Antimicrobial,antibiofilm,angiogenesis,anti-inflammatory,and wound healing activities of zinc nanoparticles green synthesized using Ferula macrecolea extract

Objective:To assess the antimicrobial,antibiofilm,anti-inflammatory,angiogenic,and wound healing activities of zinc nanoparticles(ZNPs)green synthesized using Ferula macrecolea extract.Methods:The green synthesis was conducted using the precipitation method.Then,the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC),and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration 50%(MBIC50)of ZNPs against Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa)were evaluated.The effects of ZNPs on the gene expressions of Staphylococcus spp.[intracellular adhesion A(icaA)and D(icaD)]and P.aeruginosa(rhlI and rhlR)were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR.In addition,the effects of ZNPs on wound healing,angiogenesis,and anti-inflammatory markers were assessed.Results:The green-synthesized ZNPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial efficacy against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa.The biofilm formation in S.aureus and P.aeruginosa was also inhibited by ZNPs with MBIC50 values of 3.30μg/mL and 2.08μg/mL,respectively.Additionally,ZNPs downregulated the expression of biofilm-related genes icaA,icaD,rhlI,and rhlR in the tested bacteria.They also demonstrated promising in vitro wound healing effects by promoting fibroblast cell proliferation and wound closure in a dose-dependent manner.A significant increase in the expression of HLA-G5 and VEGF-A genes as well as a marked decrease in the expression of NF-κB,IL-1β,and TNF-αgenes were observed in cells treated with ZNPs compared to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions:ZNPs display promising antibacterial effects against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa and wound-healing effects by inhibiting biofilm formation,inducing angiogenesis,and reducing inflammation.However,further studies must be conducted to specify the accurate mechanisms of action and toxicity of ZNPs.

Tamanu Oil in Acne Management: Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Wound-Healing Properties for Scar Reduction

Tamanu oil, derived from the nuts of Calophyllum inophyllum, has gained increasing attention for its potential in acne management due to its purported anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. This analysis evaluates the efficacy of tamanu oil in acne treatment with a specific focus on its impact on inflammation and scar reduction. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of tamanu oil’s dual mechanism of action: reducing acne-related inflammation and promoting the healing of acne scars. Clinical trials and laboratory analyses were conducted to assess the oil’s effectiveness in diminishing erythema, swelling, and post-acne scarring compared to conventional treatments. Preliminary findings demonstrate that tamanu oil significantly reduces inflammation and accelerates wound healing, potentially offering a promising adjunct or alternative to standard acne therapies. Future research should aim to optimize formulation and application protocols, long-term effects, and comparative therapeutic efficacy with other anti-inflammatory agents. Tamanu oil offers a novel and effective approach to acne management, with potential advantages that go beyond inflammation reduction to include enhanced scar reduction, making it a subject that warrants further investigation.

The effects of glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin in the regulation of CXCL5 inflammation gene on acceleration of wound healing

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of both glycyrrhizic acid(GA)and glabridin in reducing inflammation to accelerate wound regeneration on 3T3-L1 and NIH-3T3 fibroblast cell lines.Methods: Cell proliferation and viability assay(MTT assay), scratch wound healing assays,and quantitative real-time PCR were conducted to investigate the effects on cell proliferation,cell migration, and expression of CXC chemokine ligand 5 inflammation gene respectively.Results: Results showed that at a low concentration of 1 × 10^(-8)mol/L, glabridin down regulated cell proliferation in NIH-3T3 significantly, suggesting its involvement in ERK1/2 signaling pathway. GA and glabridin significantly accelerated cell migration through wound healing in both 3T3-L1 and NIH-3T3 and significantly down regulated the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 5 in 3T3-L1 at concentration 1 × 10^(-8)mol/L,indicating the possible involvement of nuclear factor-k B and cyclooxygenase 2 transcriptions modulation.Conclusions: Both GA and glabridin can serve as potential treatment for chronic inflammatory disease, and glabridin as an oncogenic inhibitor due to its anti-proliferative property.

Preparation of Pickering Emulsion for Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing

In recent years, natural biodegradable nanoparticles as stabilizers of Pickering emulsions have attracted extensive attention. In this work, a Pickering emulsion composed of chitosan/Arabic gum nanoparticles (CS/GA NPs), tea tree oil and vitamin E was formulated. Then the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing abilities of the emulsion were evaluated. Pickering emulsion encapsulated the tea tree oil strengthened antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Besides, this multi-phase system offered a platform to load with vitamin E, which provides anti-inflammatory effects while antibacterial. Meanwhile, Pickering emulsion avoided contact between bacteria and skin when used in wound treatment.

Macrophages:Key players in diabetic wound healing

In this editorial,we discuss the article by Wen et al published.Diabetic foot ulcers are prevalent and serious complications of diabetes,significantly impacting patients’quality of life and often leading to disability or death,thereby placing a heavy burden on society.Effective diabetic wound healing is hindered by an imbalance in macrophage polarization;many macrophages fail to transition from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype,which is crucial for tissue remodelling and repair.The wound healing process is both dynamic and complex.Healthy M1 macrophages,which have strong phagocytic abilities,are vital during the inflammatory phase of diabetic wound healing.However,the failure to transition to M2 macrophages during the proliferative phase hinders wound healing.We anticipate the development of new therapies that can repair damaged M1 macrophages during the inflammatory phase and promote M2 macrophage polarization during the proliferative phase,thereby enhancing the overall healing process.

Epithelial restitution and wound healing in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. The mucosal epithelium of the alimentary tract constitutes a key element of the mucosal barrier to a broad spectrum of deleterious substances present within the intestinal lumen including bacterial microorganisms, various dietary factors, gastrointestinal secretory products and drugs. In addition, this mucosal barrier can be disturbed in the course of various intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases. Fortunately, the integrity of the gastrointestinal surface epithelium is rapidly reestablished even after extensive destruction. Rapid resealing of the epithelial barrier following injuries is accomplished by a process termed epithelial restitution, followed by more delayed mechanisms of epithelial wound healing including increased epithelial cell proliferation and epithelial cell differentiation. Restitution of the intestinal surface epithelium is modulated by a range of highly divergent factors among them a broad spectrum of structurally distinct regulatory peptides, variously described as growth factors or cytokines. Several regulatory peptide factors act from the basolateral site of the epithelial surface and enhance epithelial cell restitution through TGF-13-dependent pathways. In contrast, members of the trefoil factor family （TFF peptides） appear to stimulate epithelial restitution in conjunction with mucin glycoproteins through a TGF-13-independent mechanism from the apical site of the intestinal epithelium. In addition, a number of other peptide molecules like extracellular matrix factors and blood clotting factors and also non- peptide molecules including phospholipids~ short-chain fatty acids （SCFA）, adenine nucleotides, trace elements and pharmacological agents modulate intestinal epithelial repair mechanisms. Repeated damage and injury of the intestinal surface are key features of various intestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases and require constant repair of the epithelium. Enhancement of intestinal repair mechanisms by regulatory peptides or other modulatory factors may provide future approaches for the treatment of diseases that are characterized by injuries of the epithelial surface.

Beneficial effects of a novel shark-skin collagen dressing for the promotion of seawater immersion wound healing

Background: Wounded personnel who work at sea often encounter a plethora of difficulties. The most important of these difficulties is seawater immersion. Common medical dressings have little effect when the affected area is immersed in seawater, and only rarely dressings have been reported for the treatment of seawater-immersed wounds. The objective of this study is to develop a new dressing which should be suitable to prevent the wound from seawater immersion and to promote the wound healing.Methods: Shark skin collagen(SSC) was purified via ethanol de-sugaring and de-pigmentation and adjusted for p H. A shark skin collagen sponge(SSCS) was prepared by freeze-drying. SSCS was attached to an anti-seawater immersion polyurethane(PU) film(SSCS+PU) to compose a new dressing. The biochemical properties of SSC and physicochemical properties of SSCS were assessed by standard methods. The effects of SSCS and SSCS+PU on the healing of seawaterimmersed wounds were studied using a seawater immersion rat model. For the detection of SSCS effects on seawaterimmersed wounds, 12 SD rats, with four wounds created in each rat, were divided into four groups: the 3 rd day group, 5 th day group, 7 th day group and 12 th day group. In each group, six wounds were treated with SSCS, three wounds treated with chitosan served as the positive control, and three wounds treated with gauze served as the negative control. For the detection of the SSCS+PU effects on seawater-immersed wounds, 36 SD rats were divided into three groups: the gauze(GZ)+PU group, chitosan(CS)+PU group and SSCS+PU group, with 12 rats in each group, and two wounds in each rat. The wound sizes were measured to calculate the healing rate, and histomorphology and the immunohistochemistry of the CD31 and TGF-β expression levels in the wounded tissues were measured by standard methods.Results: The results of Ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis) spectrum, Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectrum, circular dichroism(CD) spectra, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE), and amino acid composition analyses of SSC demonstrated that SSC is type I collagen. SSCS had a homogeneous porous structure of approximately 200μm, porosity rate of 83.57%±2.64%, water vapor transmission ratio(WVTR) of 4500 g/m2, tensile strength of 1.79±0.41 N/mm, and elongation at break of 4.52%±0.01%. SSCS had significant beneficial effects on seawater-immersed wound healing. On the 3 rd day, the healing rates in the GZ negative control, CS positive control and SSCS rats were 13.94%±5.50%, 29.40%±1.10% and 47.24%±8.40%, respectively. SSCS also enhanced TGF-in the initial stage of the healing period. The SSCS+PU dressing effectively protected woundsβ and CD31 expression from seawater immersion for at least 4 h, and accelerated re-epithelialization, vascularization and granulation formation of seawater-immersed wounds in the earlier stages of wound healing, and as well as significantly promoted wound healing. The SSCS+PU dressing also enhanced expression of TGF-n and gauze dressings.β and CD31. The effects of SSCS and SSCS+PU were superior to those of both the chitosaConclusion: SSCS has significant positive effects on the promotion of seawater-immersed wound healing, and a SSCS+PU dressing effectively prevents seawater immersion, and significantly promotes seawater-immersed wound healing.

Does Obesity without Hyperglycemia Delay Wound Healing in an Obese Mouse Model Induced by a High-Fat Diet?

It was unclear that wound healing was delayed in obesity without hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to compare the wound healing process between obese and non-obese mice without hyperglycemia by attaching a splint. Three-week-old male mice (C57BL/6N) were fed high-fat diets (60% of calories from fat) in the obesity group, and commercial diets in the control group for 15 weeks. Two circular (4 mm in diameter) full-thickness wounds were made on the dorsal skin. Body weights and serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the obesity group than in the control group until day 15 after wounding. Fasting blood glucose levels before wounding were lower in the obesity group than in a hyperglycemic rodent model. The macrophage infiltration into subcutaneous fat before wounding in the obesity group was negligible. The ratios of the wound area were not significantly different between the two groups. No significant differences were observed in the number of neutrophils or macrophages or new blood vessels and ratio of myofibroblasts or collagen fibers between the two groups. Our results demonstrated that cutaneous wound healing was not delayed in the obesity group without hyperglycemia and macrophage infiltration into the subcutaneous fat and with high serum leptin levels.

Role of defensins in diabetic wound healing

The adverse consequences resulting from diabetes are often presented as severe complications.Diabetic wounds are one of the most commonly occurring complications in diabetes,and the control and treatment of this is costly.Due to a series of pathophysiological mechanisms,diabetic wounds remain in the inflammatory phase for a prolonged period of time,and face difficulty in entering the proliferative phase,thus leading to chronic non-healing wounds.The current consensus on the treatment of diabetic wounds is through multidisciplinary comprehensive management,however,standard wound treatment methods are still limited and therefore,more effective methods are required.In recent years,defensins have been found to play diverse roles in a variety of diseases;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying these activities are still largely unknown.Defensins can be constitutively or inductively produced in the skin,therefore,their local distribution is affected by the microenvironment of these diabetic wounds.Current evidence suggests that defensins are involved in the diabetic wound pathogenesis,and can potentially promote the early completion of each stage,thus making research on defensins a promising area for developing novel treatments for diabetic wounds.In this review,we describe the complex function of human defensins in the development of diabetic wounds,and suggest potential therapeutic benefits.

<i>Aloe vera</i>—Mechanisms of Action, Uses, and Potential Uses in Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing

Aloe vera has been used for centuries for medicinal purposes. Clinical and experimental evidence indicates usefulness for skin moisturization, promoting wound healing, thermal skin injury, frostbite, and ischemic skin insults. Aloe vera has anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, antimicrobial, and proliferative actions, which have been investigated in various experimental models and in various in vitro studies. This extensive literature review of the properties and actions of Aloe vera finds substantial evidence for the reported and also likely clinical usefulness for Aloe vera in Plastic Surgery and in wound care and wound healing. Though further clinical investigation is warranted, Aloe vera use may likely be indicated in situations where its effects could positively influence outcomes, such as wound healing, flap vascularity, and inflammatory skin pathologies.

Non-coding RNAs:Role in diabetic foot and wound healing

Diabetic foot ulcer(DFU)and poor wound healing are chronic complications in patients with diabetes.The increasing incidence of DFU has resulted in huge pressure worldwide.Diagnosing and treating this condition are therefore of great importance to control morbidity and improve prognosis.Finding new markers with potential diagnostic and therapeutic utility in DFU has gathered increasing interest.Wound healing is a process divided into three stages:Inflammation,proliferation,and regeneration.Non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs),which are small protected molecules transcribed from the genome without protein translation function,have emerged as important regulators of diabetes complications.The deregulation of ncRNAs may be linked to accelerated DFU development and delayed wound healing.Moreover,ncRNAs can be used for therapeutic purposes in diabetic wound healing.Herein,we summarize the role of microRNAs,long ncRNAs,and circular RNAs in diverse stages of DFU wound healing and their potential use as novel therapeutic targets.

Resveratrol-loaded peptide-hydrogels inhibit scar formation in wound healing through suppressing inflammation

Scar formation seriously affects the repair of damaged skin especially in adults and the excessive inflammation has been considered as the reason.The self-assembled peptide-hydrogels are ideal biomaterials for skin wound healing due to their similar nanostructure to natural extracellular matrix,hydration environment and serving as drug delivery systems.In our study,resveratrol,a polyphenol compound with anti-inflammatory effect,is loaded into peptide-hydrogel(Fmoc-FFGGRGD)to form a wound dressing(Pep/RES).Resveratrol is slowly released from the hydrogel in situ,and the release amount is controlled by the loading amount.The in vitro cell experiments demonstrate that the Pep/RES has no cytotoxicity and can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines of macrophages.The Pep/RES hydrogels are used as wound dressings in rat skin damage model.The results suggest that the Pep/RES dressing can accelerate wound healing rate,exhibit well-organized collagen deposition,reduce inflammation and eventually prevent scar formation.The Pep/RES hydrogels supply a potential product to develop new skin wound dressings for the therapy of skin damage.

Antioxidant-enriched autologous biogel promoted diabetic wound healing by remodeling inherent posttraumatic inflammatory patterning and restoring compromised microenvironment homeostasis

Successful wound healing depends on the reconstruction of proper tissue homeostasis,particularly in the posttraumatic inflammatory tissue microenvironment.Diabetes jeopardizes tissues’immune homeostasis in cutaneous wounds,causing persistent chronic inflammation and cytokine dysfunction.Previously,we developed an autologous regeneration factor(ARF)technology to extract the cytokine composite from autologous tissue to restore immune homeostasis and promote wound healing.However,treatment efficacy was significantly compromised in diabetic conditions.Therefore,we proposed that a combination of melatonin and ARF,which is beneficial for proper immune homeostasis reconstruction,could be an effective treatment for diabetic wounds.Our research showed that the utilization of melatonin-mediated ARF biogel(AM gel)promoted diabetic wound regeneration at a more rapid healing rate.RNA-Seq analysis showed that AM gel treatment could restore more favorable immune tissue homeostasis with unique inflammatory patterning as a result of the diminished intensity of acute and chronic inflammation.Currently,AM gel could be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for diabetic wounds in clinical practice through favorable immune homeostatic reconstructions in the tissue microenvironment and proper posttraumatic inflammation patterning.

Injectable melatonin-loaded carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCS)-based hydrogel accelerates wound healing by reducing inflammation and promoting angiogenesis and collagen deposition

Carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCS)-based hydrogels have antibacterial activity,and have shown the abilities of preventing wound infection,promoting cell proliferation,accelerating collagen deposition,and stimulating hyaluronic acid formation during wound healing.As a hormone produced by the pineal gland in humans and animals,melatonin promotes skin wound healing by regulating the release of inflammatory mediators and accelerating the proliferation and migration of cells,angiogenesis,and collagen deposition.However,the combined effects of CMCS and melatonin on wound healing remain unclear.Injectable CMCS-based hydrogels containing melatonin were prepared,and their healing effects were evaluated using a full-thickness cutaneous wound model in rats.Compared with the control and the hydrogel with no melatonin groups,the melatonin-loaded hydrogel significantly increased the percentage of wound closure,promoted the proliferation of granulation tissue and re-epithelialization,and accelerated collagen deposition.Additionally,the melatonin-loaded hydrogel promoted angiogenesis and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor protein expression and increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase.The melatonin-loaded hydrogel also markedly increased the expression of collagen III,α-smooth muscle actin,and transforming growth factor-β1 proteins and reduced collagen I expression.These results suggest that the melatonin-loaded hydrogel promoted granulation tissue formation and accelerated wound healing by reducing inflammation and promoting angiogenesis and collagen deposition.

Betulinic acid accelerates diabetic wound healing by modulating hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress,inflammation and glucose intolerance

Background:Diabetes significantly delays wound healing through oxidative stress,inflammation and impaired re-epithelialization that lead to defective regulation of the healing process,although the related mechanism remains unclear.Here,we aim to investigate the potential role and mechanism for the beneficial effect of betulinic acid(BA)on diabetic wound healing.Methods:The molecular effect of BA on hyperglycemia-mediated gene expression,oxidative stress,inflammation and glucose uptake was evaluated in endothelial,fibroblast and muscle cells.Burn injury was introduced to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and BA administration through either an intraperitoneal(IP)or topical(TOP)technique was used for wound treatment.Glucose tolerance was evaluated in both muscle tissue and fibroblasts,while oxidative stress and inflammation were determined in both the circulatory system and in wound tissues.The effect of BA on the wound healing process was also evaluated.Results:BA treatment reversed hyperglycemia-induced glucose transporter type 4(GLUT4)sup-pression in both muscle and fibroblast cells.This treatment also partly reversed hyperglycemia-mediated suppression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS),nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signaling and nuclear factor NFκB p65 subunit(NFκB p65)activation in endothelial cells.An in vivo rat study showed that BA administration ameliorated diabetes-mediated glucose intolerance and partly attenuated diabetes-mediated oxidative stress and inflam-mation in both the circulatory system and wound tissues.BA administration by both IP and TOP techniques significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing,while BA administration by either IP or TOP methods alone had a significantly lower effect.Conclusions:BA treatment ameliorates hyperglycemia-mediated glucose intolerance,endothelial dysfunction,oxidative stress and inflammation.Administration of BA by both IP and TOP tech-niques was found to significantly accelerate diabetic wound healing,indicating that BA could be a potential therapeutic candidate for diabetic wound healing.

Activating proper inflammation for wound-healing acceleration via mesoporous silica nanoparticle tissue adhesive

Efficient initiation and resolution of inflammation are crucial for wound repair.However,with using tissue adhesives for wound repair,patients occasionally suffered from delayed healing process because slow elimination of those exogenous adhesives generally leads to chronic inflammation.As the demand for minimal invasive therapy continues to rise,desire for adhesive materials that can effectively reconnect surgical gaps and promote wound regeneration becomes increasingly urgent.Herein,by exploiting the inherent porous structure and performance of adhesion to tissue of mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSNs),we demonstrate a tissue adhesive that can elicit acute inflammatory response and get eliminated after tissue reformation.With formation of nanocomposites in wound gaps,the injured tissues can get reconnected conveniently.The resultant accelerated healing process verifty that the strategy of exploiting unique properties of nanomaterials can effectively promote inflammation resolution and wound repair.This design strategy will inspire more innovative tissue adhesives for clinical applications.

MXene纳米颗粒Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(X)与光热效应促进糖尿病小鼠创面愈合

背景:MXene纳米颗粒具备出色的亲水性、生物相容性和抗菌特性,被广泛应用于创面、肿瘤、神经修复和心血管等治疗领域,目前尚不清楚MXene纳米颗粒对糖尿病创面愈合的作用。目的:考察MXene纳米颗粒Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)的体外抗氧化、抗炎和光热抗菌活性,以及对糖尿病小鼠创面的修复效果。方法:①体外实验:采用MTT法检测不同质量浓度Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)对小鼠成纤维细胞(NIH-3T3)的毒性作用。将NIH-3T3细胞暴露在H_(2)O_(2)中,采用MTT法检测不同质量浓度Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)对NIH-3T3细胞的保护作用。将NIH-3T3细胞暴露在H_(2)O_(2)中,分析光照(或不光照)处理下Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(20μg/mL)对NIH-3T3细胞活性氧生成的影响。将RAW264.7巨噬细胞分3组处理:对照组、脂多糖组与脂多糖+Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)组,采用实时定量PCR法检测细胞中特定基因(CD86、白细胞介素6、CD206、精氨酸酶1)的表达。将大肠杆菌(或金黄色葡萄球菌)分3组处理:对照组、Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)组、Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照组,利用平板菌落计数法计算细菌存活率。②体内实验:通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素的方法构建ICR小鼠糖尿病模型,造模成功后在小鼠背部建立全层皮肤缺损创面,随机分3组干预:对照组(n=6)、Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)组(n=6)和Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照组(n=6),观察创面愈合情况,干预后第7天进行创面组织CD31、CD206免疫组化染色,干预后第7,14天进行创面组织苏木精-伊红与Masson染色。将Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)溶液注射至ICR小鼠皮下,在光照(或非光照)后,通过血生化检测分析Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)对小鼠的毒性作用。结果与结论:①体外实验:Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)质量浓度在5-160μg/mL范围内对NIH-3T3细胞无毒性作用,在质量浓度20μg/mL时可增加NIH-3T3细胞存活率。10-80μg/mL的Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)可显著提升H_(2)O_(2)干预下的NIH-3T3细胞存活率。Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)可显著抑制H_(2)O_(2)干预下NIH-3T3细胞活性氧的生成,光照处理可进一步提升Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)抑制活性氧生成的作用。Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)能够有效抑制由脂多糖诱导的巨噬细胞炎症,促进细胞向具有抗炎特性的M2型巨噬细胞转化。Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)与Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照均可显著抑制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长,并且Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照的抑制效果更显著。②体内实验:创面大体与组织学分析显示,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)与Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照均可促进糖尿病小鼠创面的愈合,并且Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照的促进作用更显著。免疫组化染色结果显示,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)与Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照均可抑制糖尿病创面的炎症反应并促进血管的生成,并且Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)光照的作用更显著。血生化检测结果显示,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)与光照对小鼠无明显毒性作用。③结果表明,Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)借助独特的光热效应能够高效地展现抗氧化、抗炎和抗菌特性,促进糖尿病小鼠创面的愈合。

三碘甲状腺原氨酸通过激活cGAS-STING信号通路调控炎症时相而促进小鼠皮肤伤口愈合

目的:探讨三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)是否通过激活环磷酸鸟苷-磷酸腺苷酸合成酶(cGAS)-干扰素基因刺激物(STING)信号通路调控炎症时相从而影响小鼠皮肤伤口愈合。方法:将雄性昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、对照组、T3组、cGAS抑制剂RU320521(RU.521)组和RU.521+T3组,正常组5只,其余4组每组25只。除正常组外,其余各组小鼠制备全层皮肤损伤模型,每日观察伤口愈合情况。在伤后第1天,2天,4天,7天和10天分别处死各组小鼠,每组5只。苏木精-伊红(HE)和Masson染色分别观察小鼠皮肤伤口组织病理改变和胶原纤维形成;免疫组织化学染色观察cGAS、STING、小鼠含表皮生长因子样模体黏蛋白样激素受体样蛋白1(EMR1;又称F4/80)、C-XC趋化因子配体8(CXCL-8)和CXCL-10蛋白表达;Western blot检测cGAS、STING、C-C趋化因子配体2(CCL-2)和核因子κB(NF-κB)蛋白表达;ELISA法检测干扰素β(IFN-β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量。结果:在伤后4~7 d,T3组的伤口愈合率和胶原纤维合成显著高于对照组、RU.521+T3组和RU.521组(P<0.05)。T3组的病理变化也较其余3组显著改善。正常组不表达cGAS和STING,RU.521+T3组和RU.521组表达也较少,而T3组和对照组表达较高,但T3组的表达在伤后1~4 d显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在伤后7 d低于对照组(P<0.05)。T3组F4/80的表达在伤后1~7 d显著高于对照组、RU.521+T3组和RU.521组(P<0.05)。此外,T3组的趋化因子CXCL-8、CXCL-10和CCL-2的表达在伤后1~2 d或1~4 d显著高于对照组、RU.521+T3组和RU.521组(P<0.05),在其余时间低于此3组(P<0.05)。除此之外,T3组的促炎细胞因子IFN-β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB含量,在伤后1 d高于对照组、RU.521+T3组和RU.521组(P<0.05),而在伤后2~7 d显著低于这3组(P<0.05)。结论:T3促进小鼠皮肤伤口愈合可能与其在伤后早期加强cGAS-STING信号通路激活,增强趋化因子和促炎因子表达,以及促进巨噬细胞招募,从而调控炎症时相有关。

富氢水对牙周炎的作用及机制的研究进展

富氢水具有良好的抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化及促进伤口愈合等作用,在脑损伤、肾损伤等多种疾病的治疗中发挥积极效应。在牙周炎的治疗中,富氢水也具有一定的临床应用潜力。目前研究认为,富氢水可抑制牙周致病菌生物膜形成,抑制口腔结缔组织及骨组织破坏,对炎症及氧化应激相关的牙周炎具有潜在治疗作用。富氢水通过抑制氧化应激反应,上调抗氧化酶如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)表达,减轻牙周炎环境下的牙周组织损伤。调节与炎症密切相关的核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,Nrf2)抗氧化防御通路和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogenactivated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路,抑制炎症细胞因子如白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)的表达,是富氢水发挥抗炎作用的主要机制。在菌斑生物膜的形成中,富氢水可以抑制细菌生长增殖,并下调糖基转移酶(glycosyltransferase,GTFs)和葡聚糖结合蛋白(glucan-binding protein,GBP)以抑制细菌黏附,预防牙周炎发生。此外,富氢水对多种细胞生长因子、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA)和I型胶原表达也具有积极作用,可以促进伤口愈合。目前临床研究中尚未发现富氢水使用的不良反应,其生物安全性能够得到一定保证,但有关富氢水在牙周炎中的研究多为体内外临床前研究,且对于富氢水在治疗中的有效浓度和剂量的选择仍不明确,需要进一步研究证明富氢水在牙周炎中的治疗意义,并探究富氢水的最佳使用方案。本文旨在对目前富氢水在牙周炎治疗中的作用及机制进行综述。

Technological Advances in Accelerated Wound Repair and Regeneration

We reviewed a number of wound repair, keloid and hypertrophic scar research methods that included lasers, microcurrent and ultra-low energy technologies. Laser research reports short-term improvement in wounds, keloid and hypertrophic scars, but without follow up to control for reoccurrence of keloids or diabetic lesions which generally reoccur following laser treatments. The microcurrent and ultra-low energy studies demonstrate significant healing where age is not a factor with no reoccurrence of diabetic wounds and other skin lesions. Our randomized, double-blind longitudinal research on eight wound repair clinical cases with an age range of 28 - 86, followed for one year, evidenced accelerated healing and no reoccurrence. The number of treatments required for substantial healing depended on the chronicity and severity of the lesion, with chronic severe lesions requiring more treatments, rather than age, a conclusion supported by ultra-low microcurrent research. These results on age-independent wound healing directly contradict a large body of literature postulating that healing is much slower with age due to immune insufficiency, age-accumulated oxidative stress, disrupted cell communications and sustained inflammation.