Safety and in Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ficus umbellata (Vahl.) Leaves

Toxicity is the totality of adverse effects, which can be functional and morphological lesions in a living organism, caused by a substance introduced in relatively high single doses or in small, repeated doses. The aim of this study was to assess the OECD-recommended acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus umbellata leaves. Animals were given a single oral dose of 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/Kg body weight (BW) of the extract. For the anti-inflammatory activity test, rats were given the ethanolic extract of F. umbellata leaves at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/Kg or aspirin® at a concentration of 100 mg/Kg PC orally, one hour before injection of 0.05 ml of 1% formalin under the plantar fascia of the rat’s right hind paw. Paw volume measurements were taken one, two and three hours after formalin injection, using an electronic caliper. After 14 days of observation, no deaths were observed in treated rats. The LD50 of ethanolic extract of Ficus umbellata leaf powder is greater than 5000 mg/Kg body weight. This extract has no significant effects on hematological parameters and on the main markers of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity for a single dose of less than 5000 mg/Kg PC. It reduces formalin-induced edema. Evaluation of the percentage inhibition showed that the extract had greater anti-inflammatory activity at 3 hours after the start of the experiment. However, better inhibition of inflammatory oedema of the paw of rats treated with 500 mg/Kg was observed at 5 hours after the start of the experiment, with a percentage inhibition of 69.23 ± 1.02, compared with the reference group treated with aspirin® 100 mg/Kg, which showed an inhibition of 63.50 ± 0.98. These results show that F. umbellata leaves possess anti-inflammatory activity, which would justify their use in traditional African medicine to prevent or treat inflammation.

Bridging the gap:Unveiling the crisis of physical inactivity in inflammatory bowel diseases

In this editorial we comment on the article titled“Inflammatory bowel diseases patients suffer from significant low levels and barriers to physical activity:The BE-FIT-IBD study”published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroen-terology 2023;29(41):5668-5682.Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)are emerging as a significant global health concern as their incidence continues to rise on a global scale,with detrimental impacts on quality of life.While many advances have been made regarding the management of the disease,physical inactivity in these patients represents an underexplored issue that may hold the key for further and better understanding the ramifications of IBD.Chronic pain,fatigue,and fear of exacerbating symptoms promotes physical inactivity among IBD patients,while the lack of clear guidelines on safe exercise regimens contributes to a norm of physical inactivity.Physical activity(PA)is accepted to have a positive effect on disease outcomes and quality of life,while inactivity exacerbates comorbidities like cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders.The“BE-FIT-IBD”study,focusing on PA levels and barriers in IBD patients of Southern Italy,revealed that a significant proportion(42.9%)were physically inactive.This lack of PA is attributed to barriers such as fear of flare-ups and misconceptions about exercise exacerbating the disease.The study also highlighted the need for better communication between healthcare providers and patients regarding the benefits of PA and safe incorporation into lifestyles.Moreover,physical inactivity may also contribute to disability in IBD patients,having a great impact on employment status.Of note is the fact that IBD also comes with an important psychological burden with relevant evidence suggesting that regular PA can improve mood,reduce anxiety,and enhance mental health.The“BE-FIT-IBD”study advocated for the integration of PA into IBD management,emphasizing the bidirectional link between PA and IBD.Regular exercise can influence the course of IBD,potentially reducing symptom severity and prolonging remission periods.As such,it is mandatory that healthcare providers actively educate patients,dispel misconceptions,and tailor exercise recommendations to improve the quality of life and reduce IBD-related complications.

Experimental study of the anti-inflammatory activity of some compounds in Berchemia lineata(L.)DC

Objective:To screen the anti-inflammatory monomeric compounds isolated from Berchemia lineata(L.)DC and explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of some compounds based on NF-κB signaling pathway.Methods:LPS was used to induce RAW264.7 to establish a model of cellular inflammatory reaction.CCK-8 method was used to detect the effect of monomer compounds on the activity of RAW264.7 cells.The release of nitric oxide(NO)in the superneant was measured by Griess method,and NO inhibition rate was calculated.The anti-inflammatory activity gradient of some monomeric compounds was also measured.The effects of monomer compound 21 on the secretion of IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,COX-2 and iNOS induced by LPS were detected by ELISA.Results:The concentration of monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.was 50μmol/L,and it was administered for 24 h.The results showed that anthraquinone compound No.19 had obvious drug toxicity,while other compounds had weak or no obvious drug toxicity.The concentration was 50μmol/L,and the drug was administered for 12 h.The results showed that all the monomer compounds could inhibit the release of NO to varying degrees,and the highest NO inhibition rate was over 90%,which showed obvious anti-inflammatory activity.NO inhibition rate of No.01 new skeleton compound can reach 70.81%.The results of anti-inflammatory activity gradient showed that the monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.could inhibit the release of NO in a dose-dependent manner.The results of ELISA showed that phenolic compound 21 could inhibit the secretion of IL-6,TNF-α,NF-κB,COX-2 and iNOS in RAW264.7 cells.Conclusion:The monomer compound of Berchemia lineata(L.)DC.has a certain anti-inflammatory activity,among which flavonoids and bibenzyl components isolated from this plant for the first time may be the material basis for its anti-inflammatory activity.The simple phenolic monomer compound 21 may play an anti-inflammatory role by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway.

Inflammatory bowel diseases patients suffer from significant low levels and barriers to physical activity:The“BE-FIT-IBD”study

BACKGROUND The place regular physical activity(PA)should occupy in managing patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)is unclear.AIM To assess PA levels and barriers in a southern Italian IBD population.METHODS IBD patients with non-severe disease activity[assessed with partial Mayo score for ulcerative colitis(UC)and Harvey-Bradshaw index for Crohn’s disease]were approached to receive an anonymous online questionnaire to assess PA levels using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ)and to assess disease activity as patient-reported outcomes 2(PRO-2)and finally to assess habits,beliefs and barriers in conducting regular PA.Clinical,anthropometric and demographic data of patients were also collected.PA was expressed as continuous units of resting metabolic rate(Met)in min/wk.Three PA groups were identified:Inactive(<700 Met min/wk),sufficiently active(700-2500 Met min/wk)and health enhancing PA(HEPA)(i.e.,HEPA active,>2500 Met min/wk)patients.RESULTS Included patients(219)showed overall PA levels of 834.5 Met min/wk,with a large proportion(94,42.9%)classified as inactive while only a minority(9,4.1%)as health-enhancing PA.Patients without dyslipidaemia(P<0.0001)or on biologics therapy(P=0.022)showed better IPAQ scores in moderate activities.UC PRO-2 correlated negatively with IPAQ intense activities scores(τ=-0.156,P=0.038).PRO-2 did not show notable sensitivity/specificity in predicting IPAQ inactivity(AUC<0.6).IBD activity did not differ between active and inactive patients(P>0.05).Active patients expressed the need to discuss PA with their gastroenterologist.Some barriers(e.g.,diagnosis of IBD and fear of flare-ups after PA)are significantly more reported by inactive patients.CONCLUSION A significant rate of physical inactivity was recorded in this setting.IPAQ showed good feasibility.PA should be an element of discussion in IBD visits assessed quickly with non-invasive questionnaires.

Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Activity of 2-(E)-(4-Hy-droxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-5-(N-Substituted aminomethyl)Cyclopentanones

本文合成了１５种２（Ｅ）（３甲氧基４羟基苯亚甲基）环戊酮杂环胺Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ碱盐酸盐和芳胺Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ碱，并进行了初步的抗炎活性筛选。所有化合物结构均经波谱分析和元素分析证实。药理试验结果表明：部分化合物对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀有较显著的抑制作用；苯胺取代基的变化对芳胺Ｍａｎｎｉｃｈ碱的抗炎活性有显著的影响。

Roles of Community Pharmacists in Screening and Disseminating of Information about Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Risks: Implications for Drug Safety Assessment

Background: The increasing use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) both on prescription and over the counter raises a major global health concern because of the risks associated with their use if no proper guidance is given by the health care provider. This study assessed the roles of community pharmacists in screening and disseminating information about the risks associated with NSAID use in Zambia. Methodology: This was a national cross-sectional study in which a structured self-administered questionnaire was administered to 245 registered community pharmacists in Zambia. Stata/BE, version 15.1 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) and multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine factors associated with information dissemination about ADRs of NS-NSAIDs. Results: 231 of the 245 distributed questionnaires were returned giving a response rate of 94.3%. All (100%) participating community pharmacists claimed to have practiced dispensing NSAIDs. However, only 26 (11.0%) and 71 (30.8%) regularly screened for risk factor of selective COX-2 NSAIDS (SC2-NSAIDS) and non-selective NSAIDS (NS-NSAIDs) respectively. Information dissemination on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of SC2-NSAIDS was regularly provided by only 22 (9.5%) of pharmacists while that of NS-NSAIDs was regularly provided by 49 (21.2%). In the multivariate logistic regression model, being the owner of a pharmacy (AOR: 5.4, CI: 1.84 - 16.4) was significantly associated with information dissemination about ADRs of NS-NSAIDs while an hour increase in the working hours per day (AOR: 0.9, CI: 0.64 - 0.95) was associated with less likelihood of information dissemination. Conclusion: Pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Zambia did not regularly screen and disseminate information about the risks associated with NSAID use. Therefore, pharmacists should be able to screen and monitor patients at risk and be aware of the majority of risk factors while dispensing NSAIDs to minimize the associated complications.

Quantification of Total Phenols, Total Flavonoids, Total Anthocyanins and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of Detarium Senegalense Extracts from Chad

The aim of the present work is to assess the value of Detarium Senegalense by determining the content of total phenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins, and by evaluating the free radical scavenging activity of Detarium Senegalense extracts. For this purpose, sequential extraction using solvents of increasing polarity was essential. The various extracts obtained underwent phytochemical and biochemical analyses. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, anthocyanins and steroids/terpenes. Quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins yielded the following results: total flavonoids (0.803 ± 0029 mg EQ/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 0.871 ± 0.401 mg EQ/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total polyphenols (23.298 ± 12.68 mg EAG/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 24.69 ± 0.49 401 mg EAG/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total monomeric anthocyanins (44.697 ± 0.939 mg EC3G/100g P and 16.699 ± 0.193 mg EC3G/100g P respectively for acetone and methanol extracts of stem bark). DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 1.674 ± 0.023 mg/mL for the acetone extract and 0.934 ± 0.24 mg/mL for the methanol extract of roots. .

Preprocessing and Efficacy Analysis of Comprehensive Anti-Inflammatory Treatment for Lymphedema in Patients with Irritating Contact Dermatitis

Objective: To explore the pre-treatment and efficacy analysis of comprehensive anti-inflammatory treatment for lymphedema in patients with irritating contact dermatitis. Method: Convenience sampling method was used to observe the skin of 160 patients with upper limb lymphedema admitted to the lymphedema outpatient department of our hospital. They were divided into an observation group (80 cases) and a control group (80 cases), and both groups received a course of comprehensive anti-inflammatory treatment (20 treatments). The control group received routine skin care;On the basis of the control group, the observation group received pre-treatment of the affected limb skin: Laofuzi herbal ointment was applied externally to the prone areas of irritating contact dermatitis (such as the upper arm, inner forearm, and cubital fossa). Result: The incidence of irritating contact dermatitis in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P 0.05). Patients in the observation group felt significantly better in terms of comfort, skin moisture, and itching relief after being wrapped with low elasticity bandages than those in the control group (P Conclusion: Preventive treatment can effectively reduce the incidence of irritating contact dermatitis, prolong the time of stress treatment, thereby increasing efficacy and improving patient compliance.

Estimation of total phenolic content,in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of flowers of Moringa oleifera

Objective:To evaluate and compare the antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of flowers of Moringa oleifera(M.oleifera)grown in Oman.Methods:Flowers of M.oleiferawere collected in the month of December 2012 and identified by a botanist.Alcoholic extract of the dry pulverized flowers ofM.oleiferawere obtained by cold maceration method.The ethanolic flower extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as the reported methods.Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to estimate total phenolic content.DPPH was used to determinein-vitroantioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of flowers was investigated by protein denaturation method.Results:Phytochemical analysis of extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals such as tannins,alkaloids,flavonoids,cardiac glycosidesetc.M.oleiferaflowers were found to contain 19.31 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent of total phenolics in dry extract but exhibited moderate antioxidant activity.The anti-inflammatory activity of plant extract was significant and comparable with the standard drug diclofenac sodium.Conclusions:The results of our study suggest that flowers ofM.oleiferapossess potent anti-inflammatory activity and are also a good source of natural antioxidants.Further study is needed to identify the chemical compounds responsible for their anti-inflammatory activity.

Anti-inflammatory activity of probiotic Bifidobacterium: Enhancement of IL-10 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ulcerative colitis patients and inhibition of IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells

AIM: To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of probiotic Bifidobacteria in Bifidobacteria-fermented milk (BFM) which is effective against active ulcerative colitis (UC) and exacerbations of UC, and to explore the immunoregulatory mechanisms. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from UC patients or HT-29 cells were co-cultured with heat-killed probiotic bacteria or culture supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult (BbrY) or Bifidobacterium bifidum strain Yakult (BbiY) to estimate the amount of IL-10 or IL-8 secreted. RESULTS: Both strains of probiotic Bifidobacteria contained in the BFM induced IL-10 production in PBMNC from UC patients, though BbrY was more effective than BbiY. Conditioned medium (CM) and DNA of both strains inhibited IL-8 secretion in HT-29 cells stimulated with TNF-α, whereas no such effect was observed with heat- killed bacteria. The inhibitory effect of CM derived from BbiY was greater than that of CM derived from BbrY. DNAs of the two strains had a comparable inhibitory activity against the secretion of IL-8. CM of BbiY induced a repression of IL-8 gene expression with a higher expression of IκB-ζ mRNA 4 h after culture of HT-29 cells compared to that in the absence of CM.CONCLUSION: Probiotic Bifidobacterium strains in BFM enhance IL-10 production in PBMNC and inhibit IL-8 secretion in intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that BFM has anti-inflammatory effects against ulcerative colitis.

Pharmacognostic study and anti-inflammatory activity of Callistemon lanceolatus leaf

Objective:To study detail pharmacognosy and anti-inflammatory activity of Callistemon lanceolatus(C.lanceolatus) leaf.Methods:Leaf sample was studied by organoleptic, macroscopical,microscopical,phytochemical and other WHO recommended methods for standardizations.The methanolic leaf extract of the plant was also screened for antiinflammatory activity on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, orally.The detail pharmacognostic study of the C.lanceolatus leaf was carried out to lay down the standards which could be useful in future experimental studies.Results:C.lanceolatus methanolic leaf extract showed significant(P<0.0S) anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg.This significant anti-inflammatory of C.lanceolatus methanolic leaf extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg was comparable with diclofenac sodium.Conchuioiis:The pharmacognostic profile of the C.lanceolatus leaf is helpful in standardization for quality,purity and sample identification.The methanolic extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg shows a significant activity in comparison with the standard drug diclofenac sodium(50 mg/kg).

Anti-inflammatory intestinal activity of Combretum duarteanum Cambess. in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis model

AIM To evaluate the anti-inflammatory intestinal effect of the ethanolic extract(EtO HE) and hexane phase(HexP) obtained from the leaves of Combretum duarteanum(Cd).METHODS Inflammatory bowel disease was induced using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in acute and relapsed ulcerative colitis in rat models. Damage scores, and biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Both Cd-Et OHE and Cd-Hex P caused significant reductions in macroscopic lesion scores and ulcerative l e sionareas. The vegetable samples inhibited myeloperoxidase increase, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 also increased in animals treated with the tested plant samples. The anti-inflammatory intestinal effect is related to decreased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and an increase in superoxide dismutase. CONCLUSION The data indicate anti-inflammatory intestinal activity. The effects may also involve participation of the antioxidant system and principal cytokines relating to inflammatory bowel disease.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Polysaccharide Isolated from Thamnolia Subuliformis

The present study aimed at isolating,purifying,characterizing the structure and estimating the anti-inflammatory activity of a polysaccharide named THSA which was obtained from Thamnolia subuliformis(Ehrh.) W.Culb(T.subuliformis).A newheteroglycan THSA was gained by hot water extraction and further continuously purification through Sephadex G-75 and Superdex 200 column chromatography.The structural characteristics of THSA were primarily investigated by molecular mass estimation,monosaccharide composition analysis and Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The anti-inflammatory effects of THSA was also estimated in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophages cell line RAW264.7 through the method of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR.The results indicate that THSA is composed of Glc,Gal,Man in the ratio 1:2.1:6.16,with average molecular weight of about 12.4 k Da,and significantly inhibits the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),IL-6 at100 or 1 000 μg/m L and increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine level of IL-10 at 100 μg/m L.It indicates that polysaecharide THSA has strong anti-inflammatory activity.

Evaluation of in-vitro antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity for different extracts of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L.root bark

Objective:To assess the in-vitro antihacterial activity and anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered different extracts(Hydro-alcoholic,methanolic,ethyl acetate and hexane)of Rauvolfia tetraphylla(R.tetraphylla)root bark in Carrageetiaii induced acute inflammation in rats.Methods:In-vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated for extracts against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria by using cylinder plate assay.Hydro-alcoholic extract(70%v/v ethanol)at 200,400 and 800 mg/kg doses and methanolic,ethyl acetate and hexane extracts at doses 100,200 and 400 mg/kg were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model and paw thickness was measured every one hour up to 6 hrs.Results:All extracts of R.tetraphylla root bark showed good zone of inhibition against tested bacterial strains.In Carrageenan induced inflammation model,hydro-alcoholic and methanolic extract of R.tetraphylla root bark at three different doses produced significant(P<0.00l)reduction when compared to vehicle treated control group and hexane,ethyl acetate extracts.Conclusions:In the present study extracts of R.tetraphylla root bark shows good in-vitro antibacterial activity and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats.

Investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Dalbergia paniculata(Roxb)

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered methanolic leaf extract of Dalbergia paniculala(D.paniculata) in Carrageenan induced inflammation in rats.Methods:In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated for superoxide radical, Hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical scavenging activity.Three doses 200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of D.paniculala were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model and paw thickness was measured every one hour up to 6 h. Results:The melhanolic leaf extract of D.paniculala produced dose dependent inhibition of Superoxide radical,Hydroxyl radical and OPPH radicals.In Carrageenan induced inflammation model,all three doses produced significant percentage inhibition of rat paw edema and 800 mg/kg dose produced maximum percent inhibition of rat paw edema(47.83%) at 3h compared to control group.Conclusions:In the present study we found that methanolic leaf extract of D.paniculata showed good in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats.

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives

一系列 imidazo [1,2-a ] 嘧啶衍生物在位置与二芳基邻近地代替了 2 和 3 被设计并且综合了以便改进他们的反煽动性的活动。生物测试建议这些混合物与 COX-2 选择举办反煽动性的活动到某程度。

Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica

Objective:To evaluate the anti-oxidani and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extracts and fractions of Mangifera indica in in vitro conditions.Methods:In vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipoxygenase（LOX） inhibition assays were used to evaluate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities respectively.Methanolic extract（MEMI）,successive water extract （SWMI） and ethyl acetate fraction（EMEMI）,n-butanol fraction（BMEMI） and water soluble fraction （WMEMI） of methanolic extract were evaluated along with respective reference standards. Results:In in ritro DPPH radical scavenging activity,the MEMI,EMEMI and BMEMI have offered significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 13.37.3.55 and 14.19μig/mL respectively.Gallic acid,a reference standard showed significant antioxidant activity with IC? value of 1.88 and found to be more potent compared to all the extracts and fractions.In m vitro LOX inhibition assay,the MEMI,EMEMI and BMEMI have showed significant inhibition of LOX enzyme activity with IC50 values of 96.71.63.21 and 107.44μg/mL respectively.While,reference drug Indometlhacin also offered significant inhibtion against LOX enzyme activity with IC50 of 57.75.Furthermore,MEMI was found to more potent than SWMI and among the fractions EMEMI was found to possess more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the MEMI and F.MEMT possess potent anti-oxidani and anti-inflammatory activities in in vitro conditions.

Studies on the Anti-inflammatory Activity of Three Extraction Processes of Bidens alba(L.) DC

[Objectives] To compare the anti-inflammatory activities of three extraction processes of the exotic plant Bidens alba(L.) DC in Lingnan(south of the Five Ridges in China).[Methods]The alcohol extracts of B.alba(L.) DC were extracted and separated with petroleum ether,chloroform and ethyl acetate respectively.The anti-inflammatory activity experiment of these three extracts was carried out with the RAW264.7 inflammatory model of mouse macrophages in vitro.[Results]When the concentration was 0.05-1.6 mg/L,the petroleum ether extract of B.alba(L.) DC produced strong inhibitory effects on nitric oxide(NO) release of RAW264.7 macrophages induced by LPS;the inhibition of ethyl acetate extract was weak,and the chloroform extract showed no significant inhibition.[Conclusions]Petroleum ether is the best extractant for active anti-inflammatory ingredients of B.alba(L.) DC.

First isolation of glutinol and a bioactive fraction with good antiinflammatory activity from n-hexane fraction of Peltophorum africanum leaf

Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions and glutinol(isolated compound),using nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase(COX) inhibition as an indication of anti-inflammatory activity,Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using an in vitro assay determining the inhibition of the activity of pro-inflammatory enzyme model,Cyclooxygenases and inducible nitric oxide synthase are crucial enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory conditions,Results: Sub-fraction F3.3 that was derived from n-hexane fraction of PA leaves significantly inhibited(P = 0.01) the catalytic activity of COX-2(IC50 = 0.67 μg/m L) better than isolated compound,glutinol(IC50 = 1.22 μg/m L),compound 2(CP2)(IC50 = 1.71 μg/m L) and sub-fraction F3.3.0(IC50 = 1.30 μg/m L),A similar trend was observed in investigation of the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells by F3.3,glutinol,CP2 and F3.3.0,Inducible COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase are among potent signalling enzymes that exacerbate inflammation,Conclusions: Bioactive sub-fractions(F3.3 and F3.3.0) derived from the n-hexane fraction of PA had good anti-inflammatory activity,and the isolated compound,and glutinol may be useful as a template for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Premna corymbosa(Burm.f.) Rottl.& Willd.leaves extracts in Wistar albino rats

Objective:To evaluate the acute toxicity and to investigate the effect of Premna corymbosa ethanolic extract(PCEE) at doses of 200 and 400 mg /kg body weight in acute and chronic models of inflammation in experimental animals.Methods:In the acute toxicity study,a single dose of PCEE of 2 000 mg/kg body weight,p.o.was administered and observed for 48 h.In acute models as egg albumin induced paw edema and chronic model as cotton pellet methods was followed. Results:In acute models,egg albumin induced paw edema PCEE significantly(P【0.01) inhibited the edema formation.In chronic model,cotton pellet induced granuloma formation in rats PCEE significantly(P【0.01) reduced the granuloma formation with percentage inhibition of 35.17%and 50.38%respectively.Conclusions:The present study establishes the antiinflammatory activity of Premna corymbosa leaves.