Novel anti-diabetic agents in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a mini-review

BACKGROUND:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)encompasses a spectrum that ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH)and to cirrhosis.The recommended treatment for this disease includes measures that target obesity and insulin resistance.The present review summarizes the role of newer anti-diabetic agents in treatment of NAFLD.DATA SOURCES:PubMed,MEDLINE and Ovid databases were searched to identify human studies between January 1990and January 2013 using specified key words.Original studies that enrolled patients with a diagnosis of NAFLD or NASH and involved use of newer classes of anti-diabetic agents for a duration of at least 3 months were included.RESULTS:Out of the screened articles,four met eligibility criteria and were included in our review.The classes of newer anti-diabetic medications described were dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues.CONCLUSIONS:Liraglutide and Exenatide showed improvement in transaminases as well as histology in patients with NASH.Sitagliptin showed improvement in transaminases but limited studies are there to access its effect on histology.Further studies are needed to support use of newer anti-diabetic medications in patients with NAFLD.

Enantiomeric Separation of Amino Alcohols by Ion-pair Chromatography

Enantiomers of four amino alcohols were resolved by ion-pair chromatography with (+)-10-camphorsulphonic acid as chiral counter ion. Studies of the influence of the mobile phase composition, the solute structure and the mobile phase flow-rate on separation are presented. Under the optimized conditions enantiomeric propanolol, norephedrine, metropolol and salbutamol were separated using dichloromethane-1-pentanol (97:3 v/v) as mobile phase on Lichrospher-100-DIOL column.

基于3,5-二溴水杨醛席夫碱镍配合物-氧化石墨烯电化学免疫传感器检测Anti-IgG含量的研究

应用物理吸附法将羊抗人IgG抗原直接固定于3,5-二溴水杨醛席夫碱镍配合物-氧化石墨烯修饰的金电极表面,制备电化学免疫传感器。采用循环伏安法和交流阻抗法对传感器进行表征,结果表明该传感器适合检测Anti-IgG浓度。同时探讨了缓冲液pH值、扫描速度、免疫反应温度、抗原与抗体配比对循环伏安峰电流的影响,结果表明在5-100mV/s扫速范围内,峰电流与扫速呈线性。孵育最优条件为25℃,h-IgG与Anti-IgG配比为1∶1。循环伏安法研究还表明Anti-IgG浓度在0.01-260μg/L范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数r^2=0.993,检出限（S/N=3）为0.006μg/L,据此建立了检测Anti-IgG浓度的新方法。

信号分子IRAK1/4在antiβ-2GPI/β2GPI复合物诱导THP-1细胞表达TF中的作用探讨

目的:探讨IRAK1和IRAK4在antiβ-2GPI/β2GPI复合物诱导单核细胞株THP-1表达组织因子(TF)中的作用。方法:利用荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)、TF活性试剂盒分别检测THP-1细胞表达TF mRNA及TF活性;Western blot检测anti-β2GPI/β2GPI复合物诱导THP-1细胞表达IRAK1、磷酸化-IRAK1(p-IRAK1)、IRAK4情况;观察IRAK1/4抑制物是否干预anti-β2GPI/β2GPI复合物诱导THP-1表达TF。结果:Antiβ-2GPI/β2GPI复合物(100μg/ml)诱导THP-1细胞表达TF显著增加(P<0.05 vs control);Antiβ-2GPI/β2GPI复合物(100μg/ml)刺激THP-1细胞表达IRAK1、p-IRAK1、IRAK4(蛋白)显著升高(P<0.05 vscontrol);IRAK1/4抑制物(50μmol/L)能够阻断antiβ-2GPI/β2GPI复合物(100μg/ml)诱导THP-1表达TF及IRAK1磷酸化的效应。结论:antiβ-2GPI/β2GPI复合物诱导THP-1细胞表达TF过程中,信号分子IRAK1/4被激活进而发挥重要作用。

富含3,5-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醇牡蛎肽制备及其抗疲劳功效研究

目的研究富含3,5-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醇(3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol,DHMBA)牡蛎肽制备工艺及其抗疲劳功效。方法通过响应面优化设计,考察牡蛎原料预处理工艺中乳酸菌添加量、酵母菌添加量和蒸煮时间对牡蛎肽中DHMBA含量的影响。同时,通过正常及慢性疲劳模型小鼠的力竭跑步或力竭爬杆实验,探讨富含DHMBA牡蛎肽的抗疲劳作用。结果富含DHMBA牡蛎肽的最佳原料预处理工艺为:乳酸菌添加量为1.50%、酵母菌添加量为1.00%、蒸煮时间为7 h;20 mg/(kg·bw)富含DHMBA的牡蛎肽可显著延长小鼠的力竭跑步或爬杆时长,提高机体运动负荷能力,且使皮质酮所致慢性疲劳模型小鼠跑步时间延长了76.02%;DHMBA与不含DHMBA牡蛎肽复配组抗疲劳功效显著优于不含DHMBA牡蛎肽组,DHMBA能够有效提升牡蛎肽的抗疲劳功效。结论富含DHMBA的牡蛎肽具有抗疲劳作用,且这种抗疲劳的显著功效可能与牡蛎肽中富含的DHMBA有关,富含DHMBA牡蛎肽的原料预处理工艺的优化为进一步开发利用牡蛎肽资源提供了理论依据。

三维Anti de Sitter空间中Lorentzian曲面的S_t^1×S_s^1-值光锥Gauss映射的奇点分类

利用Arnol'd的Legendrian理论,对三维Anti de Sitter空间中Lorentzian曲面进行了研究.引入光维高度函数概念研究了三维Anti de Sitter空间Lorentzian曲面的S1t×S1s-值、光锥Gauss映射的奇点,进行了奇点分类,揭示了类光Causs-kronecker曲率之间的关系;并研究了Lorentzian曲面的一些基本几何性质.

Effects of resveratrol in experimental and clinical non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

The prevalence of obesity and related conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is increasing worldwide and therapeutic options are limited.Alternative treatment options are therefore intensively sought after.An interesting candidate is the natural polyphenol resveratrol(RSV) that activates adenosinmonophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK) and silent information regulation-2 homolog 1(SIRT1).In addition,RSV has known anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.Here,we review the current evidence for RSVmediated effects on NAFLD and address the different aspects of NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) pathogenesis with respect to free fatty acid(FFA) flux from adipose tissue,hepatic de novo lipogenesis,inadequate FFA β-oxidation and additional intra- and extrahepatic inflammatory and oxidant hits.We review the in vivo evidence from animal studies and clinical trials.The abundance of animal studies reports a decrease in hepatic triglyceride accumulation,liver weight and a general improvement in histological fatty liver changes,along with a reduction in circulating insulin,glucose and lipid levels.Some studies document AMPK or SIRT1 activation,and modulation of relevant markers of hepatic lipogenesis,inflammation and oxidation status.However,AMPK/SIRT1-independent actions are also likely.Clinical trials are scarce and have primarily been performed with a focus on overweight/obese participants without a focus on NAFLD/NASH and histological liver changes.Future clinical studies with appropriate design are needed to clarify the true impact of RSV treatment in NAFLD/NASH patients.

Alcohol,inflammation,and gut-liver-brain interactions in tissue damage and disease development

Chronic inflammation is often associated with alcoholrelated medical conditions. The key inducer of such inflammation, and also the best understood, is gut microflora-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Alcohol can significantly increase the translocation of LPS from the gut. In healthy individuals, the adverse effects of LPS are kept in check by the actions and interactions of multiple organs. The liver plays a central role in detoxifying LPS and producing a balanced cytokine milieu. The central nervous system contributes to anti-inflammatory regulation through neuroimmunoendocrine actions. Chronic alcohol use impairs not only gut and liver functions, but also multi-organ interactions, leading to persistent systemic inflammation and ultimately, to organ damage. The study of these interactions may provide potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.

Comparative Studies on Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation of Linear Chiral Secondary Alcohols (R)-1-(4-Alkylphenyl) and (R)-1-(4-Alkoxyphenyl/Alkylthiophenyl) Alcohols

Mass spectrometric behaviour of （R） -1- （ 4-alkylphenyl ） alcohols, 1- （4-alkoxylphenyl） alcohols, and 1- （4-alkylthiophenyl） alcohols were studied with the aid of mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry under electron impact ionization. All the title compounds show a tendency to eliminate a water molecule to form alkene ions and undergo an a-cleavago to produce protonated aldehyde ions by the loss of alkyl radicals. Except these two common fragment ions, they also show some different fragmentations due to with or without oxy/thioether-linkage.

薰衣草醇提物对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的抗衰老效果研究

研究薰衣草醇提物对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用。采用颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖制备衰老小鼠模型,以Morris水迷宫实验和跳台实验观察衰老小鼠的学习和记忆能力;测定小鼠血清中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)等指标,采用HE染色观察肝组织病理学改变。结果显示:与MC组相比较,薰衣草残渣醇提物各剂量组的停留原平台象限时间和穿越原平台次数显著增加(P<0.05);三天内MD、HD小鼠记忆潜伏时间及记忆错误次数均显著增多(P<0.01)。与NC相比,MC小鼠血清中MDA含量显著升高(P<0.01),SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC含量显著降低,经给药后,LD、MD、HD组小鼠血清中MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),而SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC含量显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。薰衣草残渣醇提物具有改善D-半乳糖致衰老模型小鼠的学习记忆能力,能够有效提高衰老小鼠的抗氧化能力,从而达到延缓衰老的作用。

On the Construction of Deepening Anti - corruption Mechanism

It needs the foundation of system and the guarantee of organizational system for anti-corruption,but it is more necessary to build and form an effective anti-corruption mechanism,so that the anti-corruption can be really put into practice. Anti-corruption mechanism refers to a organic operation system of the interaction,interconnection and constraint between the constituent elements( parts) and elements of national anti-corruption,and as a system,anti-corruption mechanism should have the characteristics of system aticness,comprehensiveness,transparency,legalization,public participation,scientific dynam ic,and internationalism. The construction of deepening anti-corruption mechanism is the need for reconstructing the ruling legitimacy of the party and the governm ent. Adhering to the principle of treating both root causes and symptoms is necessary in the construction of anti-corruption m echanism,com bating and punishing corruption is an important part of anti-corruption,and the prevention and control of corruption is the basic project of anti-corruption. Therefore,the construction of prevention and control mechanism in the anti-corruption mechanism has a more far-reaching significance.

Isobaric Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for tert-Butyl Alcohol + Water + Propane-1,3-Diol + 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride at 101.3 kPa

In this study, we used a mixture of organic liquid propane-1,3-diol and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([emim]Cl) as the entrainer to separate tert-butyl alcohol(TBA) + water. We measured the isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) for the quaternary system TBA + water + propane-1,3-diol + [emim]Cl at 101.3 kPa, and found the VLE data to be well correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid model. These results show that the mixed solvent of propane-1,3-diol + [emim]Cl can increase the relative volatility of TBA to water and break the azeotropic point. We found no notable synergetic effect between them, and observed that the liquid mixed solvent of propane-1,3-diol and [emim]Cl had lower viscosity than [emim]Cl, which makes it a promising entrainer for separating the TBA + water azeotrope in industrial applications.

Anti-Bacterial and Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabric by One-Bath Finishing

A research on the process of cotton fabric flame-re-tarding,anti-bacterial finishing and one-bath finish-ing of anti-bacterial and flame-retarding is discussed.The flame retardant agent was phosphorous-contained,and the bacteriostatic finishing agent named SFR-1 wassynthesized.The flame retardancy of the fabric finishedcan meet the DOC FF3-71 Children Sleepwear Stan-dard.Its bacterial inhibiting capacity can meet and ex-ceed the requirements of similar products

用于应变传感器的自愈合抗冻离子水凝胶

近年来,导电水凝胶在电子驱动器、医疗监测传感器及可穿戴设备等领域的应用备受关注。然而,多数凝胶机械强度低、寿命短、抗冻性能差,从而导致低温下无法使用。为了解决该问题,以聚乙烯醇、离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐和植酸为原料,在水与二甲基亚砜(DMSO)二元溶液中借助多重氢键及离子基团间的静电作用实现了超分子自组装,制备出一种可用于应变传感的自愈合、耐低温多功能离子水凝胶。研究发现在凝胶中引入DMSO,凝胶表现出优异的抗冻能力;同时,调节DMSO的含量可优化凝胶的强度和韧性,当DMSO体积分数为40%时,最大拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别可达4.43 MPa和869.1%。该离子水凝胶在低温应变传感器、智能可穿戴响应元件等领域展现出较好的应用潜力。

Testing of Anti-stripping Property of Friction Spun Core Yarn

Friction spun core yarn has two components: filament core and staple fiber sheath. Under axial rubbing action, the failure mode of the core yarn is the stripping of the sheath from the core. This paper introduces a method to test the anti - stripping property of the core yarn. With a modified Universal Testing Machine, the stripping resistance of friction spun core yarn can be continuously measured. Some factors Influencing the measurements are discussed in detail. The testing results are compared with those from a Y731 Yarn Abrasion Tester and fur - ther confirmed by weaving practice.

楮头红水提物抗氧化活性及改善小鼠肝损伤的研究

目的:研究楮头红水提物抗氧化活性及对急性酒精肝损伤小鼠的保护作用.方法:制备楮头红水提物,采用羟自由基和DPPH方法评价其体外抗氧化性;将体重均衡的昆明雄鼠,随机分成六组:空白组,酒精组,阳性组(联苯双酯),楮头红水提物低、中、高剂量组.建立急性酒精肝损伤模型后,制作切片进行HE染色观察肝组织病理变化,检测血清中AST、ALT活性,测定肝组织GSH含量、GSH-PX活性、SOD活性、MDA含量.结果:楮头红水提物对羟自由基和DPPH具有清除作用;病理检查显示水提物组的肝组织脂肪变性程度随着剂量的增加不断减小,被酒精损伤所致的症状明显改善;楮头红水提物能够显著改善被酒精诱导变化的一些抗氧化生化指标,即显著降低了小鼠体内AST和ALT活性,提高了肝组织的GSH、GSH-PX、SOD的水平,降低了MDA含量.结论:楮头红水提物可以通过提高肝脏抗氧化水平改善小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤.

加味醒酒汤解酒作用的研究

目的研究加味醒酒汤对醉酒小鼠的解酒作用。方法根据建立的小鼠醉酒模型,通过测定小鼠醉酒潜伏期与醒酒时间,确定加味醒酒汤的最佳工艺;通过测定小鼠血液乙醇浓度的含量及肝脏乙醇代谢酶的活性来观察加味醒酒汤的解酒效果。结果加味醒酒汤能够增加小鼠对酒精的耐受时间,同时缩短小鼠的醒酒时间,降低血液中的乙醇浓度,提高肝脏中ADH、ALDH与GSH-Px的活性。结论加味醒酒汤对醉酒小鼠具有解酒作用,其机制可能与提高乙醇代谢酶的活性有关。

人参皂苷Rg1通过糖皮质激素受体相关NF-κB信号通路发挥抗炎作用抵抗酒精性肝炎研究

目的人参皂苷Rg1是人参提取物中最具药理活性的皂苷之一。基于实验室前期研究及对肝炎的认识,本实验的目的在于研究Rg1在酒精诱导的小鼠肝炎模型中是否发挥抗炎作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法口服给予C57BL/6小鼠6 g/kg酒精,1 h后给予Rg1(10,20或40 mg/kg)或者阳性对照地塞米松(1 mg/kg)连续9 d。对血清进行生化分析、肝组织染色观察、免疫组化以及WB蛋白检测。结果与模型组比较,发现Rg1显著提高小鼠的生存率并降低异常升高的血清生化指标(P<0.05)。病理和超显微结构表明酒精性肝损伤后肝组织病变情况,而Rg1反转其病变。过度产生的炎症因子包括TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6亦被Rg1抑制。Rg1通过影响糖皮质激素受体调节NF-κB使肝脏恢复到正常情况。结论 Rg1可能发挥配体作用促进糖皮质激素受体调节NF-κB进而对抗酒精性肝炎。

霍山石斛水提取物通过介导NF-κB/p65和p38 MAPK减轻小鼠酒精性肝损伤

本研究主要探讨霍山石斛水提取物对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及其机制。将60只昆明小鼠随机均分成5组,正常组喂饲普通饲料,模型组喂饲普通饲料+52%白酒[12 m L/(kg·bw)]灌胃,低、中、高剂量石斛组喂饲普通饲料+霍山石斛水提取物(1 g/kg、5 g/kg和10 g/kg)灌胃+52%白酒灌胃。40 d后,测肝功能指标(ALT、AST)、氧化应激指标(SOD、MDA)、炎症因子指标(CRP、TNF-α),肝脏做HE染色切片观察,Western blot检测了小鼠肝脏组织中NF-κB/p65和p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平。切片可见,中、高剂量石斛组肝脏组织损伤情况较模型组明显减轻。中、高剂量石斛组较模型组SOD升高(P<0.01),ALT、AST、MDA、CRP和TNF-ɑ降低(P<0.01)。高剂量霍山石斛水提取物可显著抑制酒精性肝损伤诱导的NF-κB/p65和p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平升高。结果表明,霍山石斛水提取物可降低酒精对肝细胞的损伤作用,其作用机制可能是通过介导NF-κB/p65和p38 MAPK发挥抗氧化、抗炎作用来实现的。

纳米SiO_2-聚乙烯醇复合超滤膜的制备及应用

以水为溶剂 ,以聚乙二醇 (PEG)为致孔剂 ,并通过向聚乙烯醇 (PVA)溶液中添加纳米SiO2 构成铸膜液。凝固浴为Na2 SO4/KOH/H2 O溶液。采用相转化过程制备纳米SiO2 -PVA复合超滤膜。实验表明 ,膜孔径对压力是敏感的。考察了SiO2 含量和PEG含量对膜性能的影响。该膜在对含油废水的超滤实验中表现出良好的抗污染性及稳定性。