Crude oil cracking in deep reservoirs:A review of the controlling factors and estimation methods

The natural cracking of crude oils in deep reservoirs has gained great interest due to continuously increasing depth of petroleum exploration and exploitation.Complex oil compositions and surroundings as well as complicated geological evolutions make oil cracking in nature much more complex than industrial pyrolysis.So far,numerous studies,focused on this topic,have made considerable progress although there still exist some drawbacks.However,a comprehensive review on crude oil cracking is yet to be conducted.This article systematically reviews the controlling factors of oil cracking from six aspects,namely,oil compositions,temperature and time,pressure,water,minerals and solid organic matter.We compare previous experimental and modelling results and present new field cases.In the following,we evaluate the prevailing estimation methods for the extent of oil cracking,and elucidate other factors that may interfere with the application of these estimation methods.This review will be helpful for further investigations of crude oil cracking and provides a guide for estimation of the cracking extent of crude oils.

Temperature control and cracking prevention in coastal thin-wall concrete structures

A three-dimensional finite element program for thermal analysis of hydration heat in concrete structures with a plastic pipe cooling system is introduced in this paper. The program was applied to simulation of the temperature and stress field of the Cao＇e Sluice during the construction period. From the calculated results, we can find that the temperaiure and stress of concrete cooled with plastic pipes are much lower than those of concrete without pipes. Moreover, plastic pipes could not be corroded by seawater. That is to say, a good effect of temperature control and cracking prevention can be achieved, which provides a useful reference for other similar nearshore concrete projects.

U-model Enhanced Dynamic Control of a Heavy Oil Pyrolysis/Cracking Furnace

This paper proposes a case study in the control of a heavy oil pyrolysis/cracking furnace with a newly extended U-model based pole placement controller(U-PPC). The major work of the paper includes: 1) establishing a control oriented nonlinear dynamic model with Naphtha cracking and thermal dynamics; 2) analysing a U-model(i.e., control oriented prototype) representation of various popular process model sets; 3)designing the new U-PPC to enhance the control performance in pole placement and stabilisation; 4) taking computational bench tests to demonstrate the control system design and performance with a user-friendly step by step procedure.

Microstructure Evolution and Cracking Control of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Multi-layer Laser Cladding

Multi-layer laser cladding manufacturing is a newly developed rapid manufacturing technology. It is a powerful tool for direct fabrication of three-dimensional fully dense metal components and part repairing. In this paper, the microstructure evolution and properties of 316L stainless steel deposited with this technology was investigated, compact components with properties similar to the as-cast and wrought annealed material was obtained. Cracking was eliminated by introducing of supersonic vibration and application of parameter adjustment technologies.

Coupling control on pillar stress concentration and surface cracks in shallow multi-seam mining

In order to ensure safe mining and reduce surface damage in shallow multi-seam mining,the failure characteristics of interburden strata with different coal pillars offset distances between pillars in the upper and lower seams,the distribution characteristics of stress concentration in coal pillars,and the development characteristics of stratum cracks and subsidence were investigated by physical and UDEC2D simulation.Meanwhile,the effect of different coal pillar offset distances on stress concentration of coal pillar and development of stratum cracks were studied.Based on those results,a formula for safe mining and reducing surface damage was established,which provided a theoretical basis for safe and environmentally friendly mining in shallow multi-seam.According to the results,the optimal coal pillar offset distance(the side to side horizontal distance of the upper and lower coal pillars)between the upper and lower coal seams was developed to reduce the stress concentration of coal pillars and surface damage.The results of this study have been applied in Ningtiaota coal mine and have achieved good results in safe and environmentally friendly mining.

Controlling Methods and Causes of Wall Cracks of Civil and Industrial Construction Projects

Since the reform and opening up,Chinese economy has developed rapidly.Industrial and civil construction projects have made significant progress.That said,it is of great significance to further strengthen the construction management of industrial and civil construction projects for the longterm development of construction industry in China.In terms of reality,one of the common problems in the current industrial and civil construction is wall cracks,which will have an important impact on the appearance of the building and the overall construction quality.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the reasons and put forward corresponding measures on it.That is how we can continuously improve the construction quality in civil and industrial construction projects,thereby achieving the enhancement of building safety and stability.

钨渗铜样件烧蚀裂纹产生机理探讨

以烧蚀后的钨渗铜样件(牌号W-7Cu)为研究对象,针对特定环境条件下烧蚀试验后钨渗铜样件表面裂纹进行了形貌特征分析并对裂纹产生的机理进行了探讨。表面形貌及能谱分析结果表明,3000℃高温环境试验后,表面存在Cu析出且在高温粒子冲刷后留下烧蚀坑,嵌入基体的颗粒中含有大量C、O、Al等元素;物相分析表明,烧蚀产物的主要相为WC、W6C2.54脆性相,推测Cu相挥发后铜基体上形成连通孔隙,推进剂或者环境中的C进入钨骨架孔隙中,与钨渗铜件中的W形成碳化钨脆性相导致烧蚀过程中形成小裂纹继而分层剥离,是烧蚀裂纹产生的主要原因。

导电溶液浓度对高压电脉冲煤体致裂增透效果影响实验研究

为检验溶液浓度对高压电脉冲煤体致裂增透效果的影响,采用水溶液和浓度分别为0.5 mol/L、1.0 mol/L、1.5 mol/L、2.0 mol/L的NaCl溶液作为导电介质,运用高压脉冲放电系统对相似煤样进行水中放电致裂实验,并采用超声波检测技术分析致裂效果。实验结果表明:采用水作为导电溶液时放电压力峰值为1.26 MPa,而采用NaCl溶液作为导电介质时放电压力峰值明显提升,采用NaCl溶液实验后煤样的首波声时差也高于水溶液实验后煤样的首波声时差,煤样的内部裂隙改造效果更为显著,表明导电溶液的加入可以优化煤样的导电性能;随着导电溶液的浓度增大,放电压力峰值越大,高压电脉冲在一定浓度的NaCl溶液中放电,能够提高电能转化为等离子通道能量的利用率,导电溶液浓度增加可以加强煤样的导电性,优化高压电脉冲放电致裂增透效果;但随着浓度继续升高,相较于1.5 mol/L NaCl溶液,2.0mol/L NaCl溶液放电压力峰值仅由2.20 MPa提升到2.25 MPa,两者首波声时差的变化也不大,煤样的致裂情况相仿,此时煤样对各导电离子的吸附量达到饱和状态,煤样吸附离子的数量基本维持不变,因此,煤样的导电性基本不变。

江阴靖江长江隧道大体积混凝土抗裂技术研究

江阴靖江长江隧道是国内在建最大直径盾构隧道,其明挖段主体结构混凝土最大厚度达2.2 m,面临着较大的开裂与渗漏风险。在水化与膨胀历程双重调控技术的基础上,进一步研究了高吸水树脂(SAP)的湿度历程调控对混凝土抗裂性能的影响。室内试验结果表明,SAP可显著提高自生体积膨胀变形并优化变形历程,且基本不影响胶凝材料水化放热历程;工程现场试验结果表明,在湿度、水化、膨胀历程多重调控作用下,混凝土温升值降低了4.5℃,温升阶段单位膨胀变形增大206.7%,温降阶段单位收缩变形减小27.5%,为解决裂缝控制难度较大结构的收缩开裂难题提供了材料技术方案。

含杂质超临界CO_(2)管道止裂分析及控制方案

管道输送作为CCUS技术的关键环节,在超临界高压环境下输送CO_(2)时,由于含杂质CO_(2)特殊的相特性,一旦发生泄漏,压力会维持较高值且温度急剧下降,输送管道易发生裂纹扩展,造成断裂事故。基于延长油田一期36×10^(4)t/a超临界CO_(2)管输预研方案,根据减压波速度计算模型和管道裂纹延性扩展止裂判据,采用修正后的Battelle双曲线法对管道进行止裂分析,对无法满足止裂要求的设计方案进行增加壁厚试算。结果表明:材质为X80、尺寸为Φ140 mm×6.0 mm的L12管线韧性值满足工况下裂纹控制的要求;而同样材质等级、壁厚组合为Φ168 mm×6.0 mm的L11管线所提供的止裂压力低于平台压力,无法保证管线发生裂纹延性扩展时能够自行止裂。对于L11管线,通过将管道壁厚增加至7 mm,其他设计参数不变,可以实现裂纹自行止裂。该研究可为实际工况下Battelle双曲线法在超临界CO_(2)管道断裂控制的应用提供理论基础与实际范例。

英国砌体规范变形裂缝控制简介

该文从砌体结构变形、砌体变形裂缝控制、相连结构构件变形考虑等三个方面,对英国BS 5628规范砌体裂缝控制要求进行简要介绍和分析,希望对我国砌体结构裂缝理论发展和相关标准规范完善能够有所参考和借鉴。

高应力扇形中深孔采场边帮控制爆破参数优化

针对扇形孔采场爆破边帮控制问题,提出了一种将靠近边帮的扇形炮孔施工成垂直平行孔用以控制边帮的构想。首先,通过理论计算得到4组平行炮孔不耦合系数与炮孔间距匹配下的模型参数,使用LS-DYNA对4组参数进行数值模拟;然后,通过对比分析4组模型在无地应力作用和不同方向地应力作用时的爆破裂纹扩展情况,获得最优参数;最后基于优化参数开展工业试验。结果表明:高地应力会促进最大应力方向爆破裂纹扩展;4种模型中,不耦合系数为1.65,炮孔间距为1.1 m时开挖区域破岩效果最为合理;在试验采场开展工业试验,使用优化后的爆破参数进行爆破,采场回采后边帮平整,稳定性较好,验证了研究结论的正确性。

盾构井底板混凝土温控参数敏感性分析

以珠江三角洲水资源配置工程的典型盾构井底板为例,采用saptis三维有限元软件,进行浇筑温度和通水冷却温控参数敏感性分析。结果表明,高温季节降低浇筑温度有利于控制混凝土内部最高温度,浇筑温度每增高1℃,内部最高温度增加约0.79℃,建议将浇筑温度降低至23℃;优化通水冷却参数(加密冷却水管,降低通水水温,适当延长通水时长)能达到良好的温控防裂效果。

CAES储气库衬砌用HTCC力学性能及增韧机理研究

为研制满足CAES地下储气库衬砌性能要求的水泥基复合材料,减少高压气体泄漏。采用石英砂、PVA纤维制备高韧性水泥基复合材料(HTCC),开展力学性能试验及微结构试验,探讨PVA纤维的增韧机理及裂缝控制能力。结果表明:Ⅰ级粉煤灰、石英砂及PVA纤维制备的HTCC的极限抗拉强度可以达到5.44 MPa,极限拉应变达到2.13%;HTCC弹性模量低,适应变形能力强,受压破坏时具有明显的延性破坏特征;HTCC极限拉伸强度与初裂强度比值在1.05~1.46,平均裂缝宽度在60μm以下,具有优异的裂缝控制能力;PVA纤维与基体界面的黏结力及基体中纤维的桥接作用是HTCC增韧阻裂的主要原因。HTCC的高韧性及裂缝控制能力可以满足CAES地下储气库衬砌结构的性能要求。

裂缝控制材料对混凝土收缩及微观性能影响

研究了减缩剂、膨胀剂等裂缝控制材料对混凝土抗压强度和收缩性能的影响,并结合低场核磁共振、扫描电镜试验分析了裂缝控制材料对水泥的水化特性以及混凝土孔隙结构影响规律。研究结果表明:在混凝土中掺入减缩剂和膨胀剂后,试样的干燥收缩率明显降低,膨胀剂的改善作用效果优于减缩剂。与基准组相比,减缩剂和膨胀剂试样90 d的干燥收缩分别降低了4.1%~10.3%和14%~21.7%。同时,减缩剂试样应变发展速率系数从80.48降低至54.59,而膨胀剂试样降低至41.69。微观测试结果表明:膨胀剂的加入加速了水泥早期水化进程,但后期的水化程度低于基准组。减缩剂和膨胀剂的掺入一定程度上削弱了混凝土基体的微观结构,增加了基体中有害孔的含量,但降低了混凝土中孔径<50 nm的孔隙含量。

超宽鱼腹式现浇箱梁混凝土裂缝控制

近年来,国内站城综合体TOD开发成为一种新型建筑模式,地铁、市政道路、商业综合体等多种大体量建筑形态交叉同步施工成为工程实践难题。基于此,结合已经实施的成都博览城综合交通枢纽工程,解析福州路桥鱼腹式多幅四箱室闭合型超宽箱梁,采取优化混凝土配合比、U形冷却管布置、后浇带布置、支架沉降控制、箱梁浇筑顺序等5种措施,解决大体积C60梁体混凝土防开裂难题,并取得明显实践成果,获得国家优质工程奖和土木工程詹天佑奖。

Q235连铸板坯角部裂纹形成机理及控制

为了解决Q235连铸坯角部裂纹缺陷,采用缺陷微观形貌分析和工艺参数影响规律统计分析相结合的方法研究了缺陷形成原因。结果表明:铸坯矫直前AlN大量析出是其产生角部裂纹的主要原因。基于AlN析出热力学分析,随着钢中铝和氮含量降低,AlN开始析出的温度下降,矫直温度范围内AlN析出量显著减少。考虑实际生产,确定了降铝措施作为改善铸坯角部裂纹缺陷的控制措施,现场应用后,Q235连铸板坯角部裂纹指数由3.59下降到0.19,钢中铝的质量分数平均下降126.64×10^(-4)%,合金使用成本降低。

Propagation form of internal cracks induced by continuous casting soft reduction and control strategy for internal quality

The propagation form of internal cracks induced by continuous casting soft reduction and the control strategy for enhancing the internal quality of 45 steel through industrial trials and a three-dimensional flow-heat transfer-solidification coupling model were investigated.The results showed that the internal cracks induced by soft reduction exhibited a characteristic of being"coarse in the middle and fine at both ends",and displayed an elliptical arc distribution on the loose side of the strand cross section.The cracks originated within the brittle temperature range and propagated inward to the liquid impenetrable temperature and outward to the zero ductility temperature or below.The control strategy for enhancing the internal quality of the 45 steel strand through soft reduction is to adjust the casting speed or the reduction zone appropriately,ensuring that the central solid fraction of the reduction zone falls within the range of 0.33-0.99.At this point,a reasonable reduction amount is allocated to eliminate the center shrinkage cavities and center segregation,even if it results in minor reduction-induced cracks.

金属波纹管开裂失效分析与防控策略研究

金属波纹管开裂失效是化工流程生产安全重点关注的技术问题。为了提高金属波纹管的安全稳定性,在对金属波纹管开裂失效的主要原因进行综合分析的基础上,以三氯氢硅储罐出料管线金属波纹管开裂失效为例,重点从断口宏观形貌分析、金相组织分析等方面入手,对该金属波纹管开裂失效的行为和原因进行了深入研究,结合现场生产实际运行数据,对金属波纹管开裂失效提出了有意义的防控策略。这有助于及时预防金属波纹管开裂失效事故,对确保设备长周期安全稳定运行具有重要指导意义。