm-induced flash flood is an inverse rainstorm-runoff process based on warning discharge threshold for a warning station of interest in a watershed; the key aspects of critical rainfall include rainfall amount and rainfall duration. Antecedent moisture content and storm pattern affects highly the estimation of critical rainfall. Using hydrological modeling technique with detailed subbasin delineation and manual for design rainstorm-runoff computation,this study first introduced basic concept and analysis methods on critical rainfall for flash flood early warning,and then investigated the responses of flash flood warning critical rainfall to antecedent moisture content and storm pattern. Taking South Branch Watershed of Censhui in Hunan Province as an example,critical rainfall in scenarios of typical antecedent moisture content and storm patterns was estimated at 3 warning stations of interest in this watershed. This research illustrates that both antecedent and storm pattern play important role in the estimation of critical rainfall and enough attention should also be paid to these factors when a decision to be made on whether a warning to be issued or not.
基金Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71702068).
文摘Goal self-concordance reflects self-generated personal goals aligning with people’s interests and core values in one’s implicit personality as organic components,which is measured by the“perceived locus of causality”PLOC.Pursuing and achieving self-concordant goals both predict diversified outcomes in need-satisfaction,mental and physical well-being,positive attitude and behavior,etc.Based on expounding and sorting out the concept and measurement about goal self-concordance,the author analyzes the differences among a series of goal self-concor-dance theories.This paper focuses on the latest research trends and summarizesfive influencing aspects of goal self-concordance:mental health,cognition,emotion,personal will,and behavioral outcomes.The mediating effects are discussed concerning antecedents and influence effects,the influence effects are shown in three aspects including the characteristics of individual,target,and environment.While the antecedent effects are respectively reflected in self-insight,personality,empowerment,and self-supported environment,content,and context of the goal itself.Finally,the author proposes several potential research interests from a broader perspective based on the current literature.
文摘A t-norm fuzzy logic is presented, in which a triangular norm (t-norm) plays the role of a graduated conjunction operator. Based on this fuzzy logic we develop methods for fuzzy reasoning in which antecedents and consequents involve fuzzy conditional propositions of the form “If x is A then y is B”, with A and B being fuzzy concepts (fuzzy sets). In this study, we present a systemic approach toward fuzzy logic formalization for approximate reasoning. We examine statistical characteristics of the proposed fuzzy logic. As the matter of practical interest, we construct a set of fuzzy conditional inference rules on the basis of the proposed fuzzy logic. Important features of these rules are investigated.
文摘In this article, we present a systemic approach toward a fuzzy logic based formalization of an approximate reasoning methodology in a fuzzy resolution, where we derive a truth value of A from both values of B → A and B by some mechanism. For this purpose, we utilize a t-norm fuzzy logic, in which an implication operator is a root of both graduated conjunction and disjunction operators. Furthermore by using an inverse approximate reasoning, we conclude the truth value of A from both values of B → A and B, applying an altogether different mechanism. A current research is utilizing an approximate reasoning methodology, which is based on a similarity relation for a fuzzification, while similarity measure is utilized in fuzzy inference mechanism. This approach is applied to both generalized modus-ponens/modus-tollens syllogisms and is well-illustrated with artificial examples.
文摘Knowledge transfer(KT)from the consultant to the client is an important area that needs to be repeatedly addressed and thoroughly understood.The aim of this research was to examine the assumption that client characteristics and consultant competencies play a defining role in the effective transfer of knowledge to the client party.The authors examined the critical aspects and competencies required of the consultant,and the characteristics and attitudes required of the client,which would contribute to a successful transfer of knowledge,through unstructured in-depth interviews and concise questionnaires.Eighty consulting assignments were studied from both the client side and the consultant side.A conceptual model is presented,factor analysis was used to validate the constructs,and partial least squares were used to test the model.The findings showed that the consultants’professionalism,skills,and behavior were significant contributors to KT to the client.Surprisingly,neither the consultant knowledge nor client characteristics had any significance to the KT to the client.
文摘The anaphora resolution firstly relies on the special association between the anaphor and the antecedent.But this kind of associa tion may not result in the accomplishment of the anaphora resolution.By the analysis of many kinds of anaphoric examples,this paper will point out that,when the anaphora resolution has some mistake,the linguistic context will restrict on anaphor.The purpose is to influence semantic connection between the antecedent and the anaphor,and make the anaphora resolution accomplish successfully.
基金This work was supported by Ministry of Education Project of Humanities and Social Sciences in China(No.20YJC630022)Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2017MG033)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.HIT.HSS.201875).
文摘Digital maturity has become a hot topic in various fields.This paper aims to provide an integrative review of digital maturity.This paper summarizes the concept of digital maturity from the perspectives of process,degree and ability.Four categories of antecedents,namely,strategic,cultural,talent and others are gathered.Performance and Non-performance consequences are analyzed.Finally,combining the results of digital maturity,it discusses the current research shortage of digital maturity and prospects for the future research direction.The analysis of antecedents and consequences of digital maturity can provide an integrative framework of existing research on digital maturity,and also provide some reference for the research of related research.