Elite capture,the“follow-up checks”policy,and the targeted poverty alleviation program:Evidence from rural western China

Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs.A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture.China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program,the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)policy,to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020.As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world,TPA's successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports.Since 2015,a targeting correction mechanism,called"follow-up checks"policy,has been introduced.With the"follow-up checks"policy,the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program.This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017-two years after implementing the"follow-up checks"policy.We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA.The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites.Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA.We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the"follow-up checks"policy.Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.

Analysis of Problems and Policy Recommendations for the Third-party Evaluation in the Present Poverty Alleviation

The introduction of third-party evaluation system and the implementation of third-party evaluation system in poverty alleviation is a major innovation in the targeted poverty alleviation work in China.In order to improve the third-party evaluation mechanism,further improve the efficiency of third-party evaluation,and enhance the effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation,this paper analyzes and summarizes the main problems existing in the current third-party evaluation practice.In view of the related problems,this paper puts forward the corresponding policy recommendations,which are believed to play a positive role in further promoting the development and improvement of the third-party evaluation of getting rid of poverty.

Multidimensional Poverty and Poverty Reduction Policies in Rural China during 1995-2013

Using the multidimensional poverty index(MPI), this paper measures the intertemporal change in poverty in China's rural areas during 1995-2013, decomposes major poverty reduction factors, and creates a correlation between poverty reduction factors and national pro-farmer and poverty reduction policies. Our findings suggest that multidimensional poverty has been greatly alleviated in rural China on all fronts beyond the income dimension. Specifically, the burden of out-of-pocket medical expenses contributed the most to the overall poverty of farmers in the 1990s; this gap was subsequently mitigated by the New Rural Cooperative Medical Insurance System. Lack of economic empowerment-the second most prominent manifestation of poverty two decades ago-has been alleviated with public welfare improvements. In the present stage, health and healthcare are the primary difficulties facing poor farmers multidimensionally. Sub-groups such as elders,those less educated and those living in western China or in poor counties suffer from a high degree of poverty. This implies that multidimensional poverty is concentrated among the underprivileged groups and in less developed regions, whom should be policy priorities.Robustness tests suggest that the paper's conclusion still holds after changing the proxy variables of the subdimensions, revising weights or removing some dimensions.

Realize Facilitated Targeted Poverty Elimination with Targeted Poverty——Alleviation: A New Anti-Poverty Approach for Rural China

Since the Reform and Opening-up, remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation have been made in China. China's success in mass poverty reduction can be attributed to its rapid economic growth, large-scale regional poverty alleviation and development, sound social security policies, widereaching farmer-benefiting policies and the equal land allotment system. However, with income inequality on the rise, poverty reduction effect made by the economic growth is declining: More targeted poverty alleviation policies are needed by China. Targeted poverty alleviation aims to improve the effect and efficiency of poverty alleviation through precise identification of poverty-stricken populations and comprehensive supportive measures. To tackle a variety of challenges such as the poor cultivation among povertystricken populations, the complex causes for poverty, and inflexible capital management, China should improve its poverty alleviation mechanism by innovating poverty identification methods, support approaches, capital management and performance assessment.

Satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors based on farmers' perspective:Questionnaire survey and research on 1720 farmers in Shaanxi Province of China

Based on the first-hand data of the household survey of targeted poverty alleviation policies,five dimensions were analyzed from the residential regions,the individual characteristics,the household income characteristics,the poverty status and the farmers' relevancy to poverty alleviation policies.Through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis,the satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors have been inspected.It is found that the farmers,on the whole,are satisfied with the targeted poverty alleviation policies.Their satisfaction for the implementation of local poverty alleviation policies is in a moderate high level,however at the same time they expect the policies to be improved.The impoverished farmers in southern Shaanxi have higher satisfaction towards the poverty alleviation policies.Those farmers' awareness,participation,and benefit are positively related to the level of satisfaction towards policies.The implementation of the poverty alleviation from the government is not only favorable for its people,but also the country.It can greatly enhance the recognition of the government's legitimacy and local government's credibility.To formulate and implement the targeted alleviation policies,the relationship between farmers,especially impoverished farmers,and such policies should be taken into consideration.The starting point and judging criteria of poverty alleviation job should be based on questions whether the farmers know,need,and have the willing to participate in and satisfy with the policies.Those farmers' right to know,participate,benefit and judge should be protected,and it will continuously promote the efficiency of implementing poverty alleviation.

Tibet Wins Anti-poverty War

Tibet has contiguous poor areas that feature the most extensive and dire poverty and the highest cost and greatest difficulty of alleviation.Consistently upholding the policy of poverty eradication,the Chinese government has carried out to rgeted measures and aid to help Tibet win the battle against poverty,making sure its residents of all ethnic groups are sufficiently fed and clad and have access to compulsory education,basic medical services,and safe housing.

医保扶贫政策效力评价及相对贫困时期医保防贫政策优化研究——基于PMC指数模型

[目的]对我国医保扶贫政策文本进行量化评价,为进一步优化与完善相对贫困阶段医保政策、巩固医保脱贫攻坚成果、构建长效化医疗保障防贫抑贫长效机制提供决策参考。[方法]基于2018-2021年我国具有代表性的9项医保扶贫政策文本,运用文本挖掘法,建立PMC指数评价模型并进行量化评价。[结果]9项政策中,PMC指数的计算结果为P7<P9<P2<P6<P8<P5<P1<P4<P3,其中6项为优秀政策,3项为可接受政策。[结论]我国医保扶贫政策覆盖面较宽,但在政策针对性、持续性及协同性等方面尚有欠缺,建议今后政策制定或改进时,应在保持政策总体稳定的基础上,进一步关注政策对象变化及政策目标实现路径,重点探索完善医保防贫抑贫长效机制。

基层政策执行的双重逻辑:权威调控与政策理解——基于四地脱贫攻坚经验考察

基层政策执行一直是社会治理的重要内容,执行结果受中央权威调控和基层政府政策理解能力的双重影响。“刚性—高效”“柔性—有序”“助推—尽力”与“授权—应付”是基层政府执行政策的四种模式,而“权威调控—政策理解”是区分这四种模式的分析框架。以十八洞村、何斯路村、采山坪村、上河村四地脱贫攻坚经验为案例进行考察,总结政策执行类型可以发现:当中央权威调控程度较高时,基层政府政策执行状态就呈现出刚性条件下的职能展示型和强力约束下的能力塑造型;反之则呈现出弱化监督下的完善自身型和柔性条件下的趋利避害型。从权威调控和政策理解的双重逻辑出发,上级政府通过因地制策、精准调控,强化政策调控能力;基层政府通过优化组织结构、加强信息沟通、获得目标群体支持等途径可以有效促进政策执行的效力。

边境牧区巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的逻辑与路径

实现边境牧区巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接,要明确二者共为抓手、互为支撑的逻辑关系。研究结合边境牧区的地区实际和发展定位,构建“衔接理念—衔接对象—衔接内容”的逻辑框架:在衔接理念上,从多元主体外部帮扶转化为激发牧民自身动力;在衔接对象上,从易返贫重点人口扩展至各族牧民群众;在衔接内容上,从巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的短期机制,过渡为乡村振兴的“二十字方针”。基于这一逻辑框架,将衔接理念转化和衔接对象扩展贯穿于衔接内容中,提出拓展牧区特色全产业链、建立环境整治网格化“一中心”、建立牧民积分制、深化“三务融合”模式、发展牧区集体经济等路径。

共同富裕进程中低收入群体支出型返贫的发生机理与治理路径

低收入群体是我国共同富裕进程中的重点帮扶对象,创新低收入群体致贫、返贫治理路径,是新时期巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的重要举措。文章聚焦低收入群体支出型返贫,反思性借鉴生态系统理论并构建本土化分析框架,从个体、家庭、文化、制度和历史五个维度出发,系统阐释低收入群体支出型返贫的发生机理;引入发展型社会政策理念,构建低收入群体支出型返贫的治理路径。低收入群体支出型返贫是个体、家庭、文化、制度和历史五个维度辩证互构的实践产物,具有嬗变性、复杂性、历史性等特征。从发生机理来看,个体与家庭彼此之间的双向建构导致了返贫恶性循环,文化网络再生产加剧了返贫的内生固化和代际传递,来自制度层面的结构性排斥进一步压缩了低收入群体可持续生计重建的社会空间,个体生命历程中的突发意外增加了低收入群体的生活负担;低收入群体支出型返贫也是经济发展和结构转型的历史产物。因此,创新低收入群体支出型返贫治理路径必须摒弃传统补缺型救助模式,积极引入发展型社会政策理念,从可行能力、文化网络、帮扶制度等不同维度协同推进。

辽宁地区巩固脱贫攻坚成果高职教育政策分析

高职教育政策对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果发挥关键作用,特别在促进乡村振兴和提升农村地区经济社会发展方面。通过探讨辽宁地区在实施高职教育政策中面临的问题与挑战,如教育资源不均、教育质量参差不齐等,提出一系列改进措施,如优化政策体系、加强宣传与培训和提高资源配置等,以期通过教育政策精准实施,促进地区经济和社会全面进步,实现长期乡村振兴目标。

稳定脱贫政策的健康效应:基于模糊断点回归的证据

在脱贫攻坚向乡村振兴过渡的过程中,提高脱贫群众健康状况、预防脱贫群众因病返贫是最基础的工作。为了检验现行稳定脱贫政策能否产生健康效应,起到预防因病返贫的目的,使用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)2013—2019年的数据,借助2014年全国范围内建档立卡行动这一准自然实验,通过模糊断点回归方法估计了稳定脱贫政策的健康效应。结果显示:稳定脱贫政策具有显著健康效应,这一效应对边缘易致贫户与深度贫困地区脱贫群众更加明显,但对户主为女性的脱贫群众并不显著。机制研究表明,稳定脱贫政策主要是通过提高脱贫群众所在地区医疗资源供给质量、提升脱贫群众医疗资源需求的渠道产生了健康效应。以上研究结论为进一步优化稳定脱贫政策、提升脱贫群众健康状况提供了政策建议。

我国教育扶贫政策变迁历程、逻辑与展望

教育扶贫政策是我国扶贫政策体系基础性组成部分,对于阻断贫困代际传递至关重要。基于间断—均衡理论的分析框架,结合政策范式理论,探究我国教育扶贫政策的变迁历程发现:1984年以来的教育扶贫政策呈现出长期均衡和短期突变的特征。教育扶贫政策变迁历经“以线铺面”的普惠式扶贫、“点线结合”的专项式扶贫、“以点为主”的精准扶贫和“点面兼顾”的后扶贫四个阶段。宏观的制度环境变迁、中央和地方政府创新以及政策型社会问题生成是我国教育扶贫政策变迁的内在驱动因素。进入后扶贫阶段,应强化教育扶贫政策与乡村振兴战略的统筹衔接,重视教育扶贫共同体构建及地方自主创新,提高政策制定的科学性,保持政策发展的相对稳定性。

延安时期陕甘宁边区消减农民贫困的政策路线探析

20世纪二三十年代,在恶劣自然条件、封建势力残酷剥削、愚昧落后思想、严重社会问题及战争等综合因素作用下,陕甘宁地区农民愈发贫困,由此造成了农民生存危机、增加了政府治理难度、影响了抗战。为了改善民众生活,最大程度减少农民贫困,党中央及边区政府主要通过制定支撑性的农业政策和建立兜底性的社会救济政策,从而提高了陕甘宁边区农民的生活水平。延安时期独具特色的贫困治理政策路线,对当前防止返贫与推进全体人民共同富裕的现代化具有现实意义。

精准扶贫政策的隐性价值评估--基于流动人口的收入溢出效应视角

作为人类一次大规模的准自然实验,中国脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利之后,其政策效应和历史经验需要深入总结。跳出仅聚焦精准扶贫政策效应“显性价值”的传统视角,从更广阔的视域来审视其可能带来的“隐性价值”,评估其“看不见的效应”。基于对脱贫县非贫困户外出流动人口这一非政策群体可能是外溢对象的观察,利用全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,运用双重差分方法评估精准扶贫政策对其收入的外溢效应。研究发现,精准扶贫政策对外流人口具有显著的正向收入溢出效应。群体异质性研究发现,这种外溢存在“马太效应”,高收入流动人口的溢出效应显著高于低收入群体;流入地空间异质性研究结果显示,西部地区获得的外溢效应最小;流出地空间异质性研究结果显示,老家处于村庄或乡镇的人口具有显著的收入溢出效应,而县城及以上区域不显著。机制分析发现,外溢效应可以通过同群影响、东西部地区协作、公共服务完善等渠道产生作用。因此,未来乡村振兴过程中应继续优化传承精神扶贫、区域协作、基础设施建设等农村贫困治理方略。

脱贫户对乡村振兴建设有更高满意度吗?

基于农户参与视角,利用2020年中国土地经济调查(CLES)数据,采用Oprobit模型实证考察脱贫户身份对乡村振兴建设满意度的影响及其作用机制。结果表明:脱贫户对乡村振兴建设的满意度显著低于无脱贫经历的农户,且主要体现在生活富裕维度;机制分析表明,脱贫户满意度相对较低,主要是其较强收入风险感知、较高资金约束程度与较低主观经济地位认同所致;异质性分析显示,较短脱贫年限和较低收入水平能够增强脱贫户身份的负向影响,而较小家庭抚养系数与较好个人健康状况则发挥显著的正向调节作用。据此,建议稳定脱贫人口常态化帮扶政策,健全精准化帮扶长效机制,推动农村普惠金融发展,增强产业扶持力度,着力提升脱贫人口对乡村振兴建设的获得感与满意度。

行动者认知、制度结构与政策工具选择——基于广东省J市低收入人口识别机制设计过程的分析

政策工具选择是行动者认知、政策情景、制度结构等多因素共同作用的结果,行动者认知与制度结构的动态性可能引起政策工具选择的变化。选取广东省J市低收入人口识别机制设计过程作为研究案例,以过程追踪为分析手段,提炼行动者认知与制度结构影响政策工具选择的作用机制。研究发现,科学知识与实践知识的互动促进了政策工具创新,但由于政治考量和制度的制约,政策工具选择出现了路径依赖。政策工具选择变动是政策学习与认知锁定两个机制先后作用的结果。

医疗保障扶贫政策视域下贫困老年人健康的影响因素研究

医疗保障扶贫作为一种有效的帮扶制度,通过减少贫困人群的经济和心理负担来满足其对医疗服务的需求。基于2020年发布的中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS)数据,采用倾向得分匹配法进行数据匹配,利用回归方法对匹配前后的数据进行统计分析,得出享有医疗保障扶贫政策对贫困老年人是否有充足的医疗服务存在统计学差异,医疗保障扶贫政策使贫困老年人有更充足的医疗服务。研究医疗保障扶贫政策视域下贫困老年人健康的影响因素,可以为改善贫困老年人健康状况提供建议。医保帮扶中应加入心理咨询和治疗,完善心理疾病医保体系;发挥医疗保障扶贫政策在全生命周期健康管理中的作用;促进乡村振兴与医疗保障扶贫政策有效衔接,提高政策的长期效果。

教育扶贫政策的变迁历程、演进逻辑及优化策略——基于历史制度主义的分析

贫困问题始终是全人类面临的重大社会问题之一,教育扶贫作为一种有效的扶贫手段与方式,对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果、防止人员再度返贫等具有重要意义。基于历史制度主义的分析视角,系统梳理新中国成立以来我国在教育扶贫领域颁布的众多政策,研究发现我国教育扶贫政策在70多年的演变过程中有较明显的路径依赖倾向,政府能力与社会环境变化是影响教育扶贫政策变迁的重要因素。在后扶贫时代的宏观背景下,推动教育扶贫政策与乡村振兴战略有效衔接、加快教育扶贫现代化步伐、形成和完善教育扶贫协同治理大格局是教育扶贫政策突破原有路径依赖、构建新型制度均衡的必经之路。