Research on Anti-bacterial Effects of 5 Kinds of Chinese Herb Extracts on Ameromonas hydrophila in vitro

[Objective] The aim was to study the anti-bacterial effects of 5 kinds of Chinese herb extracts on Ameromonas hydrophila in vitro. [Method] in vitro anti-bacterial effects of 5 kinds of Chinese herb extracts like Galla Chinensis,Syzygium aromaticum,Salvia miltiorrhiza,Punica granatum L. and Terminalia chebula Retz on Ameromonas hydrophila were studied; furthermore,cure rates of the Chinese herb extracts with better anti-bacterial effects were determined to find out the optimal drug dosage. [Result] Under the same experimental conditions,Galla Chinensis,Punica granatum and Terminalia chebula Retz had relatively strong anti-bacterial effects on Ameromonas hydrophila,among them the anti-bacterial effect of Galla Chinensis was significantly higher than those of the others （P0.05）. The optimal treatment dose of Galla Chinensis treating bacterial septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila was that they were treated with medicated bath for 40 min by 0.5 mg/ml Galla Chinensis extract,and the cure rate was 100%. [Conclusion] The research provides a scientific drug basis for the control and prevention of outbreak bacterial diseases of fish.

Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities of ethanol extracts of selected traditional Chinese medicinal herbs

Objective:To evaluate in ritro antimicrobial activities of selected 58 ethno-medicinal plant extracts with a view to assess their therapeutic potential.Methods:A total of 58 traditional Chinese medicinal plants were carefully selected based on the literature review and their traditional use.The antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of these medicinal plants were tested against fungi(Aspergillus funigaius),yeast(Candida albicans),gram-negative(Acirelobacter haumannii and Pseudornnruis aeruginosa)and gram-positive bacteria(Staphglococcus aureus).The activities were tested at three different concentrations of 1.00,0.10 and 0.01 mg/mL.The data was analysed using Gene data Screener program.Results:The measured antimicrobial activities indicated that out of the 58 plant extracts,15 extracts showed anti-fungal activity and 23 extracts exhibited anti-bacterial activity.Eight plant extracts have exhibited both anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities.For instance,Eucommia ulmoides,Pohgonum cuspidcrtum,Poria cocas and Uncaria rhineophylla showed activity against both bacterial and fungal strains,indicating their broad spectrum of activity.Conclusions:The results revealed that the ethanol extracts of 30 plants out of the selected 58 possess significant antimicrobial activities.It is interesting to note that the findings from the current study are consistent with the traditional use.A clear correlation has also been found between the antimicrobial activity and the flavonoid content of the plant extracts which is in agreement with the literature.Hence.the results presented here can be used to guide the selection of potential plant species for the isolation and structure elucidation of novel antimicrobial compounds in order to establish the structure-activity relationship.This in turn is expected to lead the way to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents for therapeutic use.

Anti-bacterial studies on Hemigraphis colorata(Blume) H.G.Hallier and Elephantopus scaber L.

Objective:To examine the ethanol,aqueous,chloroform,benzene,acetone and petroleum ether extracts of Hemigraphis colorata(H.colorata) leaves and stem and Elephantopus scaber (E.scaber) leaves,root and flower for the presence of phyto-constituents and screened the antibacterial activity against the selected pathogens.Methods:The fresh materials were shade dried and powdered using the tissue blender.The dried and powered materials(50 g) were extracted successively with 200 mL of aqueous,acetone,benzene,chloroform,etganol.and petroleum ether by using Soxhlet extractor for 8 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent.Aqueous,acetone,benzene,chloroform,ethanol.and petroleum ether extracts were prepared from powdered materials were used for preliminary phytnehemical and antimicrobial studies using standard methods.Results:The crude aqueous,acetone,benzene,chloroform, ethauol.and petroleum ether extracts E.scaber leaves,flower and root and H.colorata leaves and stem demonstrated that out of(5×6×12 = 360) tests for the presence or absence of the above compounds.188 tests gave positive results and the remaining 172 gave negative results. The results of the phvtochemical screening revealed that phenol(12/12).carbohydrates(9/12). steroids(8/12).saponins and coumarins(7/12).tannins(6/12),proteins(5/12).earboxylic acid and flavonoids(4/12).xanthoproteins(3/12) and alkaloids(2/12) presence in the crude aqueous, acetone,benzene,chloroform,ethanol.and petroleum ether extracts of H.colorata leaves and stem.The crude aqueous,acetone,benzene,chloroform,ethanol.and petroleum ether extracts E.scaber leaves,flower and root displayed the presence of phenol(18/18).tannin(17/18). carbohydrates(16/18).steroids(14/18),oarboxylic acid and coumarins(12/18).saponins(10/18), xanthoprotein(9/18).flavonoids(7/18).protein(4/18) and alkaloids(2/18).The root ethanolic extracts of E.scaber illustrated the highest zone of inhibition against three pathogens viz.. Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)(24 mm).Escherichia coli(E.coli)(16 mm) and Psemlomonas aeruginosa {P.aeruginosa)(13 mm).The chlorofrom extracts of E.scaber showed the highest zone of inhibition against Bacillus cereus(B.ceretus)(12 mm).The leaves ethanolic extracts of E.scaber demonstrated the highest zone of inhibition against three pathogens viz.,Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis)(18 mm).Proteus mirabilis(P.mirabilis)(17 mm).Salmonella Typhi(S.typhi)(14 mm) and Enterobacter sp.(11 mm) While the benzene extracts of H.colorata demonstrated maximum zone of inhibition against the pathogen Acinetobucter sp.(14 mm) and S.aureus (12 mm).Conclusions:It is hoped that this study would direct to the establishment of some compounds that could be used to invent new and more potent antimicrobial drugs of natural origin.

Phytochemical and anti-bacterial activity of epidermal glands extract of Christella parasitica (L.) H. Lev.

Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands were earned out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope.To prepare the extract,the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone.For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.Results:Detailed micromorphological,phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C.parasitica(L.) H.Lev.showed its inlraspecific variation in antibacterial activity.The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species.The epidermal glands were orange-coloured,stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2μm×45μm,and distributed on the undersurface of cosla,coslules and veins in croziers,young and mature leaves.Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers.The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog.Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids,alkaloids,tannins,saponins and flavonoids in it.Conclusions:The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica(L.) H.Lev.have several bioactive compounds and such rare moiphovariant should be conserved in nature.The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.

Assessment of in Situ Anthelminthic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Bidens pilosa against Adult’s Gastro-Intestinal Strongyle of Small Ruminants

Infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are major threats to livestock industry in the developing countries. They cause direct effects in form of loss in production and indirect economic losses due to high cost of anthelmintic drugs. Various alternative strategies are in practice to control parasitism which includes the usage of medicinal plants. This study evaluates the in situ anthelminthic activity of Bidens pilosa ethanolic extract on gastro-intestinal strongyles of small ruminants. Twenty (20) naturally infested goats of both sexes were distributed into 5 groups (n = 4) corresponding to groups receiving Tween 80 at 2.8%, Albendazole at 5 mg/kg and the three doses of extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). The doses of extract and 2.8% Tween 80 were administered twice daily for 3 consecutive days while Albendazole was administered in a single dose. Faecal eggs count reduction, body weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and total worm count reduction were determined. Results showed that the ethanolic extract of B. pilosa was not effective against adult worms while Albendozole inflicted a 100% reduction of eggs count and total worm count of digestive strongyle. Body weight and PCV remain almost constant. This study indicates that ethanolic extract of B. pilosa at tested doses has no anthelminthic activity. However, further optimization and standardization of the ethanolic extract of B. pilosa could enhance its anthelminthic activity.

Effect of K1, K2 Anti-Bacterial Agents on Tobacco Ralstonia Solanacearum

The tobacco Ralstonia Solanacearum were both cultured on nutrient agar plates and inoculated in seedling stage of tobacco, then treated with K1 and K2, two anti-bacterial agents, at a serial con-centrations to study their inhibitory efficiency. The result indicated that K1 can inhibit R. Solanacearum growth entirely, at the concentration range from 1/50 to 1/5000. K2 can reach the same result at the concentration range from 1/50 to 1/50000. Compared with the control plates, K1, at the concentration 1/50000, had no significant differences, and the average number of colony per plate was 112-115. The immature tobacco shown wilt as soon as inoculated with R. Solanacearum, and recovered gradually after using K1, K2. The densities of microbial suspension, handled by K1, K2 within 10 hs, were both significantly lower than the controlled ones. The optical microscopy also shown that handled microbial body differed from the controlled, whose body was regular short, rod shape as opposed to the handled ones with irregular rod shape and damaged body. All the results indicated that K1 and K2 both had inhibitory effects on tobacco R. Solanacearum, and K2 was more efficient than K1.

In vitro anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of Junceella juncea for its biomedical application

Objective:To investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of Junceella juncea(J.juncea)against biofilm forming pathogenic strains.Methods:Gorgonians were extraeted with methanol and analysed with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Biofilm forming pathogens were identified by Congo red agar supplemented with sucrose.A quantitative spectrophotometric method was used to monitor in vitro biofilm reduction by microtitre plate assay.Anti-bacterial activity of methanolic gorgonian extract(MGE)was carried out by disc diffusion method followed by calculating the percentage of increase with crude methanol(CM).Results:The presence of active functional group was exemplified by FT-IR spectroscopy.Dry,black,crystalline colonies confirm the production of extracellular polymeric substances responsible for biofilm formation in Congo red agar.MGE exhibited potential anti-biofilm activity against all tested bacterial strains.The anti-bacterial activity of methanolic extract was comparably higher in Salmonella typhii followed by Escherichia colt,Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri.The overall percentage of increase was higher by 50.2%to CM.Conclusions:To conclude,anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial efficacy of J.juncea is impressive over biofilm producing pathogens and are good source for novel anti-bacterial compounds.

Design,synthesis and bioevaluation of N-hydroxyquinolinones as potential anti-plasmodial,anti-bacterial and iron(Ⅱ)-chelating agents

OBJECTIVE To establish a small compound library via a versatile synthetic route for the investigation of natural-inspiring compounds containing N-hydroxypyridones motif as potential anti-plasmodial,anti-bacterial and iron(Ⅱ)-chelating agents.METHODS An amidation/cyclization approach was adopted to synthesize a library of N-hydroxyquinolinones.The anti-plasmodial susceptibility of lab clone 3D7 P.falciparum was measured using aprotocol modified from the WHO microtest.The minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)values were determined against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus arueus.Nine compounds were selected to test their iron(Ⅱ)-chelating abilities.The iron(Ⅱ)-chelating ability was determined by measuring the absorbance of ferrozine-iron complex at 562 nm.RESULTS A new route for the facile synthesis of a library of N-hydroxyquinolinones based on one-pot palladium catalyzed C-N amidation/dehydrocyclizationsequence was implemented.Four compounds show anti-plasmodial activities with the range of 1.1-1.4μmol·L-1,50% chelation abilities of the nine selected compounds were shown to be 0.24-0.29mmol·L-1.CONCLUSION Alibrary of N-hydroxyquinolinones was synthesized via a novel synthetic route.The anti-plasmodial and anti-bacterial activities of these compounds were evaluated.Four compounds show potent anti-plasmodial activities Nine compounds were examined for their propensities to undergo iron chelation and these compounds were shown to be promising iron(Ⅱ)chelators as compared to EDTA.

Biocompatible silver nanoparticles: An investigation into their protein binding efficacies, anti-bacterial effects and cell cytotoxicity studies

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)has garnered tremendous interest as conventional methods include the use and production of toxic chemicals,products,by-products and reagents.In this regard,the synthesis of AgNPs using green tea(GT)extract and two of its components,(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)and(+)-catechin(Ct)as capping/stabilizing agents,is reported.The synthesized AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli,along with anticancer activity against HeLa cells.After administering nanoparticles to the body,they come in contact with proteins and results in the formation of a protein corona;hence we studied the interactions of these biocompatible AgNPs with hen egg white lysozyme(HEWL)as a carrier protein.Static quenching mechanism was accountable for the quenching of HEWL fluorescence by the AgNPs.The binding constant(Kb)was found to be higher for EGCG-AgNPs((2.309±0.018)×104 M-1)than for GT-AgNPs and Ct-AgNPs towards HEWL.EGCG-AgNPs increased the polarity near the binding site while Ct-AgNPs caused the opposite effect,but GT-AgNPs had no such observable effects.Circular dichroism studies indicated that the AgNPs had no such appreciable impact on the secondary structure of HEWL.The key findings of this research included the synthesis of AgNPs using GT extract and its constituent polyphenols,and showed significant antibacterial,anticancer and protein-binding properties.The-OH groups of the polyphenols drive the in situ capping/stabilization of the AgNPs during synthesis,which might offer new opportunities having implications for nanomedicine and nanodiagnostics.

Cranberry cultivated in China:UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of its acidic ethanol extract and assessment of its anti-bacterial and anti-tumor activities in vitro

Cranberry,the fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton,is becoming popular all over the world,due to its pleasant taste,nutraceutical value and biological activities.For a long time,98%of its yield has been from America.Since being introduced to China as an import in recent decades,cranberry has become a rapid success in the food industry even with the high transportation cost.Recently,V.macrocarpon was cultivated in the Northeast of China,and the area of cultivation has increased dramatically.Therefore,it is important to systematically determine the useful compounds and their activity in this“Made-in-China”cranberry.In the present study,the content of total phenolics,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,sugars and organic acids was determined.Our results demonstrated that domestic cranberry is a rich source of phenolics,anthocyanins,proanthocyanidins,sugars and organic acids.Analysis of the chemical composition of an acidic ethanol extract by UPLC-QTOF-MS identified 21 compounds as well as the contents determination of catechin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside using RPHPLC.Furthermore,cranberry extract was tested for its anti-bacterial activity against five clinically important pathogens,as well as its inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of cancer cells in vitro.Our results demonstrated that cranberry produced in Chinese cultivation areas is a rich source of bioactive compounds and exhibited in vitro anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities.Our work provides essential information about the quality of domestic cranberry and facilitates the development of related industries.

伊维菌素(维力加)注射液对羊体内外寄生虫的驱虫试验

采用由上海公谊兽药厂生产的伊维菌素注射液(维力加,本品1mL含伊维菌素10mg),通过随机分组,比较了常规剂量、一倍剂量、二倍剂量、三倍剂量的驱虫效果及对羊的副作用。结果显示,"维力加"对奥斯特线虫、细颈线虫、夏伯特线虫的驱虫率均为100%,对毛圆线虫的驱虫率为85.6%,对毛首线虫的成虫及幼虫的驱虫率分别为80.0%与100%,对网尾科的成虫及幼虫为100%与93.3%,对主要线虫成虫及其寄生阶段幼虫的总计驱虫率为96.6%和96.7%,试验过程中均未出现任何异常现象。可见,伊维菌素注射液"维力加"对各类线虫的驱虫效果显著,使用方便,是值得推广的驱虫药物。

藏药熏倒牛提取物的抑菌杀虫活性研究

为了探讨藏药熏倒牛乙醇提取物不同极性溶剂萃取部位的抑菌杀虫活性,将熏倒牛乙醇提取物依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,所得各萃取部位及水余液部位通过抑菌圈法测定抑菌活性部位,对活性部位采用二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度,采用改良任氏法测定杀灭滴虫活性部位及最低有效杀虫浓度。结果表明熏倒牛乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部位对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和阴沟肠杆菌有强抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度为0.125 mg/m L,对变形杆菌、粪肠球菌和白色念珠菌的抑制作用也比较强,最低抑菌浓度为0.25 mg/m L。石油醚部位和乙酸乙酯部位对阴道滴虫有明显抑制作用,最低有效杀虫浓度分别为0.5、0.25 mg/m L。说明熏倒牛乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取部位有较强的抑菌杀虫作用,是熏倒牛的抑菌杀虫活性部位。

鼻窦炎病原菌和抗菌治疗的临床药理学

急、慢性鼻窦炎是耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的常见病。多数急性细菌性鼻窦炎为单个病原菌感染,少数为两个种属病原菌联合感染。主要的病原菌是肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌,由细菌感染导致的鼻窦慢性炎症病程一般在90天以上。由于在培养方法、取材部位和消毒方法、是否应用抗菌药,以及病例选择等方面存在诸多差异,因此,不同的研究者报告的病原菌有较大差异。有关儿童急性鼻窦炎的研究数据并不多见。病原菌是导致急性细菌性鼻窦炎的直接致病因素,抗菌药的治疗至关重要,根据来源的不同,可将抗菌药分为:①来源于微生物代谢产物的抗生素,其中又可分为天然抗生素和人工半合成抗生素;②人工合成抗菌药,如磺胺和喹诺酮类。临床应参考患者的年龄和其他相关因素合理选择抗菌药。

氧阿苯哒唑驱除绵羊蠕虫的药效试验

用自然感染蠕虫的绵羊观察并确证氧阿苯哒唑对绵羊蠕虫的驱除效果。各试验组羊分别一次内服氧阿苯哒唑５、１０、２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，药物对照组内服丙硫咪唑１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果是氧阿苯哒唑各试验组的精计驱虫率和粗计驱虫率对食道口线虫、奥斯特线虫和细颈线虫均为１００％；高剂量对毛首线虫分别为１００％和９５％；中、高剂量对莫尼茨绦虫均为１００％。给药后无毒副反应，剖检未见病理变化。表明氧阿苯哒唑对绵羊的抗蠕虫效果确实，且具有高效、广谱、显效快、作用强、无毒副作用等特点，比丙硫咪唑更适于推广应用。

蒙兽药饲料添加剂“羊乐乐”对羊的驱虫与增重效果研究

为达到驱虫、促生长和不产生药物残留的三重效果,参考民间蒙兽药方剂设计生产出一种纯中药、无残留的绿色蒙兽药饲料添加剂产品"羊乐乐";并对其进行了羔羊育肥和淘汰母羊育肥期间不同添加剂量、不同添加时段、不同添加次数的饲喂效果对比试验。结果显示:在育肥羔羊饲料中每日添加15 g/只"羊乐乐",连续饲喂到出栏,有最佳的驱虫和增重效果;而淘汰母羊在寄生虫重度感染的情况下每日添加20 g/只"羊乐乐",连续饲喂21 d仍能发挥很好的驱杀寄生虫效果,同时,使用"羊乐乐"后试验羊的增重效果优于常规驱虫药物伊克赛注射液给药组。

解读“美国感染性疾病学会儿童和成人急性细菌性鼻及鼻窦炎临床指南”

2012-03-20美国感染性疾病学会在官方网站http://cid.oxfo rdjournals.org发表了儿童和成人急性细菌性鼻及鼻窦炎临床指南。该指南由多学科专家(包括临床和实验学专家、急诊医学专家、耳鼻咽喉科专家、公共健康专家、流行病专家、成人和儿童感染疾病专家)在收集分析相关文献的基础上,对数据类型和推荐等级分别进行了分类和分级,充分反映了所依赖数据的可靠程度。指南重点突出临床实用性,主要针对社区全科医师、家庭医师、实习医师、儿科医师、急诊医师和变态反应科医师。

3种药物驱除羊寄生线虫的效果观察

用左旋咪唑、丙硫苯咪唑、灭虫丁注射液等3种驱虫药对绵羊的消化道线虫进行驱虫效果观察,15mg/kg的左旋咪唑和15mg/kg的丙硫苯咪唑一次性口服,其虫卵转阴率为100%。0.02ml/kg灭虫丁注射液皮下注射,虫卵减少率为98.8%。为今后羊的寄生虫病防治工作中提供了依据。

微米化蒙兽药“驱虫泻火散”的临床药效试验研究

为了满足绿色肉食品生产对绿色兽药产品的需求,以及提高蒙兽药药物疗效,对内蒙古农牧业科学院兽医研究所中蒙兽药与微生态制剂课题组前期研制出的用于绵羊寄生虫病防治的蒙兽药"驱虫泻火散"进行了微米化处理,并对其临床药效进行了试验研究。结果表明:通过中草药微米化处理,与常规剂型相比,微米化蒙兽药"驱虫泻火散"的药效有了明显提高,微米处理后20 g的剂量就可达到未处理前常规剂型40 g剂量的药效;在40 g剂量时,可取得与化学药物伊克赛相近的驱虫效果,而且安全无副作用。相对化学药物伊克赛,蒙兽药"驱虫泻火散"还有较好的增重效果。

Treatment outcome of localized Helicobacter pylori-negative low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma

AIM: To investigate treatment outcome of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori )-negative low-grade gastric mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.METHODS: In this study,we retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcome and clinicopathologic factors of stage Ⅰ E H.pylori -negative low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma cases from August 1998 to June 2009.RESULTS: A total of eleven patients with H.pylori -negative low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma were enrolled in the study and received anti-H.pylori eradication treatment and/or radiotherapy or excisional therapy.Complete remission (CR) of gastric MALT lymphoma was achieved in all patients.The time to CR was 1-66 mo (median,1 mo).CONCLUSION: Eradication therapy may be offered as an initial treatment option even in cases of localized H.pylori -negative gastric MALT lymphoma.

Nutrition status and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients receiving hemodialysis

Chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients receiving hemodialysis(HD) often develop gastrointestinal abnormalities over their long treatment period. In general, prognosis in such patients is poor due to the development of protein-energy wasting(PEW). Therefore, it is important to clarify the etiology of PEW and to establish better strategies to deal with this condition. Chronic Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection in the gastric mucosa has a close association with not only the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, but is also associated with abnormal plasma and gastric mucosal ghrelin levels that are seen in malnutrition. It is unclear whether H. pylori infection of the gastric mucosa is directly associated with prognosis in HD patients by affecting ghrelin levels. Recent studies show that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in HD patients is significantly lower than in subjects with normal renal function. In the natural history of H. pylori infection in HD patients, the prevalence of infection decreases as the length of time on HD increases. The severity of gastric mucosal atrophy has been suggested as the major determinant of ghrelin levels in these patients, and eradication therapy of H. pylori improves nutritional status by increasing serum cholinesterase and cholesterol levels, especially in patients with mildto-moderate gastric mucosal atrophy. Prompt H. pylori eradication to inhibit the progress of gastric atrophy may be required to prevent this decrease in ghrelin levels and subsequent PEW and improve the prognosis of HD patients by improving their nutritional status.